基于HJ-1卫星数据的荣成湾叶绿素a浓度时空变化特征分析

本研究利用4个航次的叶绿素a浓度实测值以及HJ-1卫星数据,对三种适用于黄海Ⅱ类水体的叶绿素a浓度反演算法(MODIS OC3M算法、NSOAS黄东海算法和进化建模法)的精度进行了验证,并利用其中的最优算法对荣成湾海域2009~2016年叶绿素a浓度的时空变化特征进行分析,以期为该海域的生态修复提供科学参考。结果表明:OC3M算法为最优算法,利用其反演得到的叶绿素a浓度季节变化特征为:秋季最高,夏季和春季次之,冬季最低;年际变化上,天鹅湖及近岸区叶绿素a浓度整体呈下降趋势,养殖区的叶绿素a浓度保持稳定;叶绿素a浓度的空间分布呈现近岸高、外海低的变化趋势。     

基于实测数据的北海区海水表层叶绿素a浓度遥感定量反演

为提高我国海洋水色遥感技术和海水环境监测水平,文章根据北海区海水遥感现场监测数据,基于经验算法和荧光基线高度法的回归分析,开展海水表层叶绿素a浓度的遥感定量反演,并选取北黄海近岸海域样本数据进行算法检验。研究结果表明:辽东湾等9个北海区典型海域具有相同或相似海水表层光学特性,适宜建立海水表层叶绿素a浓度遥感定量反演模型;典型海域海水表层叶绿素a浓度与遥感反射率之间的相关关系较强,模型均为简单波段比值模型;二类海水研究区域海水表层叶绿素a浓度与荧光基线高度之间的相关关系不明显;北黄海近岸海域海水表层叶绿素a浓度的最优模型遥感定量反演值的相对误差的平均值为0.669μg/L。     

基于空间插值的长江口邻近海域春季悬浮物和叶绿素a空间分布分析

针对目前利用实测数据对长江口邻近海域水质状况进行分析研究相对偏少的情况,基于“淞航”号2018年春季航次对该海域的综合观测,利用实验室水样分析数据对船载温盐深仪（CTD）的测量数据进行校正,并对该区域2018年春季时节悬浮物（TSM）和叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度的空间插值结果进行分析。研究结果表明：CTD观测数据与水样分析数据呈较强线性相关关系。反距离权重插值对TSM和Chl-a浓度空间分布具有整体最优的效果。TSM浓度在近岸和近海底较高,在观测区域内出现两个高值中心;Chl-a浓度在近岸海域较高,有较明显的片状高值结构,垂向上表层较高。TSM与Chl-a浓度分布在长江口南北表现出不同的特征,且两者具有一定的负相关性。长江径流、外海洋流、潮汐混合等水动力过程是影响该区域TSM和Chl-a浓度分布的主要因素。     

东海沿岸海域表层海水酸化趋势及影响因素研究

根据2002—2011年东海沿岸海域(4个区域,16个站位)春、夏、秋三个季节的表层海水pH、温度、盐度和叶绿素a等监测资料,对该海域pH的年际时空变化及其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明,东海沿岸海域表层海水十年间pH变化趋势存在明显的季节和区域差异,共有10个站点表层海水pH呈下降趋势,主要集中于长江口和杭州湾海域,而三门湾和椒江口海域的酸化则不明显。环境因子相关性分析显示,杭州湾海域夏季表层海水的pH与叶绿素a浓度呈极显著正相关,其它海域两者间未显示出显著的相关性;杭州湾海域的pH与海表温度也存在显著的相关性,但季节不同趋势不同,呈现出春季正相关而夏季负相关的特征;pH与盐度的关系在各海域表现得更加明显,长江口、杭州湾和三门湾三个调查海区海水的pH变化与盐度都存在显著的正相关。总之,在10年的连续监测内东海沿岸海域存在一定程度的酸化趋势,其影响机制还需进一步研究。     

基于奇异谱分析的深圳近海净初级生产力时间序列研究

海洋净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity, NPP)长时间序列分析可获取NPP多年变化趋势、季节变化等动态信息,对海洋环境的监测与预报具有重要意义。本文以2003～2013年月际尺度净初级生产力卫星遥感产品为数据源,通过奇异谱分析提取标准化净初级生产力时间序列的长期趋势和周期振荡特征。研究表明,①浮标监测数据的叶绿素a浓度、海表温度与MODIS的叶绿素a浓度、海表温度产品变化趋势基本一致,NPP时间序列产品可用于分析深圳近岸海域净初级生产力的变化趋势。②空间分布上,深圳西部海域的NPP和叶绿素a浓度远高于大鹏湾和大亚湾,大鹏湾和大亚湾的NPP和叶绿素a浓度均值及变化趋势非常接近。三个海区NPP、叶绿素a浓度、海表温度和光合有效辐射在季风转换期变化剧烈。③长期趋势上,深圳西部海域呈现2 a周期波动趋势,在均值附近以年为周期上下波动。大鹏湾和大亚湾2003～2006年NPP低于平均水平, 2008年后NPP开始以年为周期围绕平均值上下波动, 2012年后NPP整体与均值持平。④周期特征上,深圳西部海域、大鹏湾和大亚湾的NPP呈"W"或"M"型周年变化,存在夏季主高峰(6～7月)和冬季次高峰(12～1月)。     

2016年夏季黄、渤海颗粒有机碳的分布特征及影响因素

本文根据2016年6-7月黄、渤海航次获得的调查数据，分析了黄、渤海海域颗粒有机碳（POC）的浓度变化、空间分布特征并结合盐度、叶绿素a、POC/PON、POC/Chl a平面分布特征和相关性分析，探讨了黄、渤海海域POC的来源和影响因素。结果表明:2016年夏季渤海海域POC平均浓度（500.2±226.5）μg/L，北黄海POC平均浓度（358.2±101.5）μg/L，南黄海POC平均浓度（321.0±158.1）μg/L，渤海海域POC浓度高于黄海，整个海域POC浓度表层高于底层。POC的平面分布特征为近岸高，外海低。调查海域表层POC/PON均值为8.89，POC/Chl a均值为182.52；中层POC/PON均值为8.87，POC/Chl a均值为179.56；底层POC/PON均值为9.41，POC/Chl a均值为178.80。黄海海域浒苔衰败对POC/PON与POC/Chl a影响较大。相关性分析结果表明渤海海域盐度、总悬浮物和叶绿素a与POC存在显著的相关性，是影响POC分布的主要控制因素。南黄海除表层POC浓度与盐度、总悬浮物和叶绿素a浓度有很好的相关性外，中层和底层POC浓度与盐度、总悬浮物和叶绿素a浓度不存在显著的相关性。渤海海域POC主要受陆源和浮游植物共同影响，浮游植物是POC的主要贡献者，而黄海海域POC受长江冲淡水、黄海暖流、苏北沿岸流、生物活动和底层沉积物等多种因素影响，其中苏北近岸和青岛外海，有机碎屑为POC的主要贡献者。     

北部湾海域叶绿素a质量浓度时空分布研究

叶绿素a质量浓度是水体富营养化的重要指标,及时和有效地对水体叶绿素a质量浓度进行监测和评价,对环境保护十分必要。本文基于2011年至2016年的卫星遥感数据,分析了北部湾海表叶绿素a质量浓度的时空分布特征。研究结果表明:北部湾叶绿素a质量浓度有明显的月变化和季节性变化,北部湾叶绿素a月平均质量浓度在8月和1月分别达到峰值,北部湾冬季与夏季的叶绿素a季平均质量浓度高于春季和秋季,夏季北部湾海域表层的叶绿素a质量浓度开始迅速升高,秋季北部湾中南部叶绿素a质量浓度呈下降的趋势。在空间分布上,北部湾近岸海域叶绿素a质量浓度平均水平较高,叶绿素a质量浓度高值区集中在湾北部雷州半岛西部沿岸的浅水区海域,而低值区在湾中部以及湾南部的深水区海域。     

北黄海夏、冬季叶绿素和初级生产力的空间分布和季节变化特征

依据2006～2007年夏、冬两季的北黄海海洋综合调查资料,分析了叶绿素和初级生产力的空间分布和季节变化特征,并浅析了其主要影响因素.夏季北黄海Chl a的平均含量为30.75 mg·m-2(7.64～92.57 mg·m-2),冬季平均含量为18.72 mg·m-2(3.04～50.55 mg·m-2),与夏季相比显著偏低(P<0.05).夏季Chl a浓度的垂直分布呈现较为明显的分层现象,最大值基本出现在次表层;冬季大部分海域垂直分布均匀.夏季水柱初级生产力含量的平均值为471.2 mg·m-2·d-1(70.1～1 308.2 mg·m-2·d-1),其分布大致呈现近岸海域高、东部开阔海域较低的格局;冬季平均值为125.4 mg·m-2·d-1(72.6～245.5 mg·m-2·d-1),约为夏季的1/4,且分布较均匀.北黄海夏季磷酸盐可能成为限制浮游植物生长的因素,而冬季无机氮和磷酸盐可能同时成为限制因子.夏季和冬季的海表温度与表层Chl a浓度之间均呈负相关关系,R2分别为0.44(P=0.01,n=73)和0.41(P=0.01,n=71).     

辽东半岛顶端海域上升流长期变化特征及影响因素

利用回归分析、相关性分析等分析方法,对全球气候变暖背景下辽东半岛顶端海域上升流的变化特征及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:夏季,辽东半岛顶端邻近海域上升流以38°52′N、120°55′E为中心,呈纺锤状分布于复州湾—辽东半岛顶端—北砣矶水道沿线海域,其位置较为固定。1988—2018年,海表温度上升流指数呈显著增加的变化趋势,其变化速率为0.27°C/10a,研究海域上升流显著增强,其中1998—2018年上升流增强尤为显著。在全球气候变暖背景下,渤海及北黄海部分海域净辐射通量的增加和夏季风场的减弱是研究海域上升流增强的两个影响因素。净辐射通量的增加和夏季风场的减弱分别有利于非上升流与上升流区的温差增大和底层冷水的上涌,进而使上升流现象增强。在长时间尺度上,ENSO(ElNi?o-SouthernOscillation)不会影响研究海域上升流强度的变化趋势,但在强厄尔尼诺发展阶段(1997年和2014年),ENSO可使研究海域纬向风(西风)增强,从而减弱研究海域上升流。     

冬季吕宋岛西北海域叶绿素时空变化特征

冬季吕宋岛西北海域频繁出现藻华现象,本文使用吕宋岛西北部海域1999年11月至2015年2月共16 a冬季多卫星融合水色遥感资料,利用经验正交函数(EOF)分解方法对长时间序列的Chl-a质量浓度的时空变化进行分析讨论,并结合海表温度(SST)、风速(WS)、海面高度异常(SLA)等数据以及上述数据计算获得的相关物理环境参数,分析其与海表Chl-a质量浓度之间的关系,探讨吕宋岛西北海域海表Chl-a质量浓度的时空分布规律以及Chl-a质量浓度与周边环境的响应关系。研究结果表明通常冬季吕宋岛西北海域海表均会出现大约以(19°N,119°E)为中心的高Chl-a质量浓度现象,平行海岸的风应力以及风应力涡旋引起冬季上升流,增加了营养盐的输入,很可能是该区域藻华形成的主要机制。同时背景流场的平流效应很可能诱发上升流区域与叶绿素藻华区中心不一致,可能引起了藻华中心的北移。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.