东营凹陷南斜坡王家岗地区第三系原油特征及其意义

对原油烃类化学组成的剖析表明,东营凹陷南部缓坡带王家岗油田第三系沙河街组原油与邻区八面河油田沙河街组特征相似,都具有较高含量的甾烷、伽马蜡烷和脱羟基维生素 E, C27、 C28、 C29ααα甾烷呈" V"字型分布, Pr/Ph < 1,甾烷异构化程度不高等咸水湖相油特征,表明两区沙河街组原油成因相同及具有共同的油源.处于牛庄洼陷与其南斜坡过渡带的王家岗油田原油成因及成熟度与八面河油田原油的相同或相近,暗示后者主要来自牛庄洼陷而非仅局限于南斜坡未熟-低熟烃源岩.王家岗地区丁家屋子孔店组原油既有沙河街组原油的某些特征 (如高含量伽马蜡烷 ),也有其不具备而第三系孔店组烃源岩可能具备的某些特征 (如明显的 C29甾烷优势、较高含量的氧芴系列等 ).孔店组原油的双重特征及其相对较高的成熟度,说明孔店组油气的深层来源及其油源的混合性.相同成因、不同成熟度原油及不同油源原油的混合可能是叠合盆地的普遍现象.王家岗-八面河地区孔店组较高成熟度油气的发现表明该区具有广泛的深源油气前景.     

东濮凹陷濮城地区沙一段原油地球化学特征及油源对比

东濮凹陷濮城地区发育了沙河街组沙三～沙四上段、沙一段二套烃源岩,其中沙三段烃源岩成熟度较高,沙一段烃源岩为低成熟度.沙一段原油其饱和烃含量在47.39%～65.33%,有较强的植烷优势,微弱的偶碳优势,饱和烃同位素在-28.0‰左右.原油甾烷和萜烷成熟指标表现为低熟原油特征,但其生源特征与沙三～沙四段烃源岩存在着相似性.经综合分析认为,濮城地区沙一段原油总体上是由沙一段泥岩与沙三段泥岩早期生成的原油混合而成的,局部有沙一段泥岩单独提供的油源.     

辽东湾辽西凹陷沙河街组烃源岩评价及油源研究

辽西凹陷沙河街组是否发育烃源岩,是该凹陷油气勘探首要问题。以源控论为基本指导思想,从沉积相研究入手,通过烃源岩地球化学分析、盆地模拟及油源对比,综合评价了辽西凹陷沙河街组烃源岩。在大量地震资料及单井资料分析基础上,认为辽西凹陷沙河街组发育大规模中深湖相,特别是辽西中洼沙四段发育中深湖相沉积,具备形成烃源岩的先决条件。通过在该凹陷取的33个油样及48个岩样分析,认为沙河街组烃源岩有机显微组分组成中腐泥组和壳质组含量普遍较高,富含浮游藻类,干酪根类型为Ⅰ~Ⅱ型。盆地模拟认为辽西凹陷生烃门限约2 500 m,沙三段进入生烃门限,具备大规模生烃条件,沙一段未进入生烃门限。通过油源对比分析,辽西凹陷原油的4 甲基甾烷/C29规则甾烷比值基本上都大于0.5,三芳甾烷/三芳甲藻烷值分布范围0.94~3.88,均值为1.51,与沙三段烃源岩具有很高的相似性,因此,认为沙三段和沙四段是辽西凹陷油气的主力烃源岩层段。有机相和沉积相综合分析认为,辽西凹陷沙河街组烃源岩整体优越,但各次洼烃源岩分布有一定差异性,中洼发育2套沙河街组烃源岩,生烃潜力巨大,南洼沙三段烃源岩最好,北洼烃源岩规模最小。     

东营凹陷南斜坡丁家屋子高蜡油油源分析

东营凹陷南斜坡丁家屋子高蜡油发育,在对甾萜类生物标志物、碳同位素和中分子量烃分析的基础上,对研究区高蜡油的来源进行了探讨。该区孔店组原油重排甾烷和4-甲基甾烷含量低,规则甾烷多以C29甾烷为主,C27~C29规则甾烷呈反"L"型分布;三环萜烷含量丰富,伽马蜡烷含量很高,反映了其烃源岩形成于咸化还原的、分层水体沉积环境,这一点与研究区内沙四段烃源岩及相关原油的特征相似。而王古1井奥陶系原油的甾萜类化合物含量低,难以进行准确的油源对比。此外,碳同位素特征和中分子量烃对比结果表明,王古1井奥陶系原油与孔店组原油具有相同的油气来源,且都与沙四段烃源岩及相关原油的特征较为接近,与沙四段烃源岩有着较大的成因关系。     

王古1井奥陶系油气成因及其意义

首次在东营凹陷南斜坡王古1井奥陶系古潜山中获得深层高蜡油(含蜡量40．84％),其富含蜡质烃,甾、萜类等高分子量化合物含量甚微．采用分子筛络合技术对王古1井原油中的甾、萜类化合物进行了浓缩,并对碳酸盐岩储层中的方解石脉包裹体进行了化学成分分析．结果表明,王古1井奥陶系原油及储层包裹烃的组成与分布具有深层孔店组烃源岩的特征,与沙四段烃源岩相关性差,揭示奥陶系原油不同于以往发现的第三系沙河街组原油．正构烷烃单体同位素δ^13C值分析也表明,王古1井原油与孔店组烃源岩接近且变化趋势大体一致,反映孔店组为其可能的油源岩．王古1井奥陶系油气的发现表明东营凹陷存在一套迄今尚未发现的深层油源岩,该区具有深层油气勘探潜力．     

LD湾海域JZ25-1地区原油地球化学特征及油源分析

LD湾JZ25-1地区沙河街组二段、三段原油,具有低硫、中高含蜡、凝析油～轻质油的特点。原油未受到生物降解作用的影响,正构烷烃有微弱奇偶优势。原油的甾萜烷特征表现出中等伽马蜡烷丰度、4-甲基甾烷含量高,甲藻甾烷丰富,规则甾烷C27、C28、C295α(H)、14α(H)、17α(H)指纹呈不对称的"V"型分布特点,甾烷异构化参数表明原油为成熟原油。原油主要来源于淡水～微咸水的还原环境,富沟鞭藻以水生生物为主混合型输入的有机相。JZ25-1地区沙河街组二段及三段,正常原油与LX凹陷沙三段有很好亲缘关系,其主要来源LX凹陷沙河街组三段烃源岩,也有少量来自沙河街组一段。沙河街组二段凝析油主要为LX凹陷沙河街组一段烃源岩产生的低熟凝析油,也有少量来源于LX凹陷沙河街组三段烃源岩。     

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷南坡东段孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜力分析

孔店组是渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷东营凹陷油气勘探向深层转移的重要层系,受演化程度较高的制约,东营凹陷南坡东段孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能存在争议,为探讨东营凹陷深层含油气系统,明确孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能,笔者等从含油气检测结合烃源岩分析的角度进行讨论。通过孔二段沉积时期古地貌恢复,结合地震剖面,明确了孔二段沉积时期的古地貌,探讨了孔二段烃源岩发育的平面分布特征;通过地化及薄片观察,对孔二段烃源岩有机质丰度、类型和成熟度进行研究,且对高成熟孔二段烃源岩进行原始有机碳含量恢复,结合流体包裹体测试、冷阴极发光、荧光观察等系统分析,判识孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能。研究认为,孔二段烃源岩展布范围较大,且在沉降中心发育较厚的孔二段烃源岩层;孔二段烃源岩原始有机碳含量较高,有机质来源以高等植物为主,属于Ⅱ1-Ⅲ型有机质,成熟度较高,烃源岩已进入生气阶段,综合评定为中等—较好烃源岩。孔店组主要发生两期油充注和一期天然气充注：第一期油充注发生在沙三段沉积时期;第二期油充注发生在东营组沉积时期;第三期天然气充注发生在平原组沉积时期,结合东营凹陷古近系烃源岩生排烃模拟结果,认为孔店组原油具有孔二段烃源岩的生排烃贡献。通过分析孔二段烃源岩发育特征结合生排烃研究,判识孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能,为东营凹陷深部含油气系统研究鉴定基础。     

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷南坡东段孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜力分析

始新统孔店组是渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷东营凹陷油气勘探向深层转移的重要层系,受演化程度较高的制约,东营凹陷南坡东段孔二段（孔店组二段）烃源岩生排烃潜能存在争议,为探讨东营凹陷深层含油气系统,明确孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能,笔者等从含油气检测结合烃源岩分析的角度进行讨论。通过孔二段沉积时期古地貌恢复,结合地震剖面,明确了孔二段沉积时期的古地貌,探讨了孔二段烃源岩发育的平面分布特征;通过地化及薄片观察,对孔二段烃源岩有机质丰度、类型和成熟度进行研究,且对高成熟孔二段烃源岩进行原始有机碳含量恢复,结合流体包裹体测试、冷阴极发光、荧光观察等系统分析,判识孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能。研究认为,孔二段烃源岩展布范围较大,且在沉降中心发育较厚的孔二段烃源岩层;孔二段烃源岩原始有机碳含量较高,有机质来源以高等植物为主,属于Ⅱ1—Ⅲ型有机质,成熟度较高,烃源岩已进入生气阶段,综合评定为中等—较好烃源岩。孔店组主要发生两期油充注和一期天然气充注：第一期油充注发生在沙三段沉积时期;第二期油充注发生在东营组沉积时期;第三期天然气充注发生在平原组沉积时期,结合东营凹陷古近系烃源岩生排烃模拟结果,认为孔店组原油具有孔二段烃源岩的生排烃贡献。通过分析孔二段烃源岩发育特征结合生排烃研究,判识孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能,为东营凹陷深部含油气系统研究鉴定基础。     

东营凹陷原油单体烃碳同位素特征及其在油源识别中的应用

为揭示东营凹陷部分复杂成因油气的来源,对该区原油、烃源岩单体烃碳同位素进行精细特征分析与油源追踪。东营凹陷不同成因原油具有不同正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素特征。沙三段淡水成因原油碳同位素曲线分别以nC₁₅、nC₃₂为主峰,碳同位素总体偏重、前峰极其富集13C;沙四段咸水成因原油一般以nC₂₃为分界线,近似呈对称的双峰分布,δ¹³C值较沙三段成因原油的轻。沙三段、沙四段成因原油碳同位素分别与沙三段、沙四段烃源岩的聚类相关。牛庄洼陷沙三中段透镜体岩性油气藏原油单体烃碳同位素值介于沙三段、沙四段烃源岩之间,与沙四段烃源岩及相关原油具有更好的相关性,验证以往关于牛庄洼陷沙三中段隐蔽油气藏原油为沙三段、沙四段成因的混源油观点。东营凹陷南斜坡孔店组原油碳同位素总体相对较轻、近直线型分布,与孔店组烃源岩、黄骅坳陷孔店组成因原油的碳同位素曲线聚类相关,指示其与孔店组烃源岩具有成因联系。在正常油窗范围内,成熟度对东营凹陷烃源岩及相关原油碳同位素的影响较小,后者主要受控于母源与古沉积环境。单体烃碳同位素可以很好地应用于东营凹陷油气成因与油源研究,该方法是对以往生物标志物地球化学研究的补充与深化。     

二连盆地宝勒根陶海凹陷烃源岩生物标志化合物特征与油源对比

二连盆地宝勒根陶海凹陷虽然取得了很好的勘探成果,但油气成藏基础研究还非常薄弱。依据生物标志化合物特征对烃源岩进行分类,在此基础上开展油族划分和油源对比研究。地球化学特征表明,研究区有效烃源岩可划分为三类:第一类烃源岩为腾格尔组一段（K₁bt₁）中上部“高有机质丰度、低成熟度、高C₂₇甾烷相对含量、高伽马蜡烷含量、低Pr/Ph比值”烃源岩;第二类烃源岩为K₁bt₁下部“高有机质丰度、中等成熟度、中等C₂₇甾烷相对含量、中等伽马蜡烷含量”烃源岩;第三类烃源岩为阿尔善组（K₁ba）“较高有机质丰度、较高成熟度、低C₂₇甾烷相对含量、低伽马蜡烷含量、高Pr/Ph比值”烃源岩。依据生物标志化合物特征,油砂中的原油可划分成4个油族:油族1为K₁bt₁未熟油,原油来源于第一类烃源岩;油族2为K₁bt₁成熟油,原油来源于第二类烃源岩;油族3为K₁bt₁未熟油与K₁bt₁成熟油的混合油,原油来源于第一类烃源岩和第二类烃源岩;油族4为K₁bt₁成熟油与K₁ba成熟油的混合油,原油来源于第二类烃源岩和第三类烃源岩。从油气来源预测有利区,K₁bt₁烃源岩所指向的有利区的面积为26.85 km2,K₁ba烃源岩所指向的有利区面积为79.30 km2。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。