基于广义S变换的地震资料信噪分离方法

基于S变换具有良好的时频聚焦性和分时分频性,将可灵活选取窗函数的广义S变换引入到地震信号去噪处理中,系统研究了广义S变换在地震资料信噪分离中的应用。首先对地震数据进行广义S变换,然后对含噪频率剖面选取适当阈值压制噪声干扰,提取有效信号,最后重构得到去噪后的记录。经合成记录和实际地震资料处理实验证明,该方法能有效地进行信噪分离,提高地震剖面信噪比和分辨率。     

地面阵列式微地震数据盲源分离去噪方法

由于地面噪声干扰多,原始微地震监测数据的信噪比相对较低,而数据品质决定了微地震事件的定位精度,因此,提高监测数据信噪比是微地震处理的关键环节。充分利用地面阵列式微地震数据监测台站数量多、间距近和分布广的优点,采用基于互相关的盲源分离去噪方法,进行随机噪声的压制。基于互相关盲源分离的阵列式微地震数据去噪方法,采用负熵作为目标函数,以粒子群优化方法进行高效求解,并通过互相关系数有效解决了盲源分离的不确定性问题,实现了地面阵列式微地震事件分量与噪声干扰分量的有效分离。通过正演模拟数据和实际微地震监测数据的去噪效果分析,证实了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

改进阈值法在二代小波变换去噪中的应用

地震信号去噪能有效提高信号的信噪比和分辨率。二代小波变换可以在不同尺度上对含噪信号进行小波分解和多分辨率分析,实现窗口宽度自适应调整的局部化分析。但小波变换阈值法在去噪过程中会在信号的不连续邻域会产生伪吉布斯效应,而平移不变量阈值去噪方法通过平移-去噪-平均的思想可以很好的解决该问题。因此本文在已有的二代小波变换阈值去噪的基础上将平移不变量这一改进方法应用于二代小波变换中,实现了对地震信号更加快速有效的去噪处理,并在模拟数据试算和实际数据试算中取得了良好的去噪效果。     

二维小波变换与中值滤波联合去噪方法研究

由于随机噪声是一种频带较宽的干扰波,因此依靠单一的去噪处理方式往往难以获得清晰反映目标体的地震信息。小波变换能够较好的去除高斯噪声,保留有效波中、高频成分,提高记录的信噪比,但去除脉冲噪声的效果却并不理想;中值滤波具有良好的边缘保持特性,虽低频去噪声效果有限,但去除脉冲噪声效果明显。因此可利用二维小波变换与中值滤波优势互补的方法,进行叠前去噪处理,达到去除宽频随机噪声的目的。首先运用二维小波变换的理论,采用自适应门限阀值方法进行去噪,同时结合中值滤波方法联合去噪。模型与实际数据的应用效果表明,联合去噪方法可有效压制噪声能量、保留高频有效信号、提高地震记录信噪比与分辨率。     

基于匹配小波包算法的地震信号去噪

地震资料的信噪比是影响地震资料质量的关键因素之一。目前的去噪方法中,在滤波的同时会损伤有效信号,因此提出基于匹配算法的去噪方法,利用和地震信号匹配的小波包对信号进行分解,用选出的波形代表有效信号达到去噪的效果。实验分析表明,利用匹配小波包算法能够很好地压制地震信号白噪声,提高信噪比。当噪声能量小于有效信号周期能量时,小波包算法去噪效果比小波收缩阈值法好,信噪比提高5 dB ±。     

谱模拟方法在高分辨率地震资料处理中的应用

为了克服地震子波的时变影响,避免复杂的时窗大小选取问题,使得谱模拟方法能更好地适应地震信号是平稳信号的假设条件,将改进S变换与谱模拟方法相结合,形成时频域谱模拟方法。在二维时频谱中进行谱模拟处理,该方法能够克服地震子波随地层深度变化的限制。理论模型及实际资料处理效果显示,时频域谱模拟方法能够有效提高地震分辨率,实现地震资料的高分辨处理。     

利用小波阈值法提高地震勘探信号的信噪比

在地震勘探信号处理中,能否得到高信噪比的信号是正确解读实际勘探信号的关键。在实际勘探中,受到环境等因素的影响,检波器接收到的信号中夹杂着各种相干及随机噪声,降低接收信号的信噪比。鉴于传统傅里叶变换无法处理随机噪声,本工作提出利用改进的小波阈值法提高含随机噪声的信噪比,通过MATLAB仿真和勘探实验验证。建立仿真模型,比较了改进阈值函数与现有软、硬阈值法的去噪效果;信噪比和均方根误差结果显示,改进阈值函数去噪后的信噪比优于软和硬阈值函数的信噪比。利用地震雷克子波建立了地震正演模型,对比改进阈值函数处理前后的结果显示,改进阈值函数法能充分保留有用信号,有效地消减勘探信号中的随机噪声,可为勘探信号解释提供一种新的去噪方法。     

分频径向道中值滤波在地震资料处理中的应用

在地震资料处理中去噪处理占有非常重要的地位,地震资料的信噪比高低将直接影响到后续处理的效果。针对地震记录的相干干扰特征,利用小波变换的分频技术,在相干干扰与有效信号共存的频带,利用径向道中值滤波方法提取相干干扰波,并由小波反变换重构整个干扰波场,再从原始记录中减去,实现了高保真度去噪处理,对有效波损失降至最小。实际应用效果表明,该方法能有效改善地震记录品质,提高地震剖面的信噪比。     

局部奇异值分解法压制随机干扰

对于低信噪比资料,压制随机噪声,增强有效信号是地震资料处理的首要任务。而传统的奇异值分解去噪算法,在有效信号横向相干性较强时,去噪效果明显,但当有效信号同相轴呈倾斜、弯曲或孤立状态时,其在压制随机噪声的同时,存在滤除部分有效信号的弊端,为此通过对不同时窗内的地震数据进行拉平、奇异值分解数据重构与反拉平等处理方法,对常规奇异值分解算法进行改进,以克服其对包含非水平连续信号资料去噪效果差的局限。理论数据和实际资料的去噪结果表明,改进后的算法去噪效果明显优于常规奇异值分解法,能在保证有效波不被滤除的前提下有效提高地震资料的信噪比。     

广义S变换在地震勘探中的研究进展

广义S变换是目前比较新的一种非平稳信号分析的时频分析方法,其特点和优势为广义S变换的反变换与傅立叶变换有直接的联系,保证其是无损变换;线性变换保证其不存在交叉项;时频分辨率与信号的频率有关;基本小波不必满足容许性条件;尺度性质使得广义S变换有很好的频率聚集能力。基于这些特点和优势,在地震勘探中已经有了广泛的应用,如利用广义S变换进行瑞利面波频散分析、时频域波场分离与去噪、沉积相旋回以及地震波初至识别等。笔者总结了应用中比较有代表性的广义S变换类型,并结合实例,阐述了该方法在地震勘探中的研究进展。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of