东非裂谷Turkana盆地石油地质特征与勘探潜力

东非裂谷东支South Lokichar盆地石油地质勘探获得突破,使该区成为研究和勘探石油的热点地区。Turkana盆地为裂谷东支邻近South Lokichar盆地中面积最大的盆地,勘探程度低。最新地震地质综合研究成果阐述了其石油地质特征和勘探潜力。Turkana盆地为主动裂谷,受控于两期火山活动,发育中新世以来的3套沉积地层,最大厚度可达7 000m。钻井揭示的上新统烃源岩指标较好,厚度约50m,推测发育中新统烃源岩。发育河流和三角洲相砂岩,孔渗物性好。北部凸起带和中部凸起带为有利勘探区带。烃源是盆地勘探最主要的地质风险。     

东非裂谷Kerio盆地石油地质特征与勘探潜力

东非裂谷东支的South Lokichar盆地于2012年获得勘探突破,成为研究和勘探的热点地区。但近年来周边盆地勘探效果不佳,有待深入分析。Kerio盆地紧邻South Lokichar盆地,勘探程度低,国内在此地的研究处于空白区。基于最新地震地质综合研究成果,阐述其石油地质特征和勘探潜力。结果表明: Kerio盆地为主动裂谷,呈西陡东缓的半地堑结构; 发育渐新世以来的5套沉积地层,最大沉积厚度可达6 500 m; 存在一套被证实的烃源岩,生烃指标好,但厚度仅20 m; 发育河流和三角洲相砂岩,孔渗物性好。盆地可划分为4个凹陷和5个构造圈闭带。中部缓坡带和东部反转构造带为盆地的有利勘探区带,可能存在2种成藏模式。盆地具有一定勘探潜力,烃源岩是最主要的地质风险。     

东非裂谷Turkana坳陷新生代构造演化及动力学

作为威尔逊旋回萌芽阶段的典型陆内裂谷,东非裂谷是研究板块构造运动学和动力学的天然场所。新生代东非裂谷东支Turkana坳陷受前寒武系基底先存构造及中生代裂谷活动的影响,分析其演化及动力学机制,对进一步深入认识大陆裂谷演化过程具有重要的意义。基于低温热年代学、钻井及野外露头资料,结合地震资料解释和断层活动性分析,重新厘定了Turkana坳陷新生代裂谷演化时序,将新生代裂谷演化过程分为4个阶段,裂谷演化具有"南早北晚,先宽后窄,向东迁移"的特点。通过探讨裂谷发育的成因模式,认为新生代裂谷演化整体上受控于先存构造和地幔柱的联合作用,地幔活动迁移影响着火山及裂谷活动的迁移,并导致了裂谷发育模式和动力学机制的变化。     

青藏高原东北缘弧形构造带新生代地层沉积序列及年代学研究进展

青藏高原东北缘弧形构造带新生代的构造变形和沉积充填过程既受到了太平洋板块俯冲的远程效应影响,也受到了青藏高原北东向扩展的控制。确定新生代地层的沉积时代是深入理解青藏高原东北缘弧形构造带内构造变形和沉积充填过程的重要前提,但是目前弧形构造带内新生代地层序列和沉积时代仍存在诸多争议。文章系统研究了弧形构造带内古近纪至新近纪沉积序列和地层时代,结果显示弧形构造带内寺口子组、清水营组、彰恩堡组和干河沟组的沉积时代分别为中晚渐新世、晚渐新世—早中新世、中中新世—晚中新世和晚中新世—上新世。综合分析了古近纪至新近纪不整合界面的形成时代,重新厘定了古近纪—新近纪两期不整合及其大地构造意义,第一期不整合发育在清水营组与彰恩堡组之间,时代为早中新世,指示了青藏高原的北东向扩展到达弧形构造带;第二期不整合发育在彰恩堡组与干河沟组之间,时代为晚中新世,指示了青藏高原北东向扩展对弧形构造带的改造达到高峰。讨论了弧形构造带沉积充填过程与构造演化的耦合关系,新生代盆地的沉积演化过程主要经历了三个阶段:自中渐新世至早中新世,弧形构造带主要受控于早期的滨太平洋伸展构造体系域,处于伸展构造背景;早中新世至晚中新世,构造...     

非洲Muglad多旋回陆内被动裂谷盆地演化及其控油气作用

非洲Muglad盆地经历多旋回陆内被动裂谷发育与叠合演化历史,具有不同于主动裂谷盆地、单旋回被动裂谷盆地以及跨越多个变革期的叠合盆地的演化特征。本文采用叠合盆地研究思路与方法,通过盆地演化过程中关键构造事件识别、盆地演化阶段划分,恢复和重建了各阶段原型盆地;基于不同期次裂谷作用发育程度、叠加过程及叠加方式的时空差异性,划分了不同凹陷的叠合类型,建立了不同叠合类型凹陷油气成藏模式。研究结果表明,受冈瓦纳大陆裂解、非洲大陆周缘大西洋、印度洋、红海张裂等构造事件的影响,该盆地经历了早白垩世Abu Gabra组(简称AG组,下同)沉积期、晚白垩世Darfur群沉积期以及新生代Nayil-Tendi组沉积期三大同裂谷作用阶段。早白垩世盆地原型为多个地堑及半地堑分隔式分布,为与大西洋张开有关的伸展应力场作用产物;晚白垩世Darfur群沉积时期盆地原型为地堑及半地堑继承发育,但沉积中心东移,为与印度洋张开有关的伸展应力场作用产物;新生代Nayil-Tendi组沉积时期原型盆地主要为发育在Kaikang坳陷的地堑、半地堑,为与红海张开有关的伸展应力场作用所致。依据三期裂谷作用在各凹陷的发育程度差异及构造沉降和沉积充填过程的不同,将各凹陷裂谷叠合方式划分为早断型、继承型与活动型三种类型。其中,早断型以Sufyan凹陷最为典型,其构造沉降与沉积充填具有"强-弱-更弱"特征;继承型以Fula凹陷最为典型,其构造沉降与沉积充填具有"强-较强-弱"特征,而活动型以Kaikang坳陷最为典型,其构造沉降与沉积充填具有"强-强-较强"的特征。三期裂谷作用在各凹陷内时空叠合差异控制了各凹陷油气成藏条件及富集规律的不同,早断型凹陷成藏组合以下部成藏组合为主,继承型则以中部成藏组合为主,而活动型凹陷则以上部成藏组合为主。这些多期叠加型被动裂谷盆地研究成果丰富了全球裂谷盆地构造特征与演化及其控油气作用的认识,深化了该类裂谷盆地油气分布规律研究,对于指导下一步勘探部署有重要借鉴意义。     

澜沧裂谷的形成演化与老厂银铅锌矿床的多因复成

位于澜沧裂谷中部的老厂矿床是一个与海相基性火山岩密切相关的Pb- Zn-Cu型块状硫化物矿床,它所表现出来的种种特征决非简单的海底火山喷流沉积成因就可以解释的。研究认为它是随澜沧裂谷的形成演化而经多种成因机制叠加形成的多因复成矿床,其成矿演化经历了3个主要的阶段：石炭世裂谷裂陷期的海底火山喷流沉积阶段;晚二叠世一晚三叠世的裂谷封闭期的构造-热液改造富集成矿阶段;早侏罗世后的构造-岩浆活化期的岩浆热液叠加富集成矿阶段。     

攀西裂谷存在吗？

大陆裂谷以地幔上隆、岩石圈伸展、减薄、断陷和沉降为特征，伸展构造环境是大陆裂谷形成的必要条件和本质特征。中国学者以前所认为攀枝花-西昌裂谷的主要标志是海西期层状堆晶杂岩、晚二叠世峨眉山玄武岩、印支期环状碱性杂岩和晚三叠世裂谷盆地沉积。最近一系列研究成果表明攀西地区海西期-印支期构造岩浆热事件是地幔柱和岩石圈相互作用的结果，不是裂谷作用的产物。进一步对上扬子西缘二叠纪-三叠纪的沉积作用和构造特征综合分析表明攀西地区不存在裂谷盆地沉积。该区晚二叠世-中三叠世为古陆隆起遭受剥蚀，晚三叠世断陷型类磨拉石建造是前陆走滑复合盆地的产物。本文根据对攀西地区二叠纪-三叠纪的岩浆活动、沉积作用、构造特征和地球物理资料等方面综合研究对攀西裂谷的存在提出质疑，并以峨眉山地幔柱活动为主线探讨了攀西地区古生代和中生代的地质构造演化历史。     

东非裂谷东支South Lokichar盆地石油地质特征及成藏规律

东非裂谷东支由多个盆地组成,South Lokichar是唯一有油气发现的盆地,目前对于该盆地的石油地质特征及成藏规律仍认识不清,严重制约着东非裂谷东支下一步勘探.本文综合利用钻井、地震、岩芯、薄片以及分析化验等资料,对South Lokichar盆地的构造和地层发育特征、关键成藏条件和影响因素以及成藏规律进行详细分析...     

西非裂谷系Grein坳陷构造几何学与运动学特征

西非裂谷系由一系列中—新生代裂谷盆地组成,Grein坳陷位于西非裂谷系北部,对其开展构造特征及形成演化过程研究对认识西非裂谷系形成演化具有重要意义。本文基于最新二维地震数据,对Grein坳陷开展构造几何学特征解析,在此基础上运用构造平衡恢复方法进行了构造运动学恢复,结合区域大地构造背景,对Grein坳陷的成因机制进行探讨。研究结果表明：(1)Grein坳陷整体呈缓坡断阶型半地堑结构,具有明显的“东断西超”特征。坳陷南北差异较大,北部呈断阶形态,南部为凹陷形态;(2)Grein坳陷白垩纪—第四纪构造演化包括两期裂谷作用,可划分为5个阶段,即早白垩世断陷沉积期(Ⅰ),晚白垩世稳定沉积期(Ⅱ),白垩纪末构造反转期(Ⅲ),古近纪断陷沉积期(Ⅳ)和新近纪—第四纪稳定沉积期(Ⅴ);(3)Grein坳陷白垩纪末构造反转期主要受非洲—阿拉伯板块与欧亚板块碰撞影响,板块碰撞使非洲板块内部发生了两次强烈构造事件,分别为晚白垩世圣通期(Santonian)和马斯特里赫特期(Maastrichtian),其中马斯特里赫特期(Maastrichtian)构造活动在Grein坳陷内部表现明显,该时期坳陷发生构造反...     

新疆阿克苏地区新元古代沉积特征对裂谷发育过程的指示

阿克苏地区地处塔里木克拉通西北部的盆-山结合部位,新元古代地层齐全且发育前寒武纪蓝片岩,保留了新元古代从洋壳俯冲汇聚到陆壳拉张伸展过程的记录,是近年塔里木新元古界研究的热点及重点地区。但阿克苏地区新元古代地层层序和沉积体系的研究较为薄弱,构造对沉积充填的控制作用仍不清楚,由此也制约着对塔里木克拉通初期裂谷发育演化的认识。本文综合地层学、沉积学等多种研究手段,分析阿克苏地区新元古代地层展布及垂向发育特征,将多处实测剖面与钻井-地震剖面结合,构建了阿克苏地区新元古代地层发育序列及空间对比格架。明确了由裂陷控制的沉积相类型及演化：南华纪巧恩布拉克组先后发育冲积扇/扇三角洲、水下-冰川亚相（冰碛岩）及深水陆棚相;尤尔美那克组,早期以陆上-冰川沉积为主,晚期以冲积扇沉积为主;震旦纪苏盖特布拉克组由冲积扇过渡到辫状河三角洲和潮坪相;奇格布拉克组以碳酸盐岩台地沉积为主。通过盆-山构造结合沉积序列分析,确定新元古代经历了三个构造-沉积演化阶段：（1）局限深裂谷发育阶段（南华纪）,充填冲积扇/扇三角洲及深水陆棚相沉积,其中发育两期不同环境的冰川沉积;（2）裂谷扩张期（震旦纪早期）,火山活动强烈,发育冲积扇-辫状河三角洲、潮坪相沉积;（3）坳陷发育期（震旦纪晚期）,广盆浅海环境,发育碳酸盐岩台地。     

Thermal and exhumation history of the central Rwenzori Mountains, Western Rift of the East African Rift System, Uganda

The Rwenzori Mountains (Mtns) in west Uganda are the highest rift mountains on Earth and rise to more than 5,000 m. We apply low-temperature thermochronology (apatite fission-track (AFT) and apatite (U–Th–Sm)/He (AHe) analysis) for tracking the cooling history of the Rwenzori Mtns. Samples from the central and northern Rwenzoris reveal AFT ages between 195.0 (±8.4) Ma and 85.3 (±5.3) Ma, and AHe ages between 210.0 (±6.0) Ma to 24.9 (±0.5) Ma. Modelled time–temperature paths reflect a protracted cooling history with accelerated cooling in Permo-Triassic and Jurassic times, followed by a long period of constant and slow cooling, than succeeded by a renewed accelerated cooling in the Neogene. During the last 10 Ma, differentiated erosion and surface uplift affected the Rwenzori Mtns, with more pronounced uplift along the western flank. The final rock uplift of the Rwenzori Mtns that partly led to the formation of the recent topography must have been fast and in the near past (Pliocene to Pleistocene). Erosion could not compensate for the latest rock uplift, resulting in Oligocene to Miocene AHe ages.     

Chemistry of basalts from the Icelandic Rift Zone

The chemistry of basalts from the Icelandic Rift Zone is discussed on the basis of 34 analysis, both new and previously published. It is concluded that a distinct chemical grouping is present between alkalibasalts and tholeiitic basalts.The tholeiitic basalts can furthermore be grouped into batches with slightly different primitive chemistry but identical differentiation trends.The chemical variation within a group of basalts from the same volcanic center can be related to a time scale in such a way, that the youngest (historic) lavas all show advanched differentiation, but the lavas known to be oldest have the most primitive chemistry.The possibility is suggested, that the volcanic activity along the Icelandic Rift Zone represents an independent cycle of chemical differentiation, distinct from the Tertiary volcanic activity along the Wyville Thompson Ridge.Attention is drawn to a fairly well defined grouping of basalts from different parts of the Midatlantic Ridge using the plot combined iron against magnesia.     

Crustal structure of the East African Rift zone

A review of seismological data on the crustal structure of the East African Rift zone is presented. The only refraction line is that along the Gregory Rift, which indicates a 7.5 km/sec refractor which is presumed to be the Moho. The bulk of data is provided by surface-wave dispersion studies. Some preliminary measurements of crustal and sub-Moho velocities using the University of Durham array at Kaptagat in Kenya are included.

There is now a growing body of evidence that the crust is generally of shield type over the whole rift zone. The exception is along the axis of the Gregory Rift, where a low-velocity Moho and some crustal modification is apparent. This is presumably the result of magma intrusions and suggests some crustal separation along this section of the rift. Sub-Moho velocities are probably normal outside the rifts themselves, though anomalously low upper-mantle velocities are to be associated with rifting. There is firm evidence for thinning of the lithosphere along the eastern branch of the rift. A cross-section of the Gregory Rift which is consistent with the current data is presented.     

The petrology of phonolites from the Kenya Rift

Field, petrographic and geochemical studies of a variety of phonolitic rocks of Neogene age from the Rift zone in central Kenya allow three major types to be distinguished. Trace element studies in particular enable restraints to be placed on the possible interrelationships among these lava types.     

Structural evolution history of the Red Sea Rift

The Red Sea Rift has been an object of comprehensive studies by several generations of geologists and geophysicists. Many publications and open-file reports provide insights into the geological history of this rift. Paleogene and Cretaceous rocks, which are considered to be prerift, are locally exposed at the margins of the Red Sea Rift. At the same time, some evidence indicates that at least some of these rocks are related to the early stage of the evolution of the Red Sea Rift. The available geological data suggest that the Red Sea region started its active evolution in the Cretaceous. As follows from lithostratigraphic data, the Cretaceous-Paleogene trough that predated the Oligocene-Quaternary rift covered this region completely or partially. The pre-Oligocene magmatism and geological evidence show that the Cretaceous-Paleogene trough was of the rift type. The Cretaceous-Eocene and Oligocene-Quaternary phases of rifting were separated by an epoch of uplifting and denudation documented by the erosion surface and unconformity.     

Undiscovered Petroleum of the Brazilian Interior Rift Basins

Brazil is estimated to contain 52% of the undiscovered oil and gas resources of South America, outside of Venezuela and Colombia. The Reconcavo, Tucano-Jatoba, and Tacutu interior rift basins of Brazil are investigated in this paper, the first in a series dealing with undiscovered petroleum of South America (exclusive of Venezuela and Colombia). Preliminary estimates of the undiscovered petroleum resources are 0.273 billion barrels of oil (BBO) and 1.234 trillion cubic feet of gas (TCFG) for the four basins. A review of the 1983-1993 history of petroleum reserves in South America indicated that an initial consensus estimate of 0.27 BBO and 4.15 TCFG (mean values) by the World Energy Program Group at the U.S. Geological Survey is too low. An adjusted range of probabilities is recalculated from original identified reserves, resulting in revised mean values of 0.29 BBO and 4.15 TCFG for the four interior rift basins. Of these four basins, the Reconcavo is in a mature stage of exploration with 80 fields; the other rift basins, as well as most of the other basins in Brazil, have not been as extensively investigated. In the Reconcavo basin, the principal plays are found in the pre-rift fault blocks, and in lower Cretaceous turbidites and sand lenses. Three gas fields are known in the southern Tucano subbasin. The three subbasins (southern, central, and northern) and the adjacent Jatoba basin become progressively less prospective northward because of lower levels of source-rock maturation. The plays in these basins are similar to those of the Reconcavo. The main play in the small Tacutu basin of northwestern Brazil is in deltaic sandstones; fractured basement rocks and volcanics constitute a minor play. The best reservoirs may be expected on the margins of the basin, although the reservoir seals are absent or poorly developed.     

Pleistocene movements in the Gregory Rift Valley

Summary The Tertiary and post-Tertiary chronology of faulting in the Gregory Rift Valley is discussed with particular reference to areas where Middle Pleistocene deposits have been mapped. It is concluded that while strong faulting occurred at the end of the Middle Pleistocene period, the main faulting was earlier. At least three pre-Middle Pleistocene phases of faulting are recognised; the maximum movements probably occurred in late Pliocene or earliest Pleistocene times.     

Architecture and early evolution of the Oslo Rift

A revised assessment of architecture and pre-rift fabric connections of the Oslo Rift has been undertaken and linked to a new appraisal of observations and data related to the initial phase of the rift evolution. In addition to half-graben segmentation, accommodation zones and transfer faults are readily identified in the linking sectors between the two main grabens and between graben segments. Axial flexures are proposed between facing half-grabens. The accommodation zones were generally sites of volcanism during rifting. Pre-rift tectonic structures played an influential role in the rift location and development. The deviant N-S axis of the Vestfold graben segment is viewed as related to pre-rift structural control through faults and shear zones. This area was probably a site of Proterozoic/Palaeozoic crustal and lithospheric attenuation.

Field evidence suggests that the rift started as a crustal sag with no apparent surface faulting in a flat and low-lying land at a time about 305–310 Ma. Volcanism, sub-surface sill intrusion and faulting started about simultaneously some time after the initial sag (300–305 Ma). Faulting and basaltic volcanism were initially localized to transfer faults along accommodation zones and a NNW-SSE transtensional zone along the eastern margin of the incipient Vestfold graben segment. This transtensional zone was probably created by right-lateral simple shear tracing pre-rift structures in response to a regional stress field with the tensional axis normal and the maximum compressional axis parallel to the NNE-SSW-trending rift axis.