新疆阿尔泰山区克兰河上游水文过程对气候变暖的响应

额尔齐斯河支流克兰河上游发源于西风带水汽影响的阿尔泰山南坡,主要由融雪径流补给,年内积雪融水可占年径流量的45%.年最大月径流一般出现在6月份,融雪季节4~6月径流量占65%.流域自20世纪60年代开始明显升温,年平均温度从50年代的1.4℃上升到90年代的5.2℃;年降水总量也呈增加趋势,尤其是冬季和初春增加最多.随着气候变暖,河流年内水文过程发生了很大的变化,主要表现在最大月径流由6月提前到5月,月径流总量增加约15%,4~6月融雪径流量也由占年流量的60%增加到近70%.在多年变化趋势上,气温上升主要发生在冬季,降水也以冬季增加明显,而夏季降水呈下降趋势;水文过程主要表现在5月径流呈增加趋势,而6月径流为下降趋势;夏季径流减少而春季径流增加明显.冬春季积雪增加和气温上升,导致融雪洪水增多且洪峰流量增大,使洪水灾害破坏性加大.近些年来气候变暖引起的年内水文过程变化,已经对河流下游的城市供水和农牧业生产产生了影响.     

1975-2011年渭河上游径流演变规律及对气候驱动因子的响应

为探讨渭河上游径流的变化特征及其对气候变化的响应,选取1975-2011年河流实测径流量进行计算和分析. 结果表明：近40 a来,渭河上游径流总体呈明显下降趋势,其中,20世纪90年代前处于丰水期,90年代后进入枯水期,进入21世纪有明显增多趋势. 径流年际丰枯变化激烈,枯水年的发生概率高、持续性强,最长的连枯年份达8 a. 径流量集中在汛期,各年代的分配峰型有所不同,在70、80年代为7、9月双峰,之后变为单峰型分布. 流域内气候增暖明显,降水减少,蒸发加剧;90年代为明显的暖干型气候,21世纪初期气候向暖湿型转变的过程对径流的增加十分有利. 径流对气候变化有较强响应,但响应程度随时间变化而变化. 通过定量分析气候因子对径流变化的贡献值,发现由于气候增暖导致潜在蒸散量的加剧对径流变化的负贡献达60%以上,绝对值高于降水量的正贡献.     

河西内陆河径流对气候变化的响应及其流域适应性水资源管理研究

为探讨河西地区内陆河径流对气候变化的响应, 选取1955-2008年石羊河、黑河和疏勒河的河流流量资料进行计算和分析. 结果表明: 50多年来, 石羊河年径流总体呈明显下降趋势, 黑河呈略有增加趋势, 疏勒河呈明显增加趋势, 地域上呈现愈往西部的河流年径流量增加愈明显. 三大河流进入1990年代后有下降趋势, 进入21世纪均有明显增多趋势. 三大河流径流对气候变化有不同响应, 石羊河流域主要受季风气候影响, 气候变暖, 蒸发加剧, 水分散失量大, 是造成径流减少的主要原因;黑河和疏勒河流域主要受西风带环流影响, 径流增多的重要原因是气候变暖降水明显增多. 为减缓气候变化对流域水资源利用的不利影响, 在分析三大内陆河流量对气候变化响应特征的基础上, 提出了适应性水资源管理的建议. 建议应提高水资源利用效率;改变生产方式, 调整农业种植业结构与布局;加大祁连山自然保护区建设, 搞好水资源可持续利用;积极开发祁连山丰富的空中云水资源、哺育祁连山冰川等流域适应性水资源管理对策, 对流域进行综合治理与开发利用, 这些措施和对策将为流域水资源开发提供科学依据.     

渭河上游典型小流域水文特征差异性分析

根据渭河流域两个典型小流域的实测水文和气象资料,分析了不同气候和下垫面条件的流域水文特征及其差异性.结果表明:清源河和牛谷河流域的年平均气温呈上升趋势,降水、径流、泥沙、降水径流系数均呈减少趋势;两个流域的降水、径流和泥沙历年变化不一致,1998-2013年清源河流域降水量相对牛谷河流域减少了8.6%,1993-2013年牛谷河的径流相对减少了21.4%,2000-2013年清源河的泥沙相对减少了24.0%;两个流域的面积、河长、海拔、植被覆盖率等流域特征值相对差在-29.4%~-4.5%之间,气温、降水等气候特征值相对差在-27.4%~16.7%之间,而径流特征值相差较大,相对差在-90.2%~-84.7%之间,泥沙特征差异性更大,相对差在292%~347%之间.对气候、下垫面和人类活动对水文要素的影响进行了研究,受人类活动的影响,清源河流域1996-2013年年径流减少11.6%,牛谷河流域1993-2006年年径流减少25.9%,2007-2013年再减少10.5%,研究人类活动的调水减沙效应,对流域综合治理、生态环境建设具有一定的指导意义.同时,充分利用不同小流域实测水文气象数据,分析水文气象要素的变化规律,可以为分布式水文模型研究和中小河流洪水预警预报提供重要依据.     

中国寒区水文学研究的新阶段 ——记我国杰出寒区水文学家叶柏生研究员的创新与贡献

我国杰出的寒区水文学家叶柏生研究员不幸因公殉职. 选取了叶柏生研究员若干代表性研究成果, 包括与他人的合作研究成果, 重点从冰川水文、 冻土水文和区域水文变化三方面总结了其对寒区水文学发展所做的创新与贡献. 文章列出了每项研究成果的核心内容, 并给予了简要评述. 所选成果中, 冰川水文方面研究涉及冰川对河川径流的调节作用、 冰川径流对气候变化的响应机理等; 冻土水文研究着重介绍了多年冻土变化对流域径流过程及其变化影响方面的系统性成果; 区域水文变化研究方面, 选取了降水观测误差修正、 气候变化对区域径流的影响等方面的创新成果. 这些研究成果极大地提高了我国在世界寒区水文学研究的地位, 对认识寒区水文过程及气候变化对水资源的影响具有重要科学意义.     

变化环境下城市洪水演变驱动机理——以北京市温榆河为例

气候变化和人类活动被认为是城市洪水演变的主要驱动因素,不同区域气候变化和城市化对洪水演变的影响不尽相同,科学识别城市洪水演变的关键驱动要素、量化气候变化与城市化对城市流域洪水演变的影响是城市洪水管理的重要依据。本文以高度城市化的北京市温榆河流域为例,以季节降雨量、气温、流域前期湿度、不透水面积比及流域内地下水埋深作为潜在驱动要素,对温榆河夏季不同概率的洪水建立GAMLSS模型,分析探讨城市流域洪水演变的主要驱动机制。研究结果表明:温榆河流域夏季不同概率的洪水在研究期均呈现出非一致性特性;城市不透水面积的扩张和降水是温榆河流域夏季洪水变化的主要驱动要素,不同等级洪水的变化具有不同的驱动机制,高于概率70%的小洪水的变化主要受到流域下垫面变化的影响,而小于概率45%的低频洪水的变化主要受降水的影响。     

雅鲁藏布江流域径流演变规律与归因分析

气候变化驱动下的水循环与水资源演变规律研究是重要的科学问题, 也是国际社会普遍关注的全球性问题。以雅鲁藏布江流域为研究区, 利用线性倾向估计、多元线性回归等方法检验气象要素变化特征, 揭示下垫面演变规律;基于Budyko假设的弹性系数法, 揭示径流演变规律, 并进行归因分析。结果表明: 1961—2014年, 雅鲁藏布江流域气温呈升高趋势, 降水整体呈增加趋势, 气候向暖湿化方向发展;植被整体改善, 上游西北部和下游植被存在退化现象;年径流序列具有3~4 a、12 a、20 a和32 a左右的周期;降水变化、潜在蒸散发量变化、下垫面变化和冰川变化对径流量增加的贡献率分别为39.62%、-2.74%、32.32%和30.94%。相关结果对理解气候变化和下垫面变化下雅鲁藏布江径流演变规律, 具有重要的参考价值。     

Sediment yield in the Patuxent River (Md.) undergoing urbanization, 1968–1969

Water discharge from the Patuxent River into its estuary was near-average (95%) during the water year 1968–1969 although precipitation was only 79% of the average. Suspended-sediment discharge into the estuary, however, was more then double the normal yield (344 metric tons/km² compared to 143 metric tons/km²). These increases in runoff and suspended-sediment yields, despite decreased precipitation, must be attributed to urbanization of the drainage basin.The maximum measured suspended-sediment concentrations in the rural Middle Patuxent basin (Piedmont Province) increased only 40-fold during an increase from “average” to high water runoff (15 mg/l to 600 mg/l). In the portion of the Little Patuxent River basin undergoing urbanization (Piedmont portion), stream concentrations increased by over two orders of magnitude (20 mg/l to 2400 mg/l) as a result of heavy rainfall. The area undergoing urbanization of the Little Patuxent yielded more than twice as much suspended sediment per unit area as the rural Middle Patuxent (620 metric tons/km² versus 290 metric tons/km²). This increase also is interpreted to be the direct result of erosion of soils denuded or disturbed during urban construction.Using the Middle Patuxent as a “standard” for normal erosion rates in rural areas, construction sites contributed about 82% of the suspended sediment discharged by the Patuxent River into its estuary even though such sites represented only 23% of the drainage basin.     

Spectrum of climate change and streamflow alteration at a watershed scale

Worldwide, evidences of water cycle alteration and fresh water resources depletion are frequently reported with various magnitudes. This alteration in the hydrologic cycle is often regarded as a signal of the actual climate change. However, the debate on climate change seems to have preferentially focused on global-scale patterns such that the rich knowledge gathered in the domain is virtually less integrated to decision making at the watershed level. Indeed, the watershed apprehension of climate change is probably an imperative for sustainable water resources planning. The scope of the present study aligns with that imperative as it aims at conciliating patterns of climate change with observations of hydrologic alterations at the watershed level. Specifically, the paper describes the interplay between land-cover changes and the terrestrial water cycle disturbances under climate change at the global level. Thereafter, it reports a watershed-level analysis of streamflow, land-cover, PET and precipitation alteration. Specially, the case study focused on the Brazos River basin, located in the USA and shared by the states of Texas and New Mexico. From both regional and watershed prospects, signals of hydrologic alteration during the time period 1955–2014 are highlighted and then implications of climate change are discussed. The results show an overall longitudinal gradient of precipitation changes and a latitudinal gradient of PET changes across the Brazos watershed. However, these gradients of changes seem to be driven by regional climate components which extend beyond the physical boundary of the Brazos watershed. Mann–Kendall’s analysis of discharge time series (annual average, minimum and maximum) at 10 different stations exhibits meaningful contrasts from upstream to downstream. An assessment of land-cover changes shows critical patterns of landscape change across the watershed. The analyses depicted signals of urbanization sprawl and land-cover degradation. Specially, the significant statistical relationships observed between the time series of maximum green vegetation fraction (MGVF) and streamflow also indicate that the origin of the observed hydrologic alteration is anthropogenic. Ultimately, the results are discussed within the scope of climate change.     

基于Budyko假设预测长江流域未来径流量变化

基于Budyko水热耦合平衡假设,推导了年径流变化的计算公式,分析了长江流域多年平均潜在蒸发量、降水量、干旱指数和敏感性参数的空间变化规律。选用BCC-CSM1-1全球气候模式和RCP4.5排放情景,把未来气候要素预估值与LS-SVM统计降尺度方法相耦合,预测长江流域未来的气温、降水和径流变化情况。采用乌江和汉江流域的长期径流观测资料,分析验证了基于Budyko公式计算年径流变化的可靠性。结果表明:降水量变化是影响径流量变化的主导因素;长江各子流域未来径流相对变化增减不一,最大变幅10%左右;在未来2020s(2010—2039年)、2050s(2040—2069年)和2080s(2070—2099年)3个时期内,长江南北两岸流域的径流将出现"南减北增"现象,北岸径流变化增幅逐渐升高,南岸径流变化减幅逐渐降低。     

Response of runoff to climate change in the area of runoff yield in upstream Shiyang River Basin,Northwest China: A case study of the Xiying River

The objective of this study was to analyze the response of runoff in the area of runoff yield of the upstream Shiyang River basin to climate change and to promote sustainable development of regional water resources and ecological environment. As the biggest tributary of the Shiyang River, Xiying River is the only hydrological station (Jiutiaoling) that has provincial natural river and can achieve long time series monitoring data in the basin. The data obtained from this station is representative of natural conditions because it has little human activites. This study built a regression model through identifying the characteristics of runoff and climate change by using Mann-Kendall nonparametric statistical test, cumulative anomaly, and correlation analysis. The results show that the average annual runoff is 320.6 million m³/a with the coefficient of variation of 0.18 and shows slightly decrease during 1956–2020. It has a significant positive correlation the average annual precipitation (P<0.01). Runoff is sensitive to climate change, and the climate has becoming warm and wet and annual runoff has entering wet period from 2003. Compared to the earlier period (1955–2000), the increases of average annual temperature, precipitation and runoff in recent two decades were 15%, 9.3%, and 7.8%, respectively. Runoff in the Shiyang River is affected by temperature and precipitation among climate factors, and the simulation results of the runoff-climate response model (R = 0.0052P ? 0.1589T + 2.373) indicate that higher temperature leads to a weakening of the ecological regulation of surface runoff in the flow-producing area.     

Study on the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation in headwater areas of the Yangtze River and Yellow River,China

Natural runoff observation fields with different vegetation coverage were established in the Zuomaoxikongqu River basin in the headwater area of the Yangtze River, and in the Natong River basin and the Kuarewaerma River basin in the headwater area of the Yellow River, China. The experiments were conducted using natural precipitation and artificially simulated precipitation between July and August to study the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation under the conditions of the same slope and different alpine meadow land with coverage in the headwater areas. The results show that, in the three small river basins in the headwater areas of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers, the surface runoff yield on the 30° slope surface of the alpine meadow land with a vegetation cover of 30% is markedly larger than that of the fields with a vegetation cover of 95, 92, and 68%. Furthermore, the sediment yield is also obviously larger than the latter three; on an average, the sediment yield caused by a single precipitation event is 2–4 times as large as the latter three. Several typical precipitation forms affecting the runoff yield on the slope surface also influence the process. No matter how the surface conditions are; the rainfall is still the main precipitation form causing soil erosion. In some forms of precipitation, such as the greatest snow melting as water runoff, the sediment yield is minimal. Under the condition of the same precipitation amount, snowfall can obviously increase the runoff yield, roughly 2.1–3.5 times as compared to the combined runoff yield of the Sleet or that of rainfall alone; but meanwhile, the sediment yield and soil erosion rate decrease, roughly decreasing by 45.4–80.3%. High vegetation cover can effectively decrease the runoff-induced erosion. This experimental result is consistent in the three river basins in the headwater areas of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers.     

气候变化对玛纳斯河的径流量影响预测模拟分析

山区积雪和冰川融水径流是内陆干旱区的重要水资源, 研究全球变暖情景下温度对融雪径流的影响具有重要意义. 以典型的内陆河玛纳斯流域上游为例, 利用基于度-日因子算法的SRM(Snowmelt Runoff Model)融雪径流模型, 根据当前变化趋势和年内分配模拟出20种假定来模拟未来气候情景(气温上升1 ℃、 2 ℃、 3 ℃、 4 ℃和降水变化率为0、 ±10%、 ±20%的随机组合情况)下的河道径流量, 从而计算出径流量的变化率, 分析了温度和降水变化对径流量的影响. 结果表明: 对于以雪冰融水为主要补给的玛纳斯河, 随着温度和降水的增加, 径流量也会增加, 并会使融雪径流提前. 假定降水量不发生大的变化, 温度增高1 ℃, 径流量增大13%~16%; 在气温一定时, 降雨量增加10%, 径流量增加2%左右, 说明气温和降水都对干旱区内陆河山区径流形成具有重要影响. 该研究对制定气候变化情景下的水资源适应对策具有重要指导意义.     

沙地地区水文过程及模拟——以秃尾河流域为例

根据气候条件的不同,沙漠可分为沙质荒漠和沙地两种类型.其中沙地地区降水相对丰富,具有降水、蒸发、下渗、产流及汇流等过程的相对完整的水文过程,但已有研究较少.以黄河中游沙地地区的秃尾河为例,分析了沙层水分分布及演化特性,进而将整个水文过程进行概化,得到物理意义明确,结构简单的概念性水文模型.该模型应用方便,精度较高.研究定量地阐明,研究区域沙层孔隙特征决定了沙层水分易保存而不易蒸发,使该地区径流深相对较大,而地下水丰富,调节能力强,是该地区河流径流年内分配均匀,年际变化小的重要原因.流域的非闭合性是该类地区水文研究中需要重点考虑的问题.     

基于分布式水文模型的雅鲁藏布江径流水源组成解析

为开展河川径流的水源解析，构建过程描述和本构参数两方面均有较强物理性的分布式水文模型。以雅鲁藏布江为对象，利用水文分区曲线对降雨、融雪和融冰等不同水源主导的流量过程进行划分，以划分的流量过程线子集对相应水文过程参数进行分步率定，提高了水文模型参数的物理性，以此构建了雅鲁藏布江流域分布式水文模型及参数集，内部多个水文站点和流域雪水当量的验证表明模型具有良好的性能。基于模型解析了2001—2015年间雅鲁藏布江的径流水源组成，降雨、融雪、融冰水源对总径流量贡献的比例分别为66%、20%和14%。本文方法对高山寒区径流的水源解析有普遍意义，结果对理解气候变化下雅鲁藏布江径流变化趋势有参考价值。     

快速城市化地区多尺度水文观测试验与暴雨洪水响应机理分析

城市下垫面改变引起水文循环过程发生变异, 导致目前已掌握的天然情况下的产汇流规律和机制难以解释城市化等新形势下的水文现象与过程, 而面临需重新再认识的挑战。本文以长三角地区为典型, 建立了不同城市化水平及空间规模的水文试验流域, 探讨了快速城市化地区暴雨洪水响应规律和机制。结果表明: ①不同量级降水事件下城镇用地土壤水响应程度(表层土壤水涨幅基本超过4%)总体高于其他土地利用类型, 城市化地区下垫面的改变通过影响土壤水动态响应模式直接影响了地表产流过程, 植被覆盖率较低的城镇用地和荒地土壤含水率呈现出陡涨陡落现象, 而植被作用下的土地利用类型则表现出缓慢上升和缓慢消退的土壤水响应过程。②流域洪峰滞时和洪峰流量整体表现为随流域面积增加而呈幂律函数关系形式的增加。③总降水量与主要洪水特征(如洪峰流量、单位面积洪峰流量和径流深)基本呈显著相关(相关系数分别达0.49、0.41和0.78以上)。城市下垫面通过改变土壤水动态响应等产汇流特征而直接影响了洪水过程, 未来长三角地区暴雨洪水在城市化和气候因素双重作用下呈现持续加剧的趋势。     

耦合水库群参数化方案的区域陆面水文模拟

中国水库数目众多,密集的水库运行和调蓄影响着陆地水循环和陆气间的水分能量交换过程,给高强度开发地区水文规律认知和水文模拟及预报带来了挑战。围绕这一问题,本研究以鄱阳湖流域及流域内千余座水库为研究对象,从水库水量平衡方程、水库蓄泄规则、多阻断扩散波汇流等方面构建了水库群参数化方案,并从地表水、地下水、蒸散发、能量通量等角度实现了其与陆面水文双向耦合模式（CLHMS）的动态耦合。结果表明:所构建的水库群参数化方案可以较好地模拟水库的蓄泄过程,提高了耦合模式在鄱阳湖流域的径流模拟精度;水库群可以使赣江、信江、抚河丰水期径流减少3.7%~6.0%,枯水期径流增加5.9%~12.6%,多年平均径流减少0.6%~1.5%;在空间分布上,水库群对流域中部和北部径流的调蓄作用相对显著。本研究所改进的陆面水文模式可以为高强度人类活动影响下气象、水文、水资源交叉领域的研究提供分析工具和模型基础,从而支撑变化环境下区域水资源的可持续利用。     

1960—2010年中国主要流域径流量减小原因探讨分析

针对1960—2010年径流量显著减少的中国主要流域,包括松花江、辽河、海河、黄河和汉江等,选择其上游地区受人类直接取用水影响较少的山区小流域,分析径流变化及其原因.采用基于Budyko假设的流域水热耦合平衡方程,估计了流域年径流量变化的气候弹性系数和下垫面弹性系数,并对各流域径流变化进行了归因分析.结果表明,在气候较为湿润的地区,径流对气候和下垫面变化均不敏感;在气候较为干燥的地区,径流对气候和下垫面变化都更为敏感,且区域差异性明显.潜在蒸散发的变化对径流减少的影响微弱,降水减少和下垫面变化是径流减少的主导因素,其中人类活动导致的下垫面变化对径流减少的影响尤为显著.对比两个阶段的径流变化归因分析结果,近10年间流域下垫面变化对年径流量的影响程度较前20年有显著增加.通过分析近30年的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据发现,植被覆盖改善是下垫面变化的重要原因,说明中国水土保持工程发挥了显著生态效益的同时也导致了流域径流减小.     

汾河上游土地利用变化及其水文响应研究

以河岔水文站以上的汾河流域为研究区,采用土地利用转移矩阵和SWAT模型模拟方法,就汾河上游土地利用变化对水文过程的影响进行研究. 流域从1995-2000年,以耕地向林地和草地转变为主;从2000-2010年,城市建设用地不断增加,主要是对耕地的占用. 结果显示,在相同气候背景、不同土地利用情景（1995、2000年2010年）下,流域1992-2000年多年平均产水量微弱增加（分别为85.69 mm、85.75 mm和85.82 mm）,主要因为耕地持续减少,草地和城市建设用地不断增加. 但是各年产水量的大小关系不完全一致,枯水年和平水年与丰水年存在差异,而土壤水分呈现一致的减少状况. 子流域水平上,降水条件同样影响水文过程对土地利用变化的响应程度. 以上结果表明,汾河流域在退耕还林还草政策等影响下,土地利用发生变化并且直接影响流域的水文过程,但是流域水文过程对土地利用变化的响应还受到降水的影响.     

Evaluation of the SWAT model for water balance study of a mountainous snowfed river basin of Nepal

In this study, a semi-distributed hydrologic model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been employed for the Karnali River basin, Nepal to test its applicability for hydrological simulation. Further, model was evaluated to carry out the water balance study of the basin and to determine the snowmelt contribution in the river flow. Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) was also used to compare the snowmelt runoff simulated from the SWAT model. The statistical results show that performance of the SWAT model in the Karnali River basin is quite good (p-factor = 0.88 and 0.88, for daily calibration and validation, respectively; r-factor = 0.76 and 0.71, for daily calibration and validation, respectively). Baseflow alpha factor (ALPHA_BF) was found most sensitive parameter for the flow simulation. The study revealed that the average annual runoff volume available at the basin outlet is about 47.16 billion cubic metre out of which about 12% of runoff volume is contributed by the snowmelt runoff. About 25% of annual precipitation seems to be lost as evapotranspiration. The results revealed that both the models, SWAT and SRM, can be efficiently applied in the mountainous river basins of Nepal for planning and management of water resources.