问与答

问什么叫洪水风险图?如何编制? 答洪灾损失不仅与淹没范围有关,而且与洪水演进路线,到达时间,淹没水深及流速大小等有关。洪水风险图就是对可能发生的超标准洪水的上述过程特征进行预测,标示洪泛区各处受洪水灾害的危险程度。根据该图并结合泛区社会经济发展状况,可以做到:1.合理制定洪泛区的土地利用规划,避免在风险大的区域出现人口与资产的过度集中;2.合理制定防洪指     

水利防洪工程系统洪灾风险评估探析

通过阐明水利防洪工程系统洪灾风险模型,揭示并验证洪水演进中有关水利工程建筑(水库及堤防)对洪灾影响。结果表明:对整个区域洪水实施防治时,在合理位置建造分蓄洪工程可降低整个防洪系统洪灾风险;通过减小水库下泄流量,增大其蓄洪量使得大坝洪灾发生风险增大,然而合理的蓄滞洪水方案可有效降低防洪系统洪灾发生风险;增大重点堤防可靠性(即防洪安全性)可降低整个防洪系统洪灾发生风险。     

洪水管理经济评价研究进展

洪水管理经济评价是践行洪水管理治水方略必不可少的环节。从洪水管理经济评价理论、洪灾损失评估以及洪水管理成本效益评估等方面综述了洪水管理经济评价的主要研究进展,分析了目前研究存在的不足,指出现有的防洪经济理论与方法已难以满足洪水管理决策对经济评价的要求。强调建立完善的洪水管理经济评价理论体系,扩展评价内容和范围,深入开展非工程措施效益、生态环境影响和社会公平等评价方法的研究是中国今后洪水管理经济评价研究的重点。     

黄河下游防洪工程体系减灾效益计算模型研究

以黄河下游防洪工程体系为背景,系统研究了防洪工程体系减灾效益计算有关水文、水力学、工程、经济等方面的问题,提出了防洪工程体系减灾效益计算的整体思想,开发了相应的计算模型。研究中还开发了用于分析黄河下游防洪保护区12万km2范围决堤洪水成灾状况的二维非恒定流模型。结合黄河下游防洪保护区具体情况,提出了财产状况、洪灾损失率、地形地物数据等减灾效益计算的重要参数。实例计算结果表明:模型计算结果合理,对解决防洪工程体系减灾效益计算问题是非常有效的。     

新疆洪灾时间序列突变及其气候原因分析

利用统计方法对新疆农田洪灾成灾面积和洪灾次数时间序列进行了非参数突变检验, 发现新疆农田洪灾成灾面积和洪灾次数时间序列在1980年代中后期发生了明显的突变.突变现象在洪灾直接经济损失上也有明显表现, 主要表现为洪灾直接经济损失在1980年代中后期出现了明显的差异, 即1980年代中后期以前损失较低, 之后急剧增大.在分析了洪灾序列和降水序列的相关关系的基础上, 认为1980年代中后期新疆洪灾损失突变的主要原因之一是此时期新疆气候发生了由干到湿的转折.     

太湖流域应对特大洪水防洪工程效益模拟

防洪效益评估对防洪工程投资决策与减灾对策制定具有重要意义。建立集成了与太湖流域防洪效益评估相关的系列模型和方法,包括含降雨产流与平原净雨计算的水文分析方法、由河网水动力学模型和平原区域洪水分析模型组成的大尺度水力学模型、综合流域社会经济和淹没因素的洪灾损失评估模型。模拟了太湖流域遇特大洪水的灾害损失,开展了不同防洪工程应对流域性特大洪水减灾效益的预测分析。结果表明：1999年型200年一遇降雨将会给太湖流域造成高达568.29亿元的直接经济损失,外排动力增强30%至100%的防洪效益介于26.69亿元到45.70亿元之间,新建圩区、太浦河拓宽的防洪效益依次减小,而圩区泵排能力增加30%的防洪效益仅为0.65亿元。基于研究成果提出了增设外排泵站、加强圩区科学调度、通过保险分担风险等应对特大洪水的对策措施建议,为太湖流域特大洪水的防治提供支撑和参考。     

太湖流域应对特大洪水防洪工程效益模拟

防洪效益评估对防洪工程投资决策与减灾对策制定具有重要意义。建立集成了与太湖流域防洪效益评估相关的系列模型和方法,包括含降雨产流与平原净雨计算的水文分析方法、由河网水动力学模型和平原区域洪水分析模型组成的大尺度水力学模型、综合流域社会经济和淹没因素的洪灾损失评估模型。模拟了太湖流域遇特大洪水的灾害损失,开展了不同防洪工程应对流域性特大洪水减灾效益的预测分析。结果表明:1999年型200年一遇降雨将会给太湖流域造成高达568.29亿元的直接经济损失,外排动力增强30%至100%的防洪效益介于26.69亿元到45.70亿元之间,新建圩区、太浦河拓宽的防洪效益依次减小,而圩区泵排能力增加30%的防洪效益仅为0.65亿元。基于研究成果提出了增设外排泵站、加强圩区科学调度、通过保险分担风险等应对特大洪水的对策措施建议,为太湖流域特大洪水的防治提供支撑和参考。     

洪水水流压力及其影响因素模型试验研究

洪水对洪泛区建筑会造成较大的危害,洪水荷载研究是洪泛区建筑脆弱性研究的基础。通过模型试验,研究不同水深流速的洪水对建筑表面的水流压力及其分布规律。试验在波流水槽中设置可调整出水口来控制作用于模型迎流面水流的深度和流速,模型分为2层,1层有洞口,2层无洞口,固定于出水口下游。结果表明:模型迎流面水流流速分布不均匀,水流压力从下至上逐渐减小;基于试验数据发现动水压力随着流速的增加而增加,且呈非线性关系,并据此提出了动水压力修正系数,改进了水流压力计算公式;水流压力和水深近似呈线性关系;洞口和边界会在一定程度上减小迎流面水流流速与水流压力。研究结果为洪泛区建筑的抗洪设计和抗洪能力评价提供依据。     

基于GIS的洪灾遥感监测与损失风险评价系统

洪灾遥感监测与损失风险评价系统,是以RS和GIS为技术支撑平台,由洪水灾害信息接收与采集,洪水灾害模拟和洪水灾害损失组成的较完整的系统,将数据库与模型库集成,当系统接受和采集了实时获取的洪水灾害的遥感监测与常规观测的信息后,通过图像处理与信息融合,能迅速确定洪水灾情在空间和时间上的分布,实时地提供洪水淹没范围并估算经济损失,为专家调度决策、指挥救灾抗灾工作提供科学依据。     

伊犁河伊宁城区段防洪工程存在问题及解决对策探析

洪水灾害是影响地区经济健康发展的重要因素。新疆伊犁河伊宁城区段防洪工程存在规划系统性欠缺、已建防洪工程缺乏维护等一系列问题,使得防洪工程的防洪效果不足,不能有效发挥洪水防护价值。基于此,本次研究选择伊宁市城市规划区段防洪工程作为研究对象,深入分析该防洪工程存在的问题以及解决方案,提出应在洪水灾害常发区域加强防洪工程的规划建设,更加注重防洪工程的建设与完善,以此有效防止洪水灾害侵袭,提升城市规划区段实际防洪能力。     

Quantitative methods for estimating flood fatalities: towards the introduction of loss-of-life estimation in the assessment of flood risk

Risk, including flood risk, can be defined as ??the combination of the probability of an event and its consequences??. Assessing and managing the risk from flooding should explicitly include the estimation of impacts to people. Extensive research is currently ongoing looking at both quantitative and qualitative approaches for assessing flood impacts on people. Although there is some literature available on such approaches, examples of methodological and routinely applications of these methodologies as part of flood risk assessments are rare. This paper focuses on quantitative approaches for estimating impacts of flooding to people, notably on methods for assessing fatality numbers associated with flooding. Three methods for assessing losses of life are discussed in detail. The methods discussed here constitute the forefront of research in Canada, UK and The Netherlands. These methods provide an assessment of the physical consequences of flooding on people and can be used to introduce the impacts to people as quantitative metric for the assessment of flood risk. In this paper, the three methodologies are discussed and applied in a UK case study reproducing the 1953 East Coast flood event. This study aims to provide a comprehensive comparison on both the reliability and the applicability of the methods. We analyse possible added values on using of these methods in systematic analyses, aiming to provide guidelines for applying these methods for flood fatality risk assessment.     

Sensitivity of flood loss estimates to building representation and flow depth attribution methods in micro-scale flood modelling

Thanks to modelling advances and the increase in computational resources in recent years, it is now feasible to perform 2-D urban flood simulations at very high spatial resolutions and to conduct flood risk assessments at the scale of single buildings. In this study, we explore the sensitivity of flood loss estimates obtained in such micro-scale analyses to the spatial representation of the buildings in the 2D flood inundation model and to the hazard attribution methods in the flood loss model. The results show that building representation has a limited effect on the exposure values (i.e. the number of elements at risk), but can have a significant impact on the hazard values attributed to the buildings. On the other hand, the two methods for hazard attribution tested in this work result in remarkably different flood loss estimates. The sensitivity of the predicted flood losses to the attribution method is comparable to the one associated with the vulnerability curve. The findings highlight the need for incorporating these sources of uncertainty into micro-scale flood risk prediction methodologies.     

基于力学过程的蓄滞洪区洪水风险评估模型及应用

为定量评估分蓄洪工程启用过程中蓄滞洪区的洪水风险等级,创建了基于力学过程的蓄滞洪区洪水风险评估模型。该模型采用二维水动力学模块计算蓄滞洪区的洪水演进过程,利用洪水中人体跌倒失稳公式及洪水中房屋、农作物损失的计算关系式,评估各类受淹对象的洪水风险等级。然后将二维水动力学模块计算的洪水要素与两个物理模型试验值进行对比,表明二维水动力学模块的计算精度良好。最后计算了荆江分洪工程启用时分洪区内洪水的演进过程,并评估洪灾中群众的危险等级和财产损失。计算结果表明:洪水演进至140 h时,蓄滞洪区群众、房屋、水稻和棉花的平均损失率分别为85%、59%、63%和72%。模型中提出的采用基于受淹对象失稳机制的洪水风险分析方法,比以往经验水深法划分风险等级的适用性更好,不仅能为洪水风险管理及蓄滞洪区启用标准制定提供参考,也能推广应用于溃坝或堰塞湖溃决等极端洪水风险评估。     

论防洪减灾非工程措施的定义与分类

基于人与洪水的相互关系,将防洪减灾非工程措施定义为:通过约束人类自身行为,以改善人与洪水关系,从而达到防洪减灾目的的一种措施,并阐述其内涵;根据这一定义,将防洪减灾非工程措施分为四类,即基于洪水物理属性的非工程措施、基于洪水风险的非工程措施、基于管理科学的非工程措施、基于政策与法规的非工程措施,并阐述各类非工程措施所体现的防洪策略思想和要点。指出蓄滞洪区是具有工程措施与非工程措施双重属性的防洪减灾措施。     

洪涝灾害风险评估与分区研究进展

在全球气候变化和城市化进程不断加快的背景下,城市洪涝灾害频发,造成严重的经济损失和人员伤亡问题。对近年来中国典型城市洪涝灾害进行系统整理介绍,说明洪涝灾害带来的人员伤亡和经济损失巨大。风险评估作为一种非工程性防洪措施,是城市洪涝风险管理的首要工作,精确、高效的把握洪灾过程等特征可以为防灾减灾工作提供科学依据。对城市洪涝风险评估与分区的概念和内容进行系统梳理,常用的风险评估方法有数理统计法、不确定性分析法、遥感影像评估法、指标体系评估法、情景模拟评估法；风险分区常用方法有阈值法、经验公式法和物理机制法。论述了城市洪涝风险评估与分区常用方法的应用范围、优缺点及其发展前景。     

分期设计洪水频率与防洪标准关系研究

现行分期设计洪水模式估算的分期设计洪水值均小于或等于年最大设计值,达不到规定的防洪标准。采用Gumbel-Hougaard Copula函数描述两个分期的分期最大洪水之间的相关性结构,并构造边缘分布为P-Ⅲ分布的分期最大洪水联合分布,建立分期最大洪水与年最大洪水的关系式,讨论分期设计洪水频率与防洪标准应满足的关系,探讨能够满足防洪标准的新的分期设计洪水模式。应用示例表明,新模式主汛期设计值相对年最大设计值小幅度增加,而非主汛期设计值则小于年最大设计值,既满足不降低防洪标准的要求又能够起到优化设计洪水的作用,为分期设计洪水研究提供了一条新的思路。     

National flood discharge mapping in Austria

This article presents the approach and the results of a study in which 30, 100 and 200 year return period flood discharges were estimated for 26,000 km of Austrian streams. Three guiding principles were adopted: combination of automatic methods and manual assessments by hydrologists to allow speedy processing and account for the local hydrological situation; combination of various sources of information including flood peak samples, rainfall data, runoff coefficients and historical flood data; and involvement of the Hydrographic Services to increase the accuracy and enhance the acceptance of results. The flood discharges for ungauged catchments were estimated by the Top-kriging approach with manual adjustment to the local flood characteristics. The adopted combination approach proved to be very efficient both in terms of the project time required and in terms of the accuracy and acceptability of the estimated flood discharges of given return periods.     

An overview of flood actions on buildings

This paper presents an overview of flood characteristics with respect to their applicability for estimating and analysing direct flood damage to buildings. The approach taken is to define “flood actions” as acts which a flood could directly do to a building, potentially causing damage or failure. This definition expands the traditional approach of analysing flood damage to buildings which often focuses on damage from slow-rise flood depth.

Flood actions may be energy transfers, forces, pressures, or the consequences of water or contaminant contact. This paper defines and categorises flood actions on buildings, indicating methods of quantification. The actions are classified in the following categories with respect to relative importance for flood damage assessment.

• High relevance and relatively predictable: Lateral pressure from water depth differential between the inside and outside of a building, lateral pressure from water velocity, and water contact due to slow-rise depth.

• Relevance varies and relatively predictable: Buoyancy.

• Relevance varies and difficult predictability: Capillary rise, erosion, debris, turbulence, waves, other velocity actions, other chemical actions, nuclear actions, and biological actions.

Due to the highly localised effects of some of the flood actions in the third category, coupled with their potentially significant impact, prediction of their impact on overall flood damage may be challenging. Awareness of their existence assists in developing an understanding of the uncertainties in flood damage estimation and analysis and in indicating areas which new research should tackle. In particular, work is needed in order to fully understand the physical processes by which flood damage arises and, hence, how flood damage may be prevented.     

论水库工程之管运洪水

鉴于水库工程管理运用的重要性,提出管运洪水的新概念,并和设计洪水做了全面对比,指出二者异同。在此基础上提出了评判管运洪水是否合理的两个通用准则:条件合乎要求和防洪安全达标。将推求管运洪水的方法分为两大类:一类以分期内洪水最大值为依据,另一类以年最大值为依据。这两类方法本质不同,使用时各有优缺点。第一类方法的结果不完全符合现行标准的要求,而第二类方法的结果符合要求,但对资料条件要求较高。     

Estimating flood exposure potentials in Turkish catchments through index-based flood mapping

Flooding is widely believed to be the most common natural disaster in Europe, and the changing climatic conditions are estimated to increase its adverse impacts. Effective flood strategies require thorough consideration of the factors underlying the flood generation mechanism and a widened display of mitigation priorities for spatially exhaustive assessments. Flood potential maps generated herein for indicating potential flood areas prove to be among powerful tools for comprehensive flood assessments. In the presented study, a countrywide characterization is achieved in this context by analyzing catchment units, which constitute the river basin systems in Turkey, through a series of spatial indices adapted from different factors effective in flood generation. The study aims to contribute to depicting priorities for in-depth flood assessments and to the re-orientation of subsequent control measures. The flood potential maps obtained for river catchments and designating individual locations with comparably higher flood potentials are expected to set light to the selection of case studies for local flood research in Turkey while contributing to decision making and policy implementation on flood control at the macroscale.