塔河油田3区石炭系超深储层油藏描述研究

塔河油田3区石炭系储层为一套浅海～滨海相碎屑岩沉积层系,主含油层位为卡拉沙依组砂泥岩互层段,发育有不等厚薄互层状油藏,具有埋藏深、单层厚度小、砂体分布不稳定、油水层相间分布、成藏条件复杂等特点.针对含油储层薄、砂体追踪对比困难等问题,在提高地震分辨率基础上,通过井震标定及三维地震精细解释,进行了含油砂体展布研究.利用拟...     

桩西地区东营组下段成油条件研究

桩西地区东营组已发现多个油气藏，东营组本身生油条件较差，油气主要通过断层从更深的沙河街组侧向运移而来。桩南断层、桩古４０断层是本区东营组油藏形成的主要油源断层。东营组上段储层发育，要形成油藏侧向封堵条件要求较高。东营组下段泥岩发育，砂岩夹于大段泥岩中，形成油藏条件优于上段。东营组下段有４个砂体，主要含油砂体２个，主要油藏类型为断块构造油藏和岩性构造油藏。     

塔里木盆地石炭系划分对比及玛扎塔格组的建立

塔里木盆地覆盖区石炭系自上而下划分为8个岩性段:小海子组顶灰岩段、卡拉沙依组含灰岩段、砂泥岩段、上泥岩段、标准灰岩段、中泥岩段、巴楚组生屑灰岩段和下泥岩段。通过大量钻井地层和地表剖面的划分对比、地震资料的解释追踪,以及与塔西南地表石炭系的地层对比,表明在卡拉沙依组上泥岩段与砂泥岩段间存在海西早期抬升事件造成的不整合,应当将沙泥岩段和含灰岩段从卡拉沙依组中分出,这样卡拉沙依组仅包括中泥岩段、标准灰岩段和上泥岩段,时代为早石炭世早中期。砂泥岩段和含灰岩段新建玛扎塔格组,时代为早石炭世晚期至晚石炭世早中期,层型剖面为玛401井1 291.0~1 682.0m井段剖面。     

塔河油田3区石炭系超深薄层碎屑岩储层预测研究

针对塔河油田3区石炭系卡拉沙依组地震数据很难识别薄砂体的问题,对比分析了采用地震资料提频处理、分频处理、储层高分辨率敏感参数反演等不同手段得到的储层预测结果,筛选出高分辨率储层敏感参数反演作为卡拉沙依组砂泥岩段储层主要预测手段。通过探讨砂泥岩对声波时差的响应,以及对比分析自然电位、自然伽马以及补偿中子孔隙度与声波时差的关系,确定自然电位与声波时差的相关性最好,由此选取自然电位作为最佳电性敏感参数参与高分辨率敏感参数反演预测。从井点、剖面、平面等方面检验和评价高分辨率储层预测成果,结果表明其反演预测效果较好,符合塔河油田3区石炭系的储层预测要求,实现了对石炭系主力砂体空间展布的解释与描述,建立了塔河油田3区石炭系卡拉沙依组储层模型。     

塔里木盆地轮南地区石炭系Ⅰ油组沉积储层特征

1 轮南地区区域概况 塔里木盆地石炭系根据岩石电性特征由上至下可以分为7个岩性段:小海子灰岩段、含灰岩段、砂泥岩段、上泥岩段、双峰灰岩段、下泥岩段、角砾岩段.石炭系Ⅰ油组即对应于砂泥岩段. 轮南地区石炭系是由南向北层层超覆,总厚度0~810 m,总体上呈北薄南厚的趋势.受构造运动的影响,轮南断垒带石炭系剥蚀殆尽,从轮南断垒带向南,Ⅰ油组地层逐渐加厚,至吉拉克背斜带Ⅰ油组最厚约500 m. 石炭系Ⅰ油组岩性由细粒岩屑砂岩、中粒岩屑砂岩、粉砂岩与含砾砂岩、砾岩、泥岩组成,呈等厚或不等厚互层,局部含石膏、石盐、碳质泥岩,泥质岩占地…     

塔河油田石炭系储层横向预测

塔河油田石炭系储层总体上为一套浅海－滨海相碎屑岩沉积层系，储层段具有砂泥岩交互、上部含油，下部含水的纵向分布特征。即以致密层段为封隔，纵向上发育多个油气水小系统。根据这一特征，在储层精细标定基础上，进行多井约束地震地层反演和孔隙度约束反演，刻划储层的空间展布特征，表征储层内部物性变化，预测有利储层分布范围；通过三维地震相分析、三维相干体、非线性（突变）油气预测和吸收系数油气预测等方法，在有利的储层分布区内，识别油气高产富集带。     

塔河油田卡拉沙依组砂组沉积相与储层研究

卡拉沙依组砂岩是塔河油田石炭系重要储层，从上到下分为4个砂组，即Ⅰ砂组、Ⅱ砂组、Ⅲ砂组及Ⅳ砂组，根据岩石组合特征、岩石粒度、分选性、以及沉积构造等特征，可得出Ⅰ砂组为较典型的扇三角洲沉积环境；Ⅱ-Ⅳ砂组为潮坪环境，其中Ⅲ砂组沉积时的古环境水动力相对最强，以潮间带下部为主，储层砂体最发育，单个砂体的厚度也最大，为纵向上最好储层段。     

塔里木盆地石炭系卡拉沙依组的厘定

长期以来 ,塔里木盆地石炭系卡拉沙依组存在多种划分方案。根据巴楚组的原始定义及井下化石特征 ,结合前人研究成果及对卡拉沙依组的习惯用法 ,厘定了卡拉沙依组 ,将底界放在生屑灰岩段与中泥岩段之间 ,顶界放在顶灰岩段与含灰岩段之间 ,厘定后的卡拉沙依组自上而下可进一步划分为“含灰岩段、砂泥岩段、上泥岩段、标准灰岩段、中泥岩段”五段。塔中 4 0 1井卡拉沙依组发育全 ,岩性段划分清楚 ,生物发育 ,地层时代确定 ,被指定为卡拉沙依组次层型。     

塔里木盆地石炭系泥岩沉积时的古盐度分析

通过对塔里木盆地巴楚、塔中、塔河地区井下及巴楚小海子露头、阿克苏四石厂露头的石炭系泥岩中黏土矿物、微量和常量元素的测定,利用Adams和Couch古盐度计算公式、Walker相当硼判定法及锶钡比值法定量—半定量地分析了该区石炭系泥岩沉积时的古盐度特征,结果表明古盐度在4.7‰~33.9‰,大部分为半咸水沉积,其次为淡水—微咸水沉积,个别为咸水沉积;且古盐度变化明显,平面上巴楚组泥岩段泥岩总体具有从塔东北向塔西南古盐度变大的趋势;卡拉沙依组砂泥岩段泥岩在塔中古盐度最小,塔西南最大,塔北居中。由于沉积物中泥岩沉积时的古盐度特征是沉积环境的判别标志之一,因此它对有争议的卡拉沙依组砂泥岩段及巴楚组角砾岩段沉积环境的判定提供了沉积水体性质方面的依据。石炭系泥岩沉积时的古盐度与该时期海平面升降及沉积相演化有关,该泥岩形成于石炭纪海平面相对下降或上升缓慢、古盐度相对较低的沉积环境。     

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起井下石炭系划分与对比

总结前人研究成果和近期勘探成果，重新确立了该区石炭纪地层层序，将原小海子组解体，以其内部存在的沉积间断为界，其上划为下二叠统南闸组，其下归为上石炭统，并命名为喀拉拜勒组；将原巴楚组解体，其上部“双峰灰岩”段及泥岩段仍为下石炭统巴楚组，下部砂泥岩互层段及砂岩段（东河砂岩段）归入上泥盆统，称东河塘组，并对井下石炭系进行了横向对比。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。