基于Aster数据的新疆渭——库绿洲及其周边地区土地沙化信息提取

以新疆渭干河——库车河绿洲及其周边地区为研究区,在野外调查的基础上,基于Aster数据,利用NDVI、植被盖度作为特征变量,结合偏最小二乘回归法模型反演得到的盐分含量(SSC)指标作为决策树分类的各节点的判别函数,通过决策树分类方法实现了沙化土地信息的提取与制图。结果表明结合植被覆盖信息与土壤特性能够在提取沙化信息的同时区分出盐渍化土壤,结果与野外调查较为一致。该研究为大区域土壤沙化信息提取与制图提供了较好的方法。     

茶卡-共和盆地土壤盐分与光谱特征研究

土壤盐分及其光谱特征是土壤盐渍化高光谱遥感定量监测的基础研究内容。茶卡-共和盆地位于柴达木盆地东部边缘,是土壤盐渍化比较典型的区域之一。在研究区盐渍土野外调查采样的基础上,依据土壤理化分析和实验室光谱测量数据,对土壤盐分及其光谱特征进行了分析,总结了茶卡-共和盆地盐渍土光谱特征随土壤盐分含量的变化规律。研究表明:该区域盐渍土为氯化物盐土,以NaCl和MgCl2为主,有少量的硫酸盐;不同含盐量的盐渍土具有明显的光谱特征差异。     

基于电磁感应的干旱区土壤盐渍化定量遥感研究

以南疆典型干旱区Landsat 7 ETM+遥感图像为数据源,利用决策树分类法提取农业用地,并对农业用地进行移动式电磁感应调查(简称磁感调查)和光谱特征提取,同时分析磁感数据和图像光谱特征与土壤盐分含量的相关性,从而建立土壤盐分的定量反演模型。研究结果表明:土地利用类型决策树的分类精度达到93.75%,Kappa系数达0.915 4;经多元逐步回归分析,磁感调查获得的土壤盐分含量与差值植被指数(DVI)、ETM+图像第二波段像元值(B2)以及比值植被指数(RVI)间具有显著相关性,由此建立的遥感反演模型可用于土壤盐分含量的定量反演。经89个样点检验,基于磁感调查的土壤盐分遥感反演精度虽低于基于磁感调查的地统计空间分析的精度,但遥感定量反演值与磁感调查实测值仍具有良好的相关性,而且精度较高,因此利用本文方法进行土壤盐渍化大面积监测是快速有效的途径。     

基于Landsat8 OLI影像光谱的土壤盐分估算模型研究

针对艾比湖流域盐渍化土壤盐分定量监测的需要,利用Landsat8 OLI多光谱影像进行土壤盐分估算模型研究,以提高土壤盐分反演的精度。通过分析不同含盐量土壤的影像光谱反射率特征和不同变换形式的光谱反射率与盐分的相关性,寻求对盐分含量敏感的光谱波段;采用多元逐步回归算法,分别建立基于OLI影像光谱与ASD光谱仪重采样光谱的土壤盐分估算模型,并对影像光谱模型进行校正。结果表明:ASD重采样光谱数据的对数倒数一阶微分变换的土壤盐分估算模型精度较高,模型的决定系数(R2)为0.779;校正后的OLI影像光谱土壤盐分估算模型的R2从0.28提高到0.777 6,且均方根误差值仅为0.281。本研究实现了从实地测量光谱尺度向遥感多光谱尺度的转换,为土壤盐渍化的遥感定量监测提供了科学参考。     

柴达木盆地土壤盐渍化程度快速动态监测

针对柴达木盆地土壤盐渍化的时空变化问题,该文采用了反演土壤盐度指数的方法快速评估了该地区的盐渍化程度变化及其空间分布,并且选择2015年利用土壤采样方法获取标本验证SI在研究区的适用性,集成RS技术和GIS空间分析的优势,综合利用空间分析和时序分析技术对柴达木盆地2000-2015年的盐渍化程度和分布面积进行了时空变化分析.研究结果表明了 SI值在研究区的适用性,同时发现2000-2015年,柴达木盆地土壤盐渍化的面积和程度整体上均有明显降低趋势,尤其在重度盐渍化区域更为明显,但中、低度积盐面积,程度均有所增加.研究可以为柴达木盆地土壤盐渍化程度的快速评估提供参考.     

含盐土壤盐渍化雷达反演模拟研究

准确、快速提取大范围地表土壤盐渍化空间分布是一个迫切急需解决的科学难题。本文以河套灌区解放闸灌域土壤盐分雷达监测为例,研究基于RADARSAT-2数据的盐渍化信息提取。利用成熟的BP神经网络技术,建立了四极化雷达影像灰度值反演土壤盐分的人工智能模型,经实测数据检验能够在一定程度上满足盐渍化监测的需要,优于传统盐渍土分类方法,可促进微波遥感在土壤盐渍化监测中的开拓应用。     

基于GRNN的ALI多光谱遥感数据土壤盐分反演研究

受环境变化和人类活动的双重影响,土壤盐渍化已经成为土壤退化的重要形式.及时展开土壤盐渍化研究对改善现状和预防其进一步发展具有重要意义.本文以黄河三角洲一处典型区域为研究对象,在野外光谱测量和实验室理化分析的基础上,采用广义回归神经网络(GRNN)方法建立了土壤盐分反演模型,模型的决定系数为0.855,均方根误差为0.119 9·kg-1.将GRNN模型应用到ALI反射率图像上得到土壤盐分反演分布图.结合野外调查结果发现,GRNN方法得到的土壤盐分值的空间分布结果与实际情况一致.     

盐渍化土壤光谱特征分析与建模

为建立土壤盐渍化遥感监测模型,选取宁夏回族自治区平罗县典型土壤盐渍化发生区域作为研究区,以野外原位光谱测量数据和实验室内测得的土壤含盐量与p H值数据为基础,进行高光谱数据处理,分析不同盐渍化程度土壤的光谱特征;对实测土壤光谱反射率进行倒数、对数、均方根及其一阶微分等光谱变换,计算高光谱指数;与土壤样本含盐量进行相关性分析,筛选盐渍化土壤的光谱特征波段,利用多元线性回归分析建立土壤盐渍化监测模型。研究结果表明:以倒数一阶微分变换后的940 nm和1 094 nm波段作为特征波段构建的土壤盐渍化遥感监测模型最优。     

基于多光谱遥感的盐渍化评价指数对宁夏银北灌区土壤盐度预测的适用性分析

土壤盐渍化是影响干旱区土壤健康的重要因素之一,因此快速获取土壤盐度信息、监测土壤盐度变化对干旱区土地资源合理利用和土壤恢复至关重要。本研究选取宁夏平原土壤盐渍化较重的银北灌区为研究区域,以野外采集的52个土壤样本和同时期Landsat8 OLI遥感影像为数据基础,采用相关分析和曲线回归分析法对基于多光谱遥感数据构建的土壤盐渍化评价指数与实测土壤电导率(electrical conductivity,EC)的相关关系和拟合度进行了定量化分析。结果表明:(1)采样时期研究区土壤盐度较轻,非盐渍化和轻度盐渍化土壤样本合计占比82.68%;(2)盐度指数与土壤EC的相关性整体高于植被指数,全样本中盐分指数S_3(salinity index 3,S_3)、盐分指数S_5(salinity index 5,S_5)、盐分指数S_6(salinity index 6,S_6)和盐分指数SI(salinity index,SI)与土壤EC的相关性均达到0.50以上;(3)全样本中与土壤EC拟合度较高的为盐分指数S_2(salinity index 2,S_2),S_3,S_5和SI,其中S_5的表现最好(R~2=0.406),不同盐度水平下指数与土壤EC的拟合度随土壤盐度升高而显著增加,中重度盐渍化中指数与土壤EC的拟合度最高的为指数S_1(salinity index 1,S_1)(R~2=0.730)和S_2(R~2=0.724);(4)拟合模型中,基于Cubic模型、Quadratic模型和S模型计算的评价指数与土壤EC的拟合度较高。本研究分析了多种土壤盐渍化评价指数在银北灌区土壤盐度监测中的适用性,得出的初步结论可为宁夏银北灌区土壤盐度遥感监测提供参考依据。     

多源数据支持下的森林地上生物量估算方法

以Landsat8 OLI（operational land imager）为遥感数据源，森林资源二类调查和地理国情数据为主要辅助数据，对森林地上生物量（aboveground biomass，AGB）进行了反演和估算。以安徽省金寨县的天然林为研究对象，通过计算覆盖研究区Landsat8 OLI的光谱、纹理和地形特征，利用森林资源二类调查、地理国情普查与监测和外业调查数据建立AGB定量反演模型，以此为基础分析了不同特征对于AGB估算的影响。结果表明，基于所采用的方法得到的金寨县的森林地上生物量，最优反演模型的实测值与估算值相对误差为0.708 718，均方根误差为1.318 983，精度较高。依据该模型计算得到金寨县的生物总量为4 723 728 530 t，结果与实际情况符合。该研究对AGB定量反演和研究所采用的方法对于大范围监测森林资源具有可用性。     

Estimating soil salinity in Pingluo County of China using QuickBird data and soil reflectance spectra

Soil salinization is a worldwide environmental problem with severe economic and social consequences. In this paper, estimating the soil salinity of Pingluo County, China by a partial least squares regression (PLSR) predictive model was carried out using QuickBird data and soil reflectance spectra. At first, a relationship between the sensitive bands of soil salinity acquired from measured reflectance spectra and the spectral coverage of seven commonly used optical sensors was analyzed. Secondly, the potentiality of QuickBird data in estimating soil salinity by analyzing the correlations between the measured reflectance spectra and reflectance spectra derived from QuickBird data and analyzing the contributions of each band of QuickBird data to soil salinity estimation Finally, a PLSR predictive model of soil salinity was developed using reflectance spectra from QuickBird data and eight spectral indices derived from QuickBird data. The results indicated that the sensitive bands covered several bands of each optical sensor and these sensors can be used for soil salinity estimation. The result of estimation model showed that an accurate prediction of soil salinity can be made based on the PLSR method (R² = 0.992, RMSE = 0.195). The PLSR model's performance was better than that of the stepwise multiple regression (SMR) method. The results also indicated that using spectral indices such as intensity within spectral bands (Int1, Int2), soil salinity indices (SI1, SI2, SI3), the brightness index (BI), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the ratio vegetation index (RVI) as independent model variables can help to increase the accuracy of soil salinity mapping. The NDVI and RVI can help to reduce the influences of vegetation cover and soil moisture on prediction accuracy. The method developed in this paper can be applied in other arid and semi-arid areas, such as western China.     

基于反射光谱预测土壤重金属元素含量的研究

本文利用实验室实测的土壤反射光谱以及铅、镉、汞等重金属元素数据,进行土壤重金属元素含量快速预测的可行性研究。本文利用偏最小二乘回归方法,研究了反射率(R)、一阶微分(FDR)、反射率倒数的对数(lg(1/R))和波段深度(BD)等对预测精度的影响,对这几种光谱指标预测土壤重金属含量的能力进行了分析和评价,同时分析了多光谱数据估算土壤重金属元素含量的可行性。结果表明,反射率倒数的对数lg(1/R)是估算土壤重金属元素含量最好的光谱指标,尤其是Cd和Pb,检验精度R超过0.82。有机质、铁锰氧化物和黏土矿物对土壤重金属元素的吸附是可见光—近红外—短波红外光谱估算其含量的机理。多光谱数据同样具有估算土壤重金属元素含量的能力,但实际数据则要考虑多种因素的影响。     

Analysis and classification of hyperspectral data for mapping land degradation: An application in southern Spain

Desertification is a severe stage of land degradation, manifested by “desert-like” conditions in dryland areas. Climatic conditions together with geomorphologic processes help to mould desert-like soil surface features in arid zones. The identification of these soil features serves as a useful input for understanding the desertification process and land degradation as a whole. In the present study, imaging spectrometer data were used to detect and map desert-like surface features. Absorption feature parameters in the spectral region between 0.4 and 2.5 μm wavelengths were analysed and correlated with soil properties, such as soil colour, soil salinity, gypsum content, etc. Soil groupings were made based on their similarities and their spectral reflectance curves were studied. Distinct differences in the reflectance curves throughout the spectrum were exhibited between groups. Although the samples belonging to the same group shared common properties, the curves still showed differences within the same group.Characteristic reflectance curves of soil surface features were derived from spectral measurements both in the field and in the laboratory, and mean reflectance values derived from image pixels representing known features. Linear unmixing and spectral angle matching techniques were applied to assess their suitability in mapping surface features for land degradation studies. The study showed that linear unmixing provided more realistic results for mapping “desert-like” surface features than the spectral angle matching technique.     

Retrieval of soil physicochemical properties towards assessing salt-affected soils using Hyperspectral Data

The relationship between soil salinity parameters and their influence on soil spectral characteristics were analyzed using both satellite data (Hyperion) and reflectance data of soil samples collected from parts of Ahmedabad district of Gujarat, India. The soil spectral reflectance curves were assessed using absorption feature parameters by DISPEC software to identify suitable spectral band for salinity characterization. The Hyperion data of the study area were processed and classified into different classes by spectral angle mapper algorithm using spectral library generated from soil spectra. The results showed that among all the observed soil parameters Electrical Conductivity, Exchangeable Sodium Percentage, Cation Exchange Capacity and Mg⁺⁺ predictions can be made accurately based on partial least square regression models developed from selected wavelengths. Out of the total study area moderately saline-sodic, severely saline-sodic, severely saline and slightly saline soils occupy 23.5, 12.6, 10.9 and 0.04%, respectively.     

Savanna grass nitrogen to phosphorous ratio estimation using field spectroscopy and the potential for estimation with imaging spectroscopy

Determining the foliar N:P ratio provides a tool for understanding nutrient limitation on plant production and consequently for the feeding patterns of herbivores. In order to understand the nutrient limitation at landscape scale, remote sensing techniques offer that opportunity. The objective of this study is to investigate the utility of field spectroscopy and a potential of hyperspectral mapper (HyMap) spectra to estimate foliar N:P ratio. Field spectral measurements were undertaken, and grass samples were collected for foliar N and P extraction. The foliar N:P ratio prediction models were developed using partial least square regression (PLSR) with original spectra and transformed spectra for field and the resampled field spectra to HyMap. Spectral transformations included the continuum removal (CR), water removal (WR), first difference derivative (FD) and log transformation (Log(1/R)). The results showed that CR and WR spectra in combination with PLSR predicted foliar N:P ratio with higher accuracy as compared to FD and R, using field spectra. For HyMap spectral analysis, addition to CR and WR, FD achieved higher estimation accuracy. The performance of FD, CR and WR spectra were attributed to their ability to minimize sensor and water effects on the fresh leaf spectra, respectively. The study demonstrated a potential to predict foliar N:P ratio using field and HyMap simulated spectra and shortwave infrared (SWIR) found to be highly sensitive to foliar N:P ratio. The study recommends the prediction of foliar N:P ratio at landscape level using airborne hyperspectral data and could be used by the resource managers, park managers, farmers and ecologists to understand the feeding patterns, resource selection and distribution of herbivores (i.e. wild and livestock).     

Soil Organic Carbon mapping of partially vegetated agricultural fields with imaging spectroscopy

Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) is one of the key soil properties, but the large spatial variation makes continuous mapping a complex task. Imaging spectroscopy has proven to be an useful technique for mapping of soil properties, but the applicability decreases rapidly when fields are partially covered with vegetation. In this paper we show that with only a few percent fractional maize cover the accuracy of a Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) based SOC prediction model drops dramatically. However, this problem can be solved with the use of spectral unmixing techniques. First, the fractional maize cover is determined with linear spectral unmixing, taking the illumination and observation angles into account. In a next step the influence of maize is filtered out from the spectral signal by a new procedure termed Residual Spectral Unmixing (RSU). The residual soil spectra resulting from this procedure are used for mapping of SOC using PLSR, which could be done with accuracies comparable to studies performed on bare soil surfaces (Root Mean Standard Error of Calibration = 1.34 g/kg and Root Mean Standard Error of Prediction = 1.65 g/kg). With the presented RSU approach it is possible to filter out the influence of maize from the mixed spectra, and the residual soil spectra contain enough information for mapping of the SOC distribution within agricultural fields. This can improve the applicability of airborne imaging spectroscopy for soil studies in temperate climates, since the use of the RSU approach can extend the flight-window which is often constrained by the presence of vegetation.     

结合野外与实验室光谱的土壤Pb含量反演

重金属污染日益加剧,重金属在土壤中的聚集不仅破坏了生态平衡,也对人类的健康生活造成了影响,因此快捷、准确地获取土壤中的重金属含量成为土壤污染监制与治理的重要环节。高光谱遥感技术的发展使得快速低成本反演土壤重金属含量成为可能。针对野外光谱受环境因素（土壤粒径、含水量等）的影响,且现有研究中普遍存在样本量不足的问题,提出结合野外光谱与实验室光谱构建土壤铅(Pb)反演机理模型的方法,首先,采用直接矫正（direct standardization,DS）算法对野外光谱进行环境因素校正;其次,通过引入实验室光谱联合建模的方式,提高样本的差异性;最后,提取铁氧化物特征谱段用于建模以增加反演的机理性。利用中国河北雄安一般农作区的70个土壤样本野外光谱数据研究表明,未经DS校正的野外光谱全谱段单独建模,反演精度R2仅为0.220 0,而所提方法的反演精度R2可达0.914 6, 模型具有出色的估算能力,表明在去除环境因素对野外光谱影响基础上,综合利用野外光谱与实验室光谱的铁氧化物特征谱段建模能够显著提高Pb含量的反演精度。     

Evaluation of MIVIS Hyperspectral Data for Mapping Soil Degradation in an Upland Ecosystem of Southern Italy

Abstract

This paper describes the first stage of an experiment aiming to evaluate the potential and limitations of MIVIS data for mapping the degradational state of soils in a sub‐scene of a southern Apennines study area (Italy). After radiometric rectification of the image data and the collection of a field/laboratory spectral library, linear spectral mixture modelling (SMA) was used to decompose image spectra into fractions of spectrally distinct mixing components. Spectral endmember selection was based upon a principal component analysis (PCA) applied to a set of soil spectra, collected from the spectral library. The resulting abundance estimates (fractions) trough SMA were then analysed to identify soil conditions and to obtain an improved measure of dry and green vegetation cover. A map of soil conditions and dry‐green vegetation abundance, based upon MIVIS data was then derived from normalised fractions of soil‐vegetation endmembers obtained from SMA.     

Estimation of Heavy-Metal Contamination in Soil Using Remote Sensing Spectroscopy and a Statistical Approach

Heavy-metal-contaminated soil is a critical environmental issue in suburban regions. This paper focuses on utilizing field spectroscopy to predict the heavy metal contents in soil for two suburban areas in the Jiangning District (JN) and the Baguazhou District (BGZ) in China. The relationship between the surface soil heavy metal contents and spectral features was investigated through statistical modeling. Spectral features of several spectral techniques, including reflectance spectra (RF), the logarithm of reciprocal spectra (LG) and continuum-removal spectra (CR), were employed to establish and calibrate models regarding to Cd, Hg and Pb contents. The optimal bands for each spectral feature were first selected based on the spectra of soil samples with artificially added heavy metals using stepwise multiple linear regressions. With the chosen bands, the average predictive accuracies of the cross-validation, using the coefficient of determination R², for estimating the heavy metal contents in the two field regions were 0.816, 0.796 and 0.652 for Cd; 0.787, 0.888 and 0.832 for Pb; and 0.906 and 0.867 for Hg based on partial least squares regression. Results show that better prediction accuracies were obtained for Cd and Hg, while the poorest prediction was obtained for Pb. Moreover, the performances of the LG and CR models were better than that of the RF model for Pb and Hg, indicating that LG and CR can provide alternative features in determining heavy metal contents. Overall, it’s concluded that Cd, Hg and Pb contents can be assessed using remote-sensing spectroscopy with reasonable accuracy, especially when combined with library and field-collected spectra.