基于统计岩石物理模型的各向异性页岩储层参数反演

提出了各向异性页岩储层统计岩石物理反演方法.通过统计岩石物理模型建立储层物性参数与弹性参数的定量关系,使用测井数据及井中岩石物理反演结果作为先验信息,将地震阻抗数据定量解释为储层物性参数、各向异性参数的空间分布.反演过程在贝叶斯框架下求得储层参数的后验概率密度函数,并从中得到参数的最优估计值及其不确定性的定量描述.在此过程中综合考虑了岩石物理模型对复杂地下介质的描述偏差和地震数据中噪声对反演不确定性的影响.在求取最大后验概率过程中使用模拟退火优化粒子群算法以提高收敛速度和计算准确性.将统计岩石物理技术应用于龙马溪组页岩气储层,得到储层泥质含量、压实指数、孔隙度、裂缝密度等物性,以及各向异性参数的空间分布及相应的不确定性估计,为页岩气储层的定量描述提供依据.     

基于方位各向异性弹性阻抗的裂缝岩石物理参数反演方法研究

裂缝储层岩石物理参数的准确获得对地下裂缝预测具有重要意义,而叠前地震反演是获得裂缝岩石物理参数的有效手段.本文从裂缝岩石物理等效模型的构建出发,从测井数据上估测了裂缝岩石物理参数,通过推导含裂缝岩石物理参数的方位各向异性弹性阻抗公式,探讨了基于方位各向异性弹性阻抗的裂缝岩石物理参数地震反演方法.实际工区地震数据应用表明,基于方位各向异性弹性阻抗的裂缝岩石物理参数反演方法合理、可靠,可以降低裂缝岩石物理参数估测的不确定性,为地下裂缝预测提供有力的依据.     

改进的地震AVAZ裂缝弱度反演方法及其在致密砂岩储层中的应用

致密砂岩气储层具有低孔、低渗的特征,裂缝的存在可以提高储层的渗透率,同时裂缝是油气重要的储存空间和运移通道,裂缝发育也有利于水力压裂过程中裂缝网络的形成,裂缝预测可为致密砂岩气储层的开发和部署提供重要依据.地震振幅随方位角的变化可以提供储层中垂直裂缝的信息,本文针对HTI介质提出了一种改进的方位振幅差异反演方法,并结合岩石物理理论预测表征裂缝性质的裂缝弱度参数.常规的反演方法一般同时反演弹性参数和裂缝参数,改进的方位振幅差异方法引入一个参考方位,构建消除各向同性背景的方位振幅差异道集,仅反演与各向异性项相关的裂缝弱度参数,充分利用方位各向异性响应,提高裂缝识别的敏感性与裂缝参数反演的准确性.实际数据应用表明,方位振幅差异反演方法对裂缝参数预测的敏感性较常规方法有所提高,预测的裂缝弱度与测井渗透率曲线相吻合,并且与致密砂岩气储层产气性具有明显的相关性.因此,利用方位振幅差异方法预测裂缝分布及其发育程度可为致密砂岩储层含气有利区的识别与开发提供可靠的指标.     

基于方位各向异性的裂缝密度反演方法及应用

裂缝预测是页岩气甜点预测的重要内容.页岩气储层高角度裂缝发育,具有明显的HTI介质各向异性特征,基于各向异性参数与裂缝密度的相关性,提出了一种裂缝密度反演的新方法.首先推导了一种能反映裂缝密度的方位AVO近似公式及其方位弹性阻抗方程(EVAAz方程);然后应用贝叶斯理论,形成了组稀疏方位弹性阻抗反演目标泛函,在此基础上...     

基于贝叶斯线性AVAZ的TTI介质裂缝参数反演

裂缝储层岩石物理参数的准确获得对地下裂缝预测具有重要意义,而叠前方位AVA地震反演是获得裂缝岩石物理参数的有效手段.假设地下岩石为倾斜横向各向同性（TTI）介质,本文从裂缝岩石物理等效模型的构建出发,从测井数据中估计出纵横波相对反射系数和裂缝柔度参数.通过推导含裂缝柔度的方位各向异性反射系数公式,基于贝叶斯反演框架建立了P波线性AVAZ反演方法.合成地震数据应用表明基于贝叶斯理论的TTI介质裂缝柔度反演方法具有一定抗噪性,可以降低裂缝柔度估测的不确定性,为地下裂缝预测提供有力的依据.     

岩石物理驱动的正交各向异性方位叠前地震反演方法

基于长波长近似假设,周期性薄互层中发育一组平行排列的垂直裂缝则可视为等效的正交各向异性介质.岩石物理是构建裂缝参数与地震响应之间联系的基础,地震散射理论是各向异性介质参数反演的有效途径.文章提出了一种利用方位叠前地震数据实现正交各向异性裂缝储层Thomsen弱各向异性参数与裂缝弱度参数可靠预测的方法.首先,综合考虑矿物基质、孔隙、裂缝及各向异性岩石中流体替换的影响,通过构建正交各向异性裂缝岩石物理等效模型,实现正交各向异性刚度系数的估测,进而预测储层测井数据的弹性参数、Thomsen弱各向异性参数及裂缝弱度参数,为后续地震反演提供初始模型约束;然后,基于地震散射理论,推导了面向Thomsen弱各向异性参数与裂缝弱度参数反演的正交各向异性介质纵波反射系数方程,为后续地震反演奠定了理论基础;最后,发展了贝叶斯框架下的正交各向异性裂缝储层Thomsen弱各向异性参数与裂缝弱度参数AVAZ反演方法,同时考虑柯西稀疏约束正则化和平滑模型约束正则化约束,使用非线性的迭代重加权最小二乘策略实现正交各向异性特征参数的稳定估算.模型和实际资料处理表明,该方法能够稳定可靠地从方位叠前地震资料中获取正交各向异性特征参数,为正交各向异性介质的特征参数预测提供了一种高可靠性的地震反演方法.     

基于全方位地震数据的方位AVO(AVAZ)反演

利用地震数据较为准确地预测地下介质的裂缝发育信息,是裂缝型储层预测的关键手段,也是非常规页岩油气储层压裂改造的关键参数.方位AVO(AVAZ)在描述HTI介质的裂缝分布及发育方向等方面有重要应用,本文提供一种基于全方位地震数据的方位AVO(AVAZ)反演方法,为裂缝预测提供参考资料.首先利用Ruger近似方程正演计算不同方位角及入射角下的反射系数,继而与方位角度道集中地震反射振幅建立目标函数,然后基于正演方程及目标函数采用最小二乘法进行AVAZ反演.实现了从全方位地震资料中同步反演纵波反射系数、各向同性梯度、各向异性梯度及裂缝发育方向.模型数据和实际地震资料应用表明该方法能够有效的预测HTI介质的裂缝分布及方向.     

岩石物理驱动的储层物性参数非线性地震反演方法

叠前地震反演和岩石物理反演分别是获取弹性参数和物性参数的重要手段,两者结合有助于实现储层参数预测并精细刻画储层特征.储层物性参数的反演依赖于岩石物理模型,在进行物性参数反演时可以将复杂的岩石物理模型做泰勒展开,进而得到其一阶或高阶的近似表达式,然而这会降低模型的精确性并增加反演的误差.为了提高储层物性参数反演的稳定性和准确性,本文以碎屑岩储层为例,提出了岩石物理驱动的储层物性参数非线性地震反演方法.首先,基于贝叶斯框架和高斯分布约束条件,从叠前地震数据中实现纵、横波速度及密度等弹性参数的反演.其次,通过碎屑岩岩石物理模型建立起弹性参数与物性参数之间的联系.最后,利用粒子群算法进行全局寻优获得较为准确的孔隙度、泥质含量和含水饱和度等物性参数.合成数据和实际资料测试结果验证了所提方法的可行性和准确性,反演结果与测井数据吻合较好,可有效指示含气储层区域,本文方法在储层预测和评价方面具有广泛的应用前景.     

岩石物理驱动的相约束叠前地震概率化反演方法

地震岩石物理是连接岩石弹性参数与储层物性参数的桥梁,叠前地震反演是实现地下岩石弹性、物性、岩性及含流体性质定量表征的重要方法.文章构建了碎屑岩地震岩石物理高阶近似模型,推导了利用岩石模量高阶近似(Jacobian、Hessian矩阵)表征的叠前地震AVO反射特征方程,并分析了岩石孔隙度、泥质含量及流体饱和度对AVO反射率的贡献度,探讨了此方程在岩石物性参数直接预测方面的可行性.以此为基础,在待反演模型参数服从混合概率先验模型的前提下,文章提出了基于差分进化-马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗随机模型的相约束叠前地震概率化反演方法,兼具差分进化算法的全局寻优特性和马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗模型的不确定性分析能力;通过多条马尔可夫链的交叉并行,可以同步获得待反演模型参数的多个随机解,进而模拟待反演模型的后验概率密度分布,后验均值作为待反演模型的最优解,方差与置信区间用来评价反演结果的不确定性,实现储层弹性、物性、离散岩相及干岩石骨架等参数的同步预测.通过理论试验和实际资料处理验证了该理论方法的有效性.     

储层弹性与物性参数地震叠前同步反演的确定性优化方法

储层弹性与物性参数可直接应用于储层岩性预测和流体识别,是储层综合评价和油气藏精细描述的基本要素之一.现有的储层弹性与物性参数地震同步反演方法大都基于Gassmann方程,使用地震叠前数据,通过随机优化方法反演储层弹性与物性参数;或基于Wyllie方程,使用地震叠后数据,通过确定性优化方法反演储层弹性与物性参数.本文提出一种基于Gassmann方程、通过确定性优化方法开展储层弹性和物性参数地震叠前反演的方法,该方法利用Gassmann方程建立储层物性参数与叠前地震观测数据之间的联系,在贝叶斯反演框架下以储层弹性与物性参数的联合后验概率为目标函数,通过将目标函数的梯度用泰勒公式展开得到储层弹性与物性参数联合的方程组,其中储层弹性参数对物性参数的梯度用差分形式表示,最后通过共轭梯度算法迭代求解得到储层弹性与物性参数的最优解.理论试算与实际资料反演结果证明了方法的可行性.     

Reconstruction of the layer anisotropic elastic parameters and high-resolution fracture characterization from P-wave data: a case study using seismic inversion and Bayesian rock physics parameter estimation

Wide-azimuth seismic data can be used to derive anisotropic parameters on the subsurface by observing variation in subsurface seismic response along different azimuths. Layer-based high-resolution estimates of components of the subsurface anisotropic elastic tensor can be reconstructed by using wide-azimuth P-wave data by combining the kinematic information derived from anisotropic velocity analysis with dynamic information obtained from amplitude versus angle and azimuth analysis of wide-azimuth seismic data. Interval P-impedance, S-impedance and anisotropic parameters associated with anisotropic fracture media are being reconstructed using linearized analysis assuming horizontal transverse anisotropy symmetry. In this paper it is shown how additional assumptions, such as the rock model, can be used to reduce the degrees of freedom in the estimation problem and recover all five anisotropic parameters. Because the use of a rock model is needed, the derived elastic parameters are consistent with the rock model and are used to infer fractured rock properties using stochastic rock physics inversion. The inversion is based on stochastic rock physics modelling and maximum a posteriori estimate of both porosity and crack density parameters associated with the observed elastic parameters derived from both velocity and amplitude versus angle and azimuth analysis. While the focus of this study is on the use of P-wave reflection data, we also show how additional information such as shear wave splitting and/or anisotropic well log data can reduce the assumptions needed to derive elastic parameter and rock properties.     

Bayesian seismic inversion for estimating fluid content and fracture parameters in a gas-saturated fractured porous reservoir

Understanding the effects of in situ fluid content and fracture parameters on seismic characteristics is important for the subsurface exploration and production of fractured porous rocks. The ratio of normal-to-shear fracture compliance is typically utilized as a fluid indicator to evaluate anisotropy and identify fluids filling the fractures, but it represents an underdetermined problem because this fluid indicator varies as a function of both fracture geometry and fluid content. On the bases of anisotropic Gassmann's equation and linear-slip model, we suggest an anisotropic poroelasticity model for fractured porous reservoirs. By combining a perturbed stiffness matrix and asymptotic ray theory, we then construct a direct relationship between the PP-wave reflection coefficients and characteristic parameters of fluids(P-and S-wave moduli) and fractures(fracture quasi-weaknesses), thereby decoupling the effects of fluid and fracture properties on seismic reflection characterization.By incorporating fracture quasi-weakness parameters, we propose a novel parameterization method for elastic impedance variation with offset and azimuth(EIVOA). By incorporating wide-azimuth observable seismic reflection data with regularization constraints, we utilize Bayesian seismic inversion to estimate the fluid content and fracture parameters of fractured porous rocks. Tests on synthetic and real data demonstrate that fluid and fracture properties can be reasonably estimated directly from azimuthal seismic data and the proposed approach provides a reliable method for fluid identification and fracture characterization in a gas-saturated fractured porous reservoir.     

Azimuthally pre-stack seismic inversion for orthorhombic anisotropy driven by rock physics

Based on the long-wavelength approximation, a set of parallel vertical fractures embedded in periodic thin interbeds can be regarded as an equivalent orthorhombic medium. Rock physics is the basis for constructing the relationship between fracture parameters and seismic response. Seismic scattering is an effective way to inverse anisotropic parameters. In this study, we propose a reliable method for predicting the Thomsen’s weak anisotropic parameters and fracture weaknesses in an orthorhombic fractured reservoir using azimuthal pre-stack seismic data. First, considering the influence of fluid substitution in mineral matrix, porosity, fractures and anisotropic rocks, we estimate the orthorhombic anisotropic stiffness coefficients by constructing an equivalent rock physics model for fractured rocks. Further, we predict the logging elastic parameters, Thomsen’s weak parameters, and fracture weaknesses to provide the initial model constraints for the seismic inversion. Then, we derive the P-wave reflection coefficient equation for the inversion of Thomsen’s weak anisotropic parameters and fracture weaknesses. Cauchy-sparse and smoothing-model constraint regularization taken into account in a Bayesian framework, we finally develop a method of amplitude variation with angles of incidence and azimuth (AVAZ) inversion for Thomsen’s weak anisotropic parameters and fracture weaknesses, and the model parameters are estimated by using the nonlinear iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) strategy. Both synthetic and real examples show that the method can directly estimate the orthorhombic characteristic parameters from the azimuthally pre-stack seismic data, which provides a reliable seismic inversion method for predicting Thomsen’s weak anisotropic parameters and fracture weaknesses.     

Azimuthal Seismic Amplitude Variation with Offset and Azimuth Inversion in Weakly Anisotropic Media with Orthorhombic Symmetry

Seismic amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (AVOaz) inversion is well known as a popular and pragmatic tool utilized to estimate fracture parameters. A single set of vertical fractures aligned along a preferred horizontal direction embedded in a horizontally layered medium can be considered as an effective long-wavelength orthorhombic medium. Estimation of Thomsen’s weak-anisotropy (WA) parameters and fracture weaknesses plays an important role in characterizing the orthorhombic anisotropy in a weakly anisotropic medium. Our goal is to demonstrate an orthorhombic anisotropic AVOaz inversion approach to describe the orthorhombic anisotropy utilizing the observable wide-azimuth seismic reflection data in a fractured reservoir with the assumption of orthorhombic symmetry. Combining Thomsen’s WA theory and linear-slip model, we first derive a perturbation in stiffness matrix of a weakly anisotropic medium with orthorhombic symmetry under the assumption of small WA parameters and fracture weaknesses. Using the perturbation matrix and scattering function, we then derive an expression for linearized PP-wave reflection coefficient in terms of P- and S-wave moduli, density, Thomsen’s WA parameters, and fracture weaknesses in such an orthorhombic medium, which avoids the complicated nonlinear relationship between the orthorhombic anisotropy and azimuthal seismic reflection data. Incorporating azimuthal seismic data and Bayesian inversion theory, the maximum a posteriori solutions of Thomsen’s WA parameters and fracture weaknesses in a weakly anisotropic medium with orthorhombic symmetry are reasonably estimated with the constraints of Cauchy a priori probability distribution and smooth initial models of model parameters to enhance the inversion resolution and the nonlinear iteratively reweighted least squares strategy. The synthetic examples containing a moderate noise demonstrate the feasibility of the derived orthorhombic anisotropic AVOaz inversion method, and the real data illustrate the inversion stabilities of orthorhombic anisotropy in a fractured reservoir.     

基于碳酸盐岩裂缝岩石物理模型的横波速度和各向异性参数预测

高角度缝隙充填的碳酸盐岩储层可以等效为具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质.本文提出了适用于裂缝型碳酸盐岩的岩石物理模型构建流程,重点介绍了在碳酸盐岩各向同性背景中,综合利用微小裂隙模型和线性滑动模型添加缝隙系统,并分析了当缝隙充填不同流体时,各向异性参数随纵横波速比的变化特征.同时本文讨论了裂缝密度和缝隙充填流体对地震反射系数的影响,推导了不同类型流体充填时储层反射系数与裂缝密度的近似关系式,阐述了各向异性流体替换理论,最终实现饱含流体碳酸盐岩裂缝储层的纵横波速度和各向异性参数的估测.选取某碳酸盐岩工区A井对该方法进行试算,结果表明基于碳酸盐岩裂缝岩石物理模型估算的纵横波速度值与测井值吻合较好,而且估测所得的各向异性参数值也能够较好地反映出裂缝储层位置.     

基于各向异性梯度的裂缝密度反演

裂缝密度是评价裂缝性储层的重要参数. 本文提出一种利用各向异性梯度计算裂缝密度的新方法,即运用裂缝介质等效理论将高陡倾角裂缝介质等效为横向各向同性介质,得到裂缝介质AVO响应特征,从而得到裂缝介质的各向异性梯度,之后由该梯度与裂缝密度的关系得到裂缝介质的裂缝密度. 实际处理中可以根据地震数据直接求取裂缝介质的各向异性梯度,最后求取裂缝介质的裂缝密度. 模型试算表明, 该方法能得到裂缝介质准确的裂缝密度. 反演结果与初始模型基本一致验证了该方法的正确性; 另外地震记录添加一定的信噪比后也能反演得到准确的裂缝密度,证明了该方法的稳定性.      

裂隙型单斜介质中多方位地面三分量记录模拟

针对裂隙型储集层中更具代表性的各向异性介质模型,即在各向同性背景介质中含有两组斜交的垂直裂隙所构成的单斜各向异性介质模型,利用时间和空间上可达任意阶的高阶交错网格有限差分技术,对具有不同裂隙填充物性质的单斜介质中波的传播快照进行了模拟.结果证实各向异性介质中波的传播速度随传播方向的不同而产生明显的差异;裂隙填充物的性质对于速度各向异性具有很大的影响.另外,利用坐标旋转法,对水平层状各向异性介质中多方位地面三分量记录进行了模拟,结果表明了方位各向异性介质中,波的传播速度不仅随入射角的变化而变化,同时也随观测方位的不同而产生差异.数值模拟结果为进一步利用地面多方位地震属性进行各向异性参数的反演及裂隙参数的描述提供理论基础.     

Effects of uncertainty in rock-physics models on reservoir parameter estimation using seismic amplitude variation with angle and controlled-source electromagnetics data

This paper investigates the effects of uncertainty in rock-physics models on reservoir parameter estimation using seismic amplitude variation with angle and controlled-source electromagnetics data. The reservoir parameters are related to electrical resistivity by the Poupon model and to elastic moduli and density by the Xu-White model. To handle uncertainty in the rock-physics models, we consider their outputs to be random functions with modes or means given by the predictions of those rock-physics models and we consider the parameters of the rock-physics models to be random variables defined by specified probability distributions. Using a Bayesian framework and Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling methods, we are able to obtain estimates of reservoir parameters and information on the uncertainty in the estimation. The developed method is applied to a synthetic case study based on a layered reservoir model and the results show that uncertainty in both rock-physics models and in their parameters may have significant effects on reservoir parameter estimation. When the biases in rock-physics models and in their associated parameters are unknown, conventional joint inversion approaches, which consider rock-physics models as deterministic functions and the model parameters as fixed values, may produce misleading results. The developed stochastic method in this study provides an integrated approach for quantifying how uncertainty and biases in rock-physics models and in their associated parameters affect the estimates of reservoir parameters and therefore is a more robust method for reservoir parameter estimation.