海底油气管道内CO2腐蚀与防腐的研究

本工作采用2.4mV/s动态电位扫描极化、控制电位极化、电偶电流和高压釜挂片失重法研究了X60钢在含Ca~(2+)36.26mg/L,Mg~(2+)12.66mg/L和Cl~-3624mg/L的模拟氯化钠盐水中,CO_2引起腐蚀的电化学行为,以及含氮、硫的有机缓蚀剂和(或)Me~(2+)对腐蚀的抑制作用。结果表明:溶有CO_2的盐水腐蚀性强,盐浓度及温度会影响钢的腐蚀速度和阴极极化行为;75mg/L缓蚀剂的缓蚀率达90％,服从Langmuir吸附等温式;50mg/L缓蚀剂与127mg/LMe~(2+)复配,缓蚀率达91％以上,不服从Langmuir吸附等温式。     

天然海水中硫酸锌、葡萄糖酸钙和APG等复合碳钢缓蚀剂的研究

通过正交实验确定了硫酸锌、葡萄糖酸钙和 APG(C0 81 0 )复配的 3元缓蚀剂最佳复配比为4∶ 1∶ 2。用失重法测得该 3元缓蚀剂在 35 0 mg/ L时对碳钢缓蚀率为 92 .8%,但试样表面存在局部腐蚀。为了抑制试样局部腐蚀的发生 ,采用失重法从几种常用缓蚀组分中筛选出硅酸钠和钨酸钠作为 3元缓蚀剂的添加剂组成 5元缓蚀剂 ,通过正交实验确定了组分间的最佳复配比。用失重法确定了5元缓蚀剂的临界浓度为 2 80 mg/ L ,此时对碳钢缓蚀率为 93.8%,并有效抑制了局部腐蚀的发生。从而得到了天然海水中 1种有效抑制碳钢局部腐蚀的低毒、高效复合缓蚀剂。据极化曲线分析可以确定该 5元缓蚀剂是 1种抑制阳极过程为主的混合型缓蚀剂。     

高温海水中复合缓蚀剂的缓蚀性能及缓蚀行为研究

利用失重法,电化学法和扫描电镜法研究了自制复合缓蚀剂(壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯、聚磷酸盐、羟基乙叉二膦酸、硫酸锌、葡萄糖酸钙)对G105钢在高温海水中的缓蚀性能及缓蚀行为.结果表明:当缓蚀剂浓度为150 mg/L时,70℃的缓蚀率达98.1%,90℃为95.2%;该复合缓蚀剂是一种阳极型缓蚀剂;缓蚀剂在电极表面的成膜过程随时间变化表现为3个不同的阶段:缓蚀剂膜生长过程、致密缓蚀剂膜存续过程和缓蚀剂膜衰减过程.     

缓蚀剂浓度对饱和CO2盐溶液中咪唑啉缓蚀剂膜的影响

咪唑啉及其衍生物是油田行业常用的耐二氧化碳腐蚀的缓蚀剂,其缓蚀机制主要是化学吸附作用。本文采用失重法、弱极化法、交流阻抗法等手段研究了1种新型咪唑啉缓蚀剂对Q235钢在饱和CO2盐溶液中不同浓度随时间的缓蚀行为变化,探讨了吸附膜的形成与衰减规律。结果表明:85℃存在极值浓度40 mg.L-1,此时缓蚀剂达到最佳状态,24 h即可成膜,膜寿命较长,可以维持至少120 h。     

含氯溶液中蛋氨酸对铝合金的缓蚀作用

运用极化曲线、电化学交流阻抗和失重等方法,研究了蛋氨酸对LY12铝合金在1 mol/LHCl溶液、20%CaCl2溶液和3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀抑制情况,并利用扫描电镜观察铝合金的腐蚀形貌.结果表明,铝合金在前述3种腐蚀介质中均发生不同程度的腐蚀,添加缓蚀剂蛋氨酸后,会不同程度地抑制铝合金的腐蚀.随着缓蚀剂浓度的增加,缓蚀效率增大,特别是在1 mol/L HCl溶液、20%CaCl2溶液中,当缓蚀剂浓度达到0.01 mol/L时缓蚀效率达到90%以上.     

胶州湾沉积物中有机硫来源及成因机制的研究

有机硫是海洋沉积物中重要的硫形态,其中成岩有机硫对有机质保存和微量元素形态具有重要影响。利用化学提取及硫稳定同位素研究了胶州湾沉积物中碱可提取的腐殖酸硫(HA-S)、富里酸硫(FA-S)以及铬不可还原有机硫(non-CROS)的垂直分布、来源及形成机制。结果表明,non-CROS、HA-S以及FA-S的含量范围分别为19.1~52.6、3.35~7.82和27.3~38.6μmol/g,均处于其他许多近海沉积物中含量的低值区,且3者均为海洋生物有机硫和成岩有机硫的混合物。HA-S和nonCROS以海洋生物有机硫为主,其份数分别为65%~68%和67%~77%,而FA-S则以成岩有机硫为主(54%~73%)。相对于生物有机硫,成岩有机硫更易被碱和酸性Cr(Ⅱ)溶液提取,因此腐殖质硫和non-CROS都不能全面反映沉积物中有机硫的组成和来源。黄铁矿和腐殖质中成岩有机硫含量随深度的同步增加表明黄铁矿形成并未明显地竞争性抑制有机质硫化。     

复配型席夫碱缓蚀剂对碳钢在海水中缓蚀性能研究

设计了由邻氧乙酸苯甲醛-4-吡啶甲酰腙席夫碱80 mg/L,邻香草醛脱氢枞胺席夫碱6 mg/L,ZnSO4 50 mg/L,Tween-80 100 mg/L四元复配缓蚀剂,通过失重法、极化曲线法和电化学交流阻抗技术,研究了该复配缓蚀剂在模拟现实使用环境中的缓蚀性能。结果表明,该复配缓蚀剂的缓蚀率受海水盐度的影响不大,但该复配缓蚀剂的缓蚀性能受海水温度和海水流速的影响较大,当温度低于50℃和流速较低、缓蚀剂浓度为临界浓度时,缓蚀剂对碳钢有很好的抑制作用,而有锈试样和间浸实验发现高浓度的复配缓蚀剂可以抑制碳钢的腐蚀。     

Cu2+对青蛤的胁迫效应

为研究青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)对重金属Cu~(2+)的蓄积作用及免疫机能的影响,开展了Cu~(2+)对青蛤的急性毒性实验,观察青蛤在96 h Cu~(2+)半致死浓度和安全浓度胁迫下,不同组织的蓄积趋势,及血淋巴液中SOD、CAT和ACP活性的变化。结果显示:Cu~(2+)的半致死浓度为0.807 mg/L,安全浓度为0.00807 mg/L。鳃和内脏团组织中蓄积的Cu~(2+)浓度与处理时间呈正相关;在半致死和安全浓度胁迫下,鳃组织中Cu~(2+)蓄积速度均快于内脏团;在半致死浓度胁迫下血淋巴液中SOD、CAT和ACP活性呈现先诱导再抑制的趋势,安全浓度下无明显变化,但均高于对照组水平。     

壳聚糖在1mol／LHCl中对Q235碳钢的缓蚀性能及机理研究

用失重法、动电位极化测试考察不同质量浓度、温度下,壳聚糖在lmol／LHCl溶液中对碳钢的缓蚀作用及机理。结果表明：随缓蚀剂质量浓度增加,壳聚糖的缓蚀效率升高,腐蚀速率下降;温度升高,腐蚀速率加快,但缓蚀效率并未下降,333K时缓蚀效率仍可达93．8％;壳聚糖在金属表面的吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温线,其与金属...     

Pb2+对青蛤的急性毒性及对其血淋巴液中免疫相关酶活性的影响

采用静态急性毒性实验研究了重金属Pb~(2+)对青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)的生物急性毒性效应,测定了在96 h Pb~(2+)半致死浓度的1/10(TC组)和1/100(SC组)两个浓度胁迫下,血淋巴液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性的变化。结果显示:Pb~(2+)的96 h LC50为7.938 mg/L; SC组ACP活性表现为诱导-抑制趋势,除4 d外均与对照组差异显著(P0.05), TC组为抑制趋势,为3个组中的最低,与对照组差异显著(P0.05);实验组SC组和TC组的AKP、LSZ活性均表现为前期为诱导中后期受抑制的趋势,与对照组差异显著(P0.05),且TC组活性始终低于SC组,表现出Pb~(2+)的胁迫浓度越高酶活性受到的抑制作用越大。以上结果表明,重金属Pb~(2+)对青蛤的毒性级别为高毒级,能造成青蛤免疫相关酶的活性受到抑制,影响青蛤的免疫能力,而且这种抑制作用随着环境中Pb~(2+)浓度增加而增加。     

C25 and C30 biogenic alkenes in sediments and detritus of a New England salt marsh

As part of a geochemical study of C₂₅ and C₃₀ biogenic alkenes in estuarine environments, distributions of these compounds in detritus and sediments collected from a New England salt marsh (Round Swamp on Conanicut Island in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island) have been determined. The alkene assemblages detected, consisting primarily of four acyclic C₂₅ dienes and trienes and a C₃₀ bicyclic diene, qualitatively resemble those previously reported for other sediments in which anoxic conditions were prevalent. These similarities exist despite significant differences in the principal sources of sedimentary organic matter, suggesting that the occurrence of these specific alkenes is more likely associated with an in situ process common to anoxic environments than with a direct input from a specific source. Size fractionation (> 840 μm and < 840 μm to 1·2 μm) of marsh detritus revealed that the larger size fraction, consisting primarily of decaying Spartina debris, contains significant amounts of alkenes. This result, together with alkene subsurface profiles which show high surface concentrations decreasing to near-background levels by 20 cm, suggest that anaerobic bacteria are mediating in situ production of these compounds. Previous studies of bacterial hydrocarbons have not reported the presence of these C₂₅ and C₃₀ alkenes, although similar compounds have been isolated from several species of methanogenic bacteria. However, attempts to induce alkene synthesis by decomposing Spartina anaerobically in the laboratory were unsuccessful. In light of this result, the exact source of alkenes in marsh sediments remains uncertain. The absence from marsh sediments of other C₂₅ alkenes whose sedimentary distributions had been previously correlated with the presence of marine (planktonic) organic matter implies the existence of different origins for structurally related constituents of this hydrocarbon series.     

长江口潮滩表层沉积物对NH4+-N的吸附特征

沉积物对NH₄+-N的吸附是氮素生物地球化学循环的关键过程之一,它在河口潮滩生态系统内氮素循环过程中起着非常重要的作用.以长江口滨岸潮滩为研究区域,运用实验模拟的方法,研究了沉积物对NH₄+-N的吸附特征,结果表明,在长江口潮滩上覆水和孔隙水中NH₄+-N含量的变化范围内,沉积物对NH₄+-N的吸附呈线性变化;研究区域内沉积物对NH₄+-N的吸附系数为3.81~9.00,且与沉积物中有机碳(TOC)含量有良好的相关关系,它揭示了有机质控制着长江口潮滩沉积物中NH₄+-N的吸附行为.实验模拟与实测结果对比发现,在潮滩自然环境条件下,研究区域内沉积物对NH₄+-N的吸附处在非热力学平衡状态过程中.盐度是影响NH₄+-N吸附过程的重要环境因子,且导数方程关系式在低盐度范围内,盐度的微小变化对NH₄+-N的吸附有显著的影响.     

CHANGES ON EEG DURING SIMULATED N2-O2 SATURATION DIVING

During N2-O2 simulated saturation at a depih of 36.5 m the frequency, amplitude and index of a waves decreased and the activities of β and θ wave increased on the EEGs at rest. After the pressure was decompressed to normal, they could recover to the predive level. During the air excursion diving at depths of 60 and 70 m , the paramenters of EEG approximated to those of N2-O2 exposure. But at that time of the air excursion diving at a depth of 75 m they appeared the maximum. This showed that the changes related to the nitrogen partial pressure. There was an increase in slow waves during the simulated N2-O2 saturation. The activities of slow wave decreased on the EEGs in case of hyperventilation. The photic scimulation to the eyes caused the slow wave to disappear, and a rhythm could recover temporarily. When the photic stimulation was over the slow rhythm reappeared on the EEG. All the changes in EEG indicated that the encephalon function of the human body showed a gradual adaptation process during the     

Nd3+ :Gd3 Sc2 Al3 O12 晶场能级及拟合

Nd³⁺ :GSAG是性能优良的942 nm激光晶体.用提拉法成功生长Nd³⁺ :GSAG单晶,研究其室温透射光谱,辨认位置高达29967 cm^-1的68个Nd³⁺晶场能级.对这些能级拟合了自由离子及晶场Hamilton参量,拟合标准偏差为16.7 cm^-1,表明实验与计算能级符合很好.获得的Hamilton参量可用于计算Nd³⁺ :GSAG中Nd³⁺的     

Cu2+对泥蚶血红蛋白(Tg-HbⅡ)的过氧化物酶活性与结构的影响

本文利用Cu2+处理泥蚶血红蛋白（Tg-HbⅡ），分别检测Cu2+对Tg-HbⅡ的过氧化物酶活性及其结构的影响，同时检测Pro对Cu2+作用下Tg-HbⅡ的保护作用。结果表明:随着Cu2+浓度的增加，Tg-HbⅡ的过氧化物酶活性逐渐丧失，Cu2+抑制Tg-HbⅡ的过氧化物酶活性类型属于非竞争-竞争混合型抑制，其失活速率具有浓度依赖性，失活过程呈单相变化，表现为一级反应动力学，并且不同浓度Cu2+能影响Tg-HbⅡ的三级结构变化；另外，Pro对Tg-HbⅡ的空间结构及其过氧化物酶活性具有保护作用，能阻止Tg-HbⅡ的聚沉、恢复Tg-HbⅡ的结构与过氧化物酶活性。     

On the CO2O2 system in the Northeastern Pacific

The TCO₂, O₂, TA and δ¹³C data of the 1969 Geosecs Intercalibration Cruise was analyzed and found to be consistent with a vertical mixing model which assumes that each point along a vertical profile is a mixture of the upper and lower boundaries. Calculated regression coefficients are in agreement with the model of Redfield et al. (1963) and with the assumption that TA variation is due to carbonate reaction. Oxygen consumption and TCO₂ production decrease exponentially with depth and approximately 80% of ΔCO₂ can be accounted for, on average, by O₂ consumption. The remaining 20% are probably due to carbonate solution which seems to take place at depths below 2,500 m. The present study suggests that the isotopic composition (δ¹³C) of the carbon source, required to account for most of the oxygen consumed, may be heavier than the value of −23%. assigned to dissolved organic carbon and particulate organic carbon.     

杭州湾溶解态的Ca2+,Mg2+,SO42-

为研究杭州湾河口海水地区性水化学特征,于１９９４年５月和１９９３年８月在杭州湾１４个大面站和两个连续站采集表层海水水样,对Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、ＳＯ４＾２－及Ｓ,Ｃｌ等化学要素进行了测定。研究结果表明,与黄河口长江口一样,杭州湾中溶解态Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、ＳＯ４＾２－主要受陆源径流与外海水物理混合稀释的影响,与Ｃｌ具有良好的线性关系。由于受北岸工业排废水的影响,Ｃａ＾２＋与Ｃｌ线性相关比Ｍｇ     

铁、氮、磷、维生素B1和B12对海洋原甲藻的生长效应

４因子，２水平（铁为４水平）正交试验表明：络合铁和硝态氮对海洋原甲藻的生长有极显著的促进作用（Ｐ＜０．０１），维生不Ｂ１，Ｂ１２混合液有显著促进作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）。络合铁和硝态氮为大鹏湾浮游植物生长的营养限制因了。而磷酸盐的作用不显著。     

Investigating the effect of ballasting by CaCO3 in Emiliania huxleyi, II: Decomposition of particulate organic matter

The quantitative relationship between organic carbon and mineral contents of particles sinking below 1800 m in the ocean indicates that organisms with mineral shells such as coccolithophores are of special importance for transporting carbon into the deep sea. Several hypotheses about the mechanism behind this relationship between minerals and organic matter have been raised, such as mineral protection of organic matter or enhanced sinking rates through ballast addition. We examined organic matter decomposition of calcifying and non-calcifying Emiliania huxleyi cultures in an experiment that allowed aggregation and settling in rotating tanks. Biogenic components such as particulate carbon, particulate nitrogen, particulate volume, pigments, transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), and particulate amino acids in suspended particles and aggregates were followed over a period of 30 d. The overall pattern of decrease in organic matter, the amount of recalcitrant organic matter left after 30 d, and the compositional changes within particulate organic matter indicated that cells without a shell are more subject to loss than calcified cells. It is suggested that biogenic calcite helps in the preservation of particulate organic matter (POM) by offering structural support for organic molecules. Over the course of the experiment, half the particulate organic carbon in both calcifying and non-calcifying cultures was partitioned into aggregates and remained so until the end of the experiment. The partial protection of particulate organic matter from solubilization by biominerals and by aggregation that was observed in our experiment may help explain the robustness of the relationship between organic and mineral matter fluxes in the deep ocean.     

Cu2+/SnO2复合纳米光催化剂的制备及其对海洋柴油污染物的降解

采用化学沉淀法成功制备了Cu2+/SnO2复合纳米光催化剂,采用XRD、SEM等测试手段对复合纳米光催化剂的粒径、形态等进行表征。在紫外光条件下,分别改变催化剂掺杂比、催化剂煅烧温度、催化剂投加量、柴油初始含量和光照时间等单因素,探究不同条件对Cu2+/SnO2复合纳米光催化剂降解海洋柴油污染物的影响。结果表明,自制复合纳米光催化剂可以有效降解海水中的柴油污染物,在紫外光作用下,于400℃下煅烧Cu/Sn掺杂比为0. 03的Cu2+/SnO2复合纳米光催化剂、投加量为0. 2 g/dm3、柴油初始含量为0. 15 g/dm3、H2O2溶液含量为0. 2 g/dm3、溶液的p H为7、光照时间3 h时效果最好,海水中柴油的去除率最高,达到86. 98%。Cu2+/SnO2复合纳米光催化剂用聚丙烯纳米球负载后可以实际应用于海洋中,便于回收。