宝鸡市城市空间形态演化研究

合理选择宝鸡城市空间拓展方向,推动城市空间集约化发展,达到城市与区域生态协调发展.在大量查阅相关资料的基础上,运用定性描述和带形城市空间扩展理论进行探讨.宝鸡城市空间扩展分四个阶段,自然地理环境、经济发展水平及交通条件是驱动城市空间扩展演化的主要动力.城市空间拓展必须合理选择发展方向,通过交通及生态建设,实现市域城镇间...     

河西地区城镇体系特征及未来发展构想

河西地区城镇体系在空间地域结构上,表现出绿洲城镇的特点;在职能类型结构上,以综合性城镇为主;在规模等级结构上,具有经济不发达地区城镇体系的共性. 未来城镇体系建设,必须从区域整体发展的宏观思路出发,统一构建与绿洲环境相协调的城镇体系格局,使水资源能够支持重点城镇的发展,围绕酒泉市、张掖市、武威市和敦煌市4个区域中心城市,有意识地利用"点-轴"结构,积极培育次级中心,形成空间分布合理、职能类型多样、规模等级协调的城镇体系网络,促进河西地区社会经济的持续发展.     

青藏高原东北缘生态脆弱区城镇体系空间结构研究——以甘南藏族自治州为例

青藏高原属于我国典型的生态环境脆弱地区,在国家主体功能区划中属限制开发区和禁止开发区,同时又是我国贫困人口的集中分布地区,面临着保障生态安全与发展经济的双重压力.因此,以主体功能区的指导思想＂因地制宜＂的优化区域城镇空间结构,引导与生态环境相适应的城镇发展模式,缩小区域空间差距,对促进区域一体化及实现可持续发展具有重要...     

三江源地区人地关系研究综述及展望：基于“人、事、时、空”视角

从"人、事、时、空"的视角,梳理了三江源地区典型的利益主体、矛盾冲突、时代背景和人居空间的研究进展及互动机制:其人口分布、生产生活及文化特征集中了民族地区、生态地区、贫困地区的典型特征;其人类活动与生态环境、人文环境的矛盾冲突制约了人地关系的和谐发展;其历史演化受制度及政权组织、区域间商贸交流、牧民移民及定居等因素影响较大;人居空间受地理环境的约束和牧业方式、区域文化的影响较深;继而剖析了人地关系系统自然要素、人文要素、时间要素和空间要素的关联机制。在此基础上,提出未来三江源地区人地关系研究的重点主要集中在政策及文化评估、人居环境优化等领域。     

喀斯特生态环境风险评价——以贵州省为例

区域生态环境风险评价具有尺度大、风险源与风险受体多、空间异质性强等特点,开展区域生态环境风险研究是识别生态环境风险水平、制定防范应对策略的重要理论支撑。文章以贵州省为例,参考相对风险模型为风险评价原则,基于自然灾害成因,综合考虑区域自然及经济状况,建立贵州省喀斯特生态环境风险评价框架与指标体系,运用层次分析法及系统聚类分析法,对各评价单元的危险性、暴露性、脆弱性、防灾减灾能力进行分析,并划分了区域风险程度等级。结果表明:贵州省喀斯特生态环境风险分布与生态环境本底和社会经济发展水平相关性明显,高风险区主要分布在生态环境脆弱的高原山地、高原峡谷地区以及综合发展水平较高的贵阳中心城区,低风险区主要分布在喀斯特分布面积少、生态本底好、自然灾害较少的黔东南及黔西北地区。      

内陆河流域城镇发展的历史过程与机制——以黑河流域为例

城市的起源与形成是一个极其复杂而漫长的过程,是诸文明要素积累凝聚、从量变到质变的过程.黑河流域的城市大致经历了五个发展阶段:秦汉以前的城市萌芽,两汉时期的奠基期,十六国时期、隋唐时期的第二高峰期,宋以后的衰落期,直到明清以后城市再度复苏.在这一变化过程中,移民屯垦、兴修水利、农牧业的消长与进退、人口迁移与聚集、地缘政治和自然环境的变化是城镇发育与成长的主要驱动力.其中,又蕴含了两个相互交错的正负效应:汉民族的西扩—统一的国家—稳定的地缘政治关系—移民屯垦—兴修水利—农业繁荣—气候暖湿—城镇发展;少数民族东进—地方割据—复杂动荡的地缘政治环境—牧业扩张—气候干冷—沙漠化扩大—城镇衰退.其实质是在特定的地理环境和民族分布格局下,对优势生存空间的争夺.     

中国西北干旱地区城市化过程及空间分异规律

通过对实地调研和大量文献分析,对我国西北干旱地区城市发展与自然环境的关系进行论述,认为城市化过程本质上就是人地关系的集中凸现,是自然要素与人文要素长期互相作用的结果。自古以来,城市就是人类聚居的主要场所,屯垦是西北干旱地区最能体现人地关系的耦合点。在西北干旱地区现代城市化过程中,屯垦和矿产资源开发有较大的带动作用。由于自然因素和社会因素的双重影响,人口分布和聚居程度极不均衡,社会经济分异较大,城镇功能单一,部分地区和城镇的人口城镇化水平较高,并不是社会经济整体发展的结果,而是资源开采、行政建制的设立、极端自然条件下生存的需要等多种因素形成的。城市分布空间格局以带状、团状、串珠状为主,有着不同于其他地区的演化模式,城镇发展表现出多元复合的特征,是政治、经济、生态环境、资源、民族与文化等诸多因素相互关联、起伏变化的结果。城镇高速发展、城市化速度加快是未来西北干旱地区社会经济发展的必然结果,面对脆弱的生态环境和有限的资源,提出在西北干旱地区建设只有城镇、没有村落的新型城市社会,以达到社会经济和生态环境可持续发展的目标。     

中国西北干旱地区城市化过程及空间分异规律

通过对实地调研和大量文献分析，对我国西北干旱地区城市发展与自然环境的关系进行论述，认为城市化过程本质上就是人地关系的集中凸现，是自然要素与人文要素长期互相作用的结果。自古以来，城市就是人类聚居的主要场所，屯垦是西北干旱地区最能体现人地关系的耦合点。在西北干旱地区现代城市化过程中，屯垦和矿产资源开发有较大的带动作用。由于自然因素和社会因素的双重影响，人口分布和聚居程度极不均衡，社会经济分异较大，城镇功能单一，部分地区和城镇的人口城镇化水平较高，并不是社会经济整体发展的结果，而是资源开采、行政建制的设立、极端自然条件下生存的需要等多种因素形成的。城市分布空间格局以带状、团状、串珠状为主，有着不同于其他地区的演化模式，城镇发展表现出多元复合的特征，是政治、经济、生态环境、资源、民族与文化等诸多因素相互关联、起伏变化的结果。城镇高速发展、城市化速度加快是未来西北干旱地区社会经济发展的必然结果，面对 脆弱的生态环境和有限的资源，提出在西北干旱地区建设只有城镇、没有村落的新型城市社会，以达到社会经济和生态环境可持续发展的目标。     

石羊河流域城镇化用地空间扩展分析

石羊河流域是流域经济社会可持续发展研究的重点区域之一。为找出流域城镇化用地空间扩展的机理,从社会经济、区位交通、生态约束出发,开展了城镇空间扩展用地评价与预测研究。首先,利用改进的土地适宜性评价方法,找出城镇扩展可能性和各乡镇适宜性高值区的空间格局,发现其主要位于流域中部绿洲生态功能区,沿G30高速公路和312国道分布,以县城/城区为中心呈星形扩散。然后,利用经过精度检验的土地转化模型（LTM）,在适宜性评价因子的基础上模拟城镇扩张。结果表明：凉州区和金川区为流域发展的"两核",312国道天祝至永昌段、211省道凉州至民勤段、212省道永昌至金川段为流域发展的"三带"。上述结果可为政府制定流域发展规划提供参考。     

地质工作在区域协调发展中的作用——2021京津冀地质生态环境协同发展高峰论坛报告

很高兴能来参加这次"院士讲地质——2021 京津冀地质生态环境协同发展高峰论坛",今天主要给大家讲一讲地质工作在区域协调发展中的作用.在京津冀的发展中,地质工作是相当重要的,将发挥重大的作用.     

Potential suitability for urban planning and industry development using natural hazard maps and geological–geomorphological parameters

During the planning of an urban environment, usually only economic and social parameters are taken into account. As a result, urban areas are susceptible to natural disasters, which cause extensive damages in them, because the cities or towns have been repeatedly located in vulnerable areas. In this study, for the protection of human environment, is proposed a unique approach of urban planning and sustainable development. The study area is Trikala Prefecture (Western Thessaly, Central Greece). An integrated evaluation of the suitable areas for urban growth and light industry development is proposed by using mainly natural hazards as well as geological–geomorphological–geographical characteristics of the study area. The used parameters were correlated by using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) method and incorporated into a geographic information system (GIS) in order to produce the corresponding suitability maps. The study area is classified in five categories of very high, high, moderate, low, and very low suitability for urban growth and industrial development. Moreover, the spatio-temporal changes of the urban limits are studied since 1885 for the three major towns (Trikala, Kalambaka and Pyli) of the study area. These changes sketch out the urban growth trend. The comparison between the urban growth trend with the potential suitability for urban growth and industrial development of these towns lead to discrepancies. These can be attributed mainly to the fact that in the majority of cases, only geographical, social, and economical factors were used for urban development, whereas in our study, natural hazards, geomorphological, and geographical parameters were quantified and taken into account.     

当代地理学特征：发展趋势及中国地理学研究进展

地理学是一门研究地球表层自然要素与人文要素相互作用及其时空变化规律的科学，它广泛运用现代科学技术手段，具有跨越自然科学与社会科学的性质。面对当前全球变化和可持续发展的世界性科学问题，地理学家根据学科特点和领域优势，抓住机遇、迎接挑战。目前主要研究地球表层系统各界面间的物理、化学、生物及人文过程，探讨多种过程的相互作用机理，探求人类活动与资源环境间相互协调、可持续发展的规律。地理学以“格局—结构—过程—机理”的研究思路贯穿始终。随着新技术、新方法的使用以及观测资料的不断积累，实验测试数据质量的提高和数据量的增加，当今地理学的研究在空间尺度上同时向微观、宏观两个方向扩展，模型研究不断科学化，已具备现代科学的主要特征。总体上，表现为部门地理研究深化，区域综合研究加强。长期以来，中国地理学在自然地理的综合研究、地表自然过程研究、城市与区域发展研究，以及面向社会现实的应用基础研究等方面取得了较好进展。     

The distribution and growth of urban settlements in Saudi Arabia

This paper examines the distribution characteristics of urban settlements in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia through major dimensions such as settlement regularly, degree of primacy and polarisation at the national and geographic regional levels. The paper points out that the settlement pattern at the national level has transformed from a primate distribution during the pre-plan period (< 1970) to an intermediary distribution during the period of development planning (1970 >). At the geographical regional level the settlement distribution, however, has shown diverse pattern. While the regional settlement distribution of Western and Eastern Region have shown trends of increasing polarisation, settlements in the Northern and Southern Regions are more log-normal in character. This is explained by the increasing growth of small and intermediary towns in the Northern and Southern Regions. The paper concludes that the national trend of decreasing urban primacy, induced by the decentralised national development strategies, is less pronounced due to the absence of a balanced regional investment policy. Since the government expenditure and settlement population growth rates are not related, slow growing primate cities continue to receive a larger share of public expenditure, enabling them to retain their primacy. This calls for a balanced regional investment policy to fully realise the national strategy of regional balance and multi-polar settlement pattern.     

Growth of medium sized towns in India

The growth of medium sized towns (with a population ranging from 20,000 to less than 100,000) in India was subjected to a detailed analysis. The basic premise was that growth behaviour of this group of towns, rather of cities or small towns, was a sensitive index to decentralisation of the urban process as well as to a balanced development of a region.It was discovered that growth rate of these towns was not just moderate; it was moderate to rapid. This signified that medium sized towns were more akin to cities than to small towns in respect of growth pattern.Among the various factors affecting growth, location of these towns in a particular region was discerned as more critical than their functions or relative size. Their growth was distinctly fast in areas with comparatively low population density, wide spacing of towns and new developmental activities. Here these towns were generally the biggest in their subregional context. The growth behaviour of medium sized towns did confirm dispersal of urbanisation but lack of any consistent relationship between their growth rate and development level of different areas was not in conformity with the hypothesis.     

Mdantsane,East London's homeland township: Municipal neglect and apartheid planning 1949–1988

South African urban areas, because of structural control exercised within them, have developed unique characteristics. One of the more distinctive features of urban apartheid is the creation of Homeland townships lying adjacent to certain of the country's towns and cities. This paper seeks to explore the essential motivation underlying the creation of the ethnically distinct urban centre of Mdantsane in the Ciskei Homeland between 1949 and 1988. The reason for the development of Mdantsane, a dormitory township of East London, are explored, as are the primary issues underlying its emergence. In order to fully investigate Mdantsane's evolution it is essential not to divorce the township from developments, through time, in East London. The impact of apartheid planning on the East London region is assessed.     

四川省乡镇矿业管理法规的特色和几个问题的探讨

１９９４年四川省八届人大常委会第九次会议通过的《四川省乡镇集体矿山企业和个体采矿管理条例》,体现了社会主义市场经济的基本原则．明确了省、市（地、州）、县三级地矿行政主管部门的法律地位和职能、职责,强化和完善了采矿权管理制度和矿产资源开发及矿产品运销的监督管理制度,这标志着四川省乡镇矿业管理的法规体系逐渐趋于完备,为乡镇矿业管理创造了良好的行政执法条件。同时给各级地矿部门提出了新的要求,在实施这一条例中,需要引起注意的若干问题,本文也作了探讨。     

The nature of urbanization in the gulf countries

This paper analyses the urban process in the oil producing countries of the Gulf. The mode of urbanization is identified as one characterized by an extreme case of primacy but with rates varying among the countries of the region. This pattern is related to the historical evolution of human settlements as affected by the local environmental qualities and the recent large scale development of urban infrastructures which favoured the already existing capital cities. The relative city growth rates are among the highest in the world but with a declining tendency which reflects expenditure patterns and the nature of the regional economies. The high growth rates are essentially due to massive foreign migration into the region and to extremely high natural increase rate — an abnormal condition in an urban process approaching saturation point. The role of these primate centres in the development of the region is undeniable and, furthermore, all indications suggest that this pattern of urban development will continue in the furture as it is, perhaps economically and politically less costly.     

Urbanization and spatial structure in Hungary

The last four decades have brought fundamental changes in Hungarian urbanization. The number of towns has increased from 54 to 166 and the number of settlements with a population over 100 000 has grown from 3 to 8, and the number of small towns with a population just over 30 000 has increased four times compared to the situation at the beginning of the century. While urban concentration has been growing, there has been a degradation of rural settlements, especially in the category of less than 500 inhabitants. This study deals with the spatial structure of Hungarian settlements, categorizing the towns according to their regional roles, population and dynamics of growth. The changes of their social and economic spheres influence their internal structures. The study attempts to summarize all the territorial, regional consequences of the recent social and economic changes that have been defining or modifying the urban development in Hungarian settlements.