塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省的成因模式

近20年来,塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省在各类火成岩的空间分布、时间序列、地球化学特征、地幔源区和岩浆演化等方面有了深入的认识,为揭示大火成岩省的成因模式和演化过程奠定了坚实的基础.本文将主要基于塔里木大火成岩省存在的两阶段岩浆产物,结合前期研究基础和前人研究成果,系统论证塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省成因的两阶段熔融模式.模式认为塔里木大火成岩省的形成与地幔柱活动有关,其地幔柱作用形式兼具"巴哈纳型"和"德干型"两种特点,即早期高热的地幔柱引起了岩石圈地幔的低程度部分熔融,后期地幔柱上升绝热减压引起地幔柱自身部分熔融.在早期熔融事件中,地幔柱主要表现为上部岩石圈熔融所需的热供给,后期熔融过程中地幔柱成为熔融发生的主要场所和物质供给源.第一阶段喷发的两类玄武岩具有高~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr、低~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd的同位素特征,富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,为富集的大陆岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物,具有"巴哈纳型"特征;而第二阶段产出的基性-超基性侵入岩具有相对两类玄武岩较低的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr,较高的~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值,为地幔热柱熔融的产物,具有"德干型"特征.其中第一阶段,可细分为Group1和Group2两类玄武岩,Group2玄武岩相对Group1玄武岩具有较低的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr,较高的~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值.Group2玄武岩显示连接Group1玄武岩和第二阶段岩浆作用的过渡类型特征,表明塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省是地幔柱与岩石圈地幔持续相互作用的结果.关于塔里木大火成岩省成因模式的研究有助于增进对塔里木大火成岩省岩浆作用、深部地质过程和地球动力学过程的全面认识,有利于丰富大火成岩省的成因理论和地幔柱活动理论.     

地幔柱与岩石圈相互作用过程的数值模拟

地幔柱的研究是地球科学研究的热点之一.本文主要集中研究地幔柱与岩石圈的相互作用过程.基于质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程和能量守恒方程,通过有限元数值方法可以计算得到地幔柱与岩石圈相互作用的温度场、速度场和有效黏度等的时空图.本文的流变本构模型主要基于非牛顿流体的有效黏度模型,通过数值模拟计算分析了地幔柱与岩石圈相互作用过程,着重讨论了地壳流变结构对此过程的影响.数值模拟结果显示,地幔柱与岩石圈的相互作用分为三个阶段:地幔柱上升期,时间持续到0.2 Ma,平均速度为2.75m·a-1,地幔柱顶部地形开始向上隆起;地幔柱与岩石圈纵向作用期,时间从0.2 Ma到0.26 Ma,地幔柱上升的平均速度为0.83m·a-1,地表地形隆升达到最大值;地幔柱与岩石圈横向作用期,0.26 Ma以后,岩石圈开始剪切变形,地幔柱水平运动速度为0.47m·a-1,当剪切变形达到一定程度,岩石圈底部开始出现拆沉作用.当下地壳流变强度比较小时,上地壳的流变结构控制着地幔柱顶部地表地形隆起程度,流变强度越大,隆升高度越小;而下地壳的流变结构控制着地幔柱两侧地表地形的下沉幅度,下地壳流变强度越小,下沉幅度越大.最后,讨论了数值模拟对峨眉山大火成岩省地幔柱发展演化的应用.     

地幔柱作用与岩石圈改造:以塔里木克拉通为例

克拉通是稳定的大陆块体,形成于太古代,具有巨厚的岩石圈地幔根,其厚度多大于200 km.地幔热柱作用早期会显著减薄岩石圈地幔、降低岩石圈强度,现有地震和地幔捕虏体数据资料显示,克拉通经历过地幔柱作用后仍有超过150 km厚的稳定岩石圈地幔根,其岩石圈地幔根的主要物质成分是亏损的橄榄岩,岩石圈的强度仍旧保持高强度.这一现象具有全球效应,如北美Slave克拉通和非洲南部Kaapvaal克拉通均经历了这一过程.本文系统地归纳总结了地幔柱作用前后岩石圈典型特征,并结合相应阶段的构造响应发现：稳定的克拉通在地幔柱的作用下岩石圈会发生强烈的改造,伴随地表岩浆活动和克拉通岩石圈的减薄和弱化;而后亏损的地幔柱熔融残余物会重新加厚和增强岩石圈地幔.岩浆岩记录的地球化学资料显示,塔里木岩石圈在二叠纪时期经历了严重的改造过程;而岩石圈深部结构的地震、地热和大地电磁资料显示,现今塔里木岩石圈厚度约为150 km.塔里木岩石圈在新生代印度—欧亚大陆碰撞背景下仍旧表现出刚性的特征,塔里木岩石圈的增厚与增强是塔里木早二叠世地幔柱作用的结果.文章最后讨论了塔里木岩石圈减薄到再增厚的过程,并提出初步的模式．     

上通流对大陆岩石圈地幔-地壳热结构模式的潜在影响

本文以多孔介质中大尺度传热问题为基础,结合热平衡理论分析与数值计算,探讨了上通流对大陆岩石圈地幔-地壳热结构模式的潜在影响.根据大陆岩石圈中孔隙波传热概念模型的初步理论分析结果,指出了采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法在研究大陆岩石圈地幔-地壳热结构模式时的重要性.理论分析方法可用来确定岩石圈尺度范围内大陆岩石圈的厚度和大陆地壳相关的边界条件,从而为地壳范围内数值模型的建立提供一些重要信息.数值模拟方法可以用来模拟地壳尺度范围内地壳的详细结构和复杂几何形状.如果地壳内的热分布是所考虑的主要因素,采用具有地壳尺度的合理数值模型可以有效减少计算机工作量.利用理论分析方法求出的岩石圈尺度范围内大陆岩石圈厚度与地幔传导热流之间关系的理论解,不仅可以用来验证模拟大陆岩石圈内传热问题所采用的数值方法, 而且可以用来初步研究大陆岩石圈内热分布的基本规律,为研究岩石圈地幔热事件中大陆岩石圈热减薄过程提供相应的边界条件.本文从理论分析的观点初步探讨了中国大陆不同构造背景下大陆岩石圈的热结构模式,其结果与从地球物理和地质资料中获得的大陆岩石圈热结构模式十分吻合.研究结果表明由大陆岩石圈中孔隙波传播所导致的上通流是影响大陆岩石圈地幔-地壳热结构模式及大陆岩石圈地幔与地壳之间物质和能量交换的可能机制之一.     

华北中生代镁铁质岩浆作用与克拉通减薄和破坏

华北克拉通在中生代发生了岩石圈减薄,古老的大陆岩石圈地幔在减薄后被年轻的新生岩石圈地幔所取代.与此同时,华北克拉通发生了破坏,以大规模早白垩世岩浆作用为标志.尽管对这个现象有了共识,但是对华北克拉通岩石圈破坏的机制仍然存在争议.文章以华北中生代镁铁质岩浆作用为视角,试图对上述争议提出解决办法.华北中生代镁铁质岩浆作用以早白垩世的~121Ma为分界点,在此之前的镁铁质岩浆岩兼具岛弧玄武岩微量元素组成和明显富集Sr-Nd同位素组成的特点,而在此之后才开始出现兼具洋岛玄武岩微量元素组成和亏损至弱富集Sr-Nd同位素组成的镁铁质岩浆岩.这个差异表明,华北克拉通岩石圈地幔的地球化学性质在~121Ma发生了根本性转变.尽管华北克拉通在晚三叠世也出现过镁铁质岩浆作用,但是其成因是深俯冲华南陆块折返的结果,而古太平洋板块俯冲在那时尚未启动.古太平洋板块自侏罗纪开始向欧亚大陆东部之下俯冲,俯冲板片与上覆岩石圈地幔楔之间处于耦合状态,是俯冲板片脱水导致华北克拉通地幔的弱化阶段.古老岛弧型镁铁质岩浆岩的地幔源区可能既有侏罗纪时期俯冲古太平洋板片衍生流体与华北克拉通岩石圈地幔之间反应的产物,也有三叠纪时期俯冲华南陆壳衍生熔体与华北克拉通岩石圈地幔之间反应的产物.对于新生洋岛型镁铁质岩浆岩的地幔源区来说,则可能是俯冲古太平洋板片衍生熔体与华北岩石圈之下软流圈地幔之间反应的产物.从~144Ma开始,俯冲的古太平洋板片发生回卷,克拉通岩石圈底部受到侧向充填的软流圈地幔加热,导致弱化的克拉通岩石圈地幔发生减薄.在130~120Ma期间,减薄后的大陆岩石圈发生大规模破坏,不仅地幔楔下部超镁铁质交代岩发生部分熔融形成具有古老岛弧型地球化学信息的镁铁质岩浆岩,而且这些地区的下地壳岩石也受到加热发生大规模长英质岩浆作用.与此同时,回卷板片地壳岩石受到侧向充填的软流圈地幔加热,产生长英质熔体交代上覆软流圈地幔橄榄岩,这样在~121Ma开始部分熔融形成具有新生洋岛型地球化学信息的镁铁质岩浆岩,标志着华北克拉通岩石圈地幔已经被新生岩石圈地幔所取代.古太平洋板片在中生代时期向中国东部大陆之下的俯冲并不像现今地震层析成像所观察到的那样直接俯冲至地幔过渡带,而是像纳斯卡板块向美洲大陆之下俯冲那样为低角度俯冲.这种低角度俯冲不仅物理上可以直接侵蚀岩石圈地幔,而且化学上可以交代岩石圈地幔.因此,古太平洋板片与大陆岩石圈地幔之间的相互作用才是导致华北克拉通岩石圈地幔减薄和破坏的一级地球动力学机制.     

造山带下岩石圈地幔小尺度减薄的动力学成因

地质与地球物理观测数据表明青藏高原、安第斯山、以及帕米尔等典型造山高原之下均有明显的岩石圈地幔小尺度/分段式减薄现象.这些小尺度岩石圈减薄难以用经典的拆沉或对流减薄理论来解释,一方面,拆沉预示大尺度岩石圈地幔的剥离过程,而对流减薄则在黏度相对低的地幔岩石圈中发生,其主要以小尺度的局部增厚触发并仅减薄地幔岩石圈的底部区域.另一方面,拆沉或对流减薄模型都预测造山带尺度的地幔岩石圈拆离,都假设造山带岩石圈横向均一,然而实际的造山带岩石圈往往由多个不同的地块构成,块体之间岩性、物性、流变结构可能大有差别,即横向不均一性.这些造山带岩石圈地幔的横向不均一性,能否有效解释观测到的局部小尺度减薄现象？为此,我们构建了一系列高精度动力学数值模型,系统模拟了碰撞造山过程中岩石圈地幔的形变和不稳定性.结果表明,在塑性屈服强度很低的情况下,横向不均一的造山带岩石圈有发生分段式/小尺度减薄的可能性;其主要机理是由位错蠕变与强塑性作用所导致的应变集中使得地块间及壳幔间耦合弱化,从而使得较弱地块的岩石圈地幔在增厚时由于重力不稳定性而产生局部剥离,进而诱发小尺度软流圈上涌.模拟结果可以良好地解释发生在青藏高原东北缘、安第斯中部高原、以及帕米尔高原之下岩石圈的局部小尺度/分段式减薄现象.     

地幔柱、大火成岩省及大陆裂解-兼论中国东部中、新生代地幔柱问题

根据前人对地幔流体力学数值模拟、全球地震层析成像和火成岩方面的研究成果，详细叙述了地幔柱的基本特征，即:地幔柱具有巨大的球状顶冠和细窄尾管的形态，具备高温、低粘的物理性质，来自2 900 km处核/幔边界附近的D层. 大火成岩省（LIP）是地幔柱到达地表最好的表现形式. 基于地幔柱、大火成岩省的基本特征，以及地幔柱和大陆解体的时空关系，通过对中国东部中、新生代火成岩的岩石学、地球化学和时空分布特征， 以及这些火成岩产生的构造背景等方面的研究，认为中国东南地区中生代火成岩与典型的地幔柱有关的LIP的基本特征并不符合，不能把东南地区中生代火成岩作为典型的与地幔柱活动相关的大火成岩省的实例来看待；东北地区新生代火成岩不具备热点、地幔柱活动的典型特征，新生代火山活动与地幔柱活动可能没有直接关系.      

中国东部大陆岩石圈地幔及幔源岩浆岩水含量和氢同位素组成

中国东部华北陆块和华南陆块的地幔包体单矿物和全岩水含量变化很大,总体低于全球其他克拉通和非克拉通岩石圈地幔包体单矿物和全岩水含量.然而,具有新生岩石圈地幔来源的莒南橄榄岩包体单矿物和全岩水含量总体高于其他中国东部岩石圈地幔包体,指示中国东部新生岩石圈地幔的初始水含量并不低.地幔包体中单矿物水含量与Mg~#之间无明显相关关系,其中的辉石缺乏水扩散环带,因此地幔包体的低水含量与包体随玄武岩岩浆上升过程的水扩散丢失无关.大陆岩石圈地幔底部受到热软流圈地幔烘烤有可能会造成水的扩散丢失,但是熔体提取也可能是引起低水含量的原因之一.通过斑晶水含量计算得到的中国东部中生代和新生代玄武岩初始熔体水含量均高于正常洋中脊玄武岩.中生代玄武岩初始熔体水含量与岛弧玄武岩类似,而新生代玄武岩初始熔体水含量则与洋岛玄武岩和弧后盆地玄武岩类似(部分地区与岛弧玄武岩类似).这些结果表明,大陆玄武岩地幔源区相对富水,指示其地幔源区曾经受到深俯冲地壳脱水所形成的富水流体/含水熔体的交代,使其水含量升高.中国东部新生代幔源巨晶、包体矿物和玄武岩斑晶的氢同位素组成变化也很大,反映中国东部新生代岩石圈地幔氢同位素组成高度不均一.新生代岩石圈地幔具有高于亏损地幔的水含量和偏离亏损地幔值的氢同位素组成,反映其受到过俯冲太平洋板片部分熔融所产生熔体的交代.俯冲大洋板片脱水熔融产生的富水流体和含水熔体对大陆岩石圈地幔底部的交代导致其水含量增加,引起底部岩石黏滞度降低,进而导致岩石强度的降低,使其容易被构造侵蚀乃至拆沉.因此,大洋俯冲隧道中的壳幔相互作用是克拉通岩石圈减薄的重要诱因.     

华北克拉通岩石圈地幔特征与演化过程

克拉通能否长期稳定存在,主要取决于岩石圈地幔的特征和属性.中生代以来,华北岩石圈地幔的组成和性质发生了根本性转变,导致了克拉通破坏.尽管目前取得了上述共识,但是对岩石圈地幔转变形式与机制的认识仍然存在分歧.本文以华北克拉通破坏前后岩石圈地幔的特征为视角,对华北不同时代幔源岩石及地幔捕虏体的研究结果进行综述,旨在为上述问题的讨论提供新的思路.华北古生代岩石圈厚达200km,具有高度难熔、SrNd同位素富集的克拉通型岩石圈地幔特征;中生代岩石圈地幔具有易熔、同位素高度富集的特征,在空间上具有明显的不均一性和分布规律;在新生代,华北东部岩石圈厚约60～80km,具有易熔、同位素亏损的大洋型岩石圈地幔特征;中部带岩石圈厚度大于100km,岩石圈地幔具有上老下新的双层结构;西部岩石圈厚达200km,仍然保存有克拉通型古老地幔.岩石圈地幔组成的转变主要是通过橄榄岩-熔体反应的方式实现的.古生代周边板块的多次俯冲作用使华北克拉通边缘地区岩石圈地幔的组成发生了明显改变.中生代古太平洋板块俯冲作用的叠加,促成华北东部岩石圈地幔组成和性质的根本转变,导致克拉通破坏区域的面积占华北总面积的1/2以上.从克拉通破坏的峰期时间和破坏区域空间展布来看,古太平洋板块俯冲及其驱动的深部动力学过程是华北克拉通破坏的一级控制因素.造成东部岩石圈巨厚减薄的主导因素是俯冲板块回转、海沟后撤引起的大陆岩石圈伸展.俯冲板块机械侵蚀、熔流体交代作用造成的岩石圈弱化、非稳态地幔流动伴随的热-化学侵蚀和岩石圈局部拆沉共同加剧了岩石圈减薄和克拉通破坏的进程.     

多地球物理观测联合反演华南岩石圈温度和化学组分结构

华南块体位处中国大陆东南,对其深部结构的研究是深入认识中国东部构造及演化的基础.岩石圈的温度和化学组分结构是岩石圈结构研究的重要内容,对其的认识主要来自地球物理和地球化学两类研究.由于单一的地球物理或地球化学观测资料和方法存在其各自的局限性,需要开展综合多种地球物理资料,并结合地球化学、岩石学方法的岩石圈结构和性质的研究.文章综合利用华南地区地表地形、大地水准面高、地表大地热流数据、地震面波频散曲线等地球物理观测资料,通过热动力学模拟和概率密度反演的方法,研究该区三维岩石圈温度和化学组分结构.结果表明,华南东部的华夏块体和下扬子克拉通岩石圈较薄(<100km),相对起伏较小,岩石圈地幔以饱满型的橄榄岩为主,表明古老难熔的地幔岩石圈物质被新的物质所取代,古太平洋的平俯冲作用是导致华南东部岩石圈减薄的主要动力学机制,而热侵蚀作用在岩石圈减薄过程中占有重要地位.四川盆地内部岩石圈较厚(>200km),保留着厚而冷的克拉通岩石圈根,岩石圈地幔可能存在由于组分差异所导致的不连续面,其中下层饱满的岩石圈地幔要厚于上层难熔的岩石圈地幔,因而使得四川盆地及周边地区岩石圈地幔整体以饱满和过渡型橄榄岩为主.     

Petrogenetic model of the Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province

Over the last two decades great strides have been made in characterizing the spatial distribution, time sequence,geochemical characteristics, mantle sources, and magma evolution processes for various igneous rocks in the Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province(TLIP). This work has laid a solid foundation for revealing the evolutionary processes and genetic models of large igneous provinces(LIPs). This study systematically demonstrates the two-stage melting model for the TLIP based on our previous research work and predecessor achievements, and highlights the two types of magmatic rocks within the TLIP.The two-stage melting model suggests that the formation of the TLIP is mantle plume related. The early hot mantle plume caused the low-degree partial melting of the lithosphere mantle, while in the later stage, the plume partially melted due to adiabatic uplift and decompression. Therefore, this model carries signatures of both the "Parana" and "Deccan" models in terms of mantle plume activity. During the early stage, the mantle plume provided the heat required for partial melting of sub-continental lithosphere mantle(SCLM), similar to the "Parana Model", while later the plume acted as the main avenue for melting, as in the "Deccan Model". Basalts that erupted in the first stage have higher 87Sr/86 Sr, lower 143Nd/144 Nd ratios, and are enriched in large ion lithophile elements and high field strength elements, indicating a possible origin from the enriched continental lithosphere mantle,similar to the Parana type geochemical features. The basic-ultrabasic intrusive rocks in the second stage exhibit lower 87Sr/86 Sr,higher 143Nd/144 Nd ratios relative to the basalts, consistent with the involvement of a more depleted asthenospheric material,such as a mantle plume, similar to the Deccan type geochemical features. The first stage basalts can be further subdivided into two categories, i.e., Group 1 and Group 2 basalts. Group 2 basalts have lower 87Sr/86 Sr and higher 143Nd/144 Nd ratios than Group 1 basalts, and lie between compositions of the Group 1 basalts and second stage magmatism. Group 2 basalts may be the intermediate component of the TLIP, and the whole TLIP is the result of plume and lithosphere interaction. Developing this petrogenetic model for the TLIP aids in comprehensively understanding its magmatism and deep geological and geodynamic processes. Furthermore, this work enriches the theories describing the origin of large igneous province and mantle plume activity.     

Evolution of Hawaiian basalts: a hotspot melting model

Melt generation and extraction along the Hawaiian volcanic chain should be largely controlled by the thermal structure of the Hawaiian swell and the heat source underneath it. We simulate numerically the time- and space-dependent evolution of Hawaiian volcanism in the framework of thermal evolution of the Hawaiian swell, constrained by residual topography, geoid anomalies, and anomalous heat flow along the Hawaiian volcanic chain. The transient heat transfer problem with melting relationships and variable boundary conditions is solved in cylindrical coordinates using a finite difference method. The model requires the lithosphere to be thinned mechanically by mantle plume flow. Melting starts quickly near the base of the plate when the hotspot is encountered. Thermal perturbation and partial melting are largely concentrated in the region where the original lithosphere is thinned and replaced by the mantle flow. The pre-shield Loihi alkalic and tholeiitic basalts are from similar sources, which are a mixture of at least three mantle components: the mantle plume, asthenosphere, and the lower lithosphere. The degree of partial melting averages 10–20%, with a peak value of 30% near the plume center. As a result of continuous compaction, melts are extracted from an active partial melting zone of about 10–20 km thickness, which moves upwards and laterally as the heating and compaction proceed. The rate of melt extraction from the swell increases rapidly to a maximum value of 1 × 10⁵ km³/m.y. over the center of the heat source, corresponding to eruption of large amounts of tholeiitic lavas during the shield-building stage. This volume rate is adequate to account for the observed thickness of the Hawaiian volcanic ridge. Melts from direct partial melting of the mantle plume at depth may be important or even dominant at this stage, although the amount is uncertain. At the waning stage, mixing of melts from the mantle flow pattern with those from low-degree partial melting of the lithosphere may produce postshield alkalic basalts. After the plate moves off the heat source, continuous conductive heating can cause very low degree partial melting (less than 1%) of the lithosphere at shallow depths for about one million years. This process may be responsible for producing post-erosional alkalic basalts. The extraction time for removing such small amount of melts is about 0.4–2 m.y., similar to the time gap between the eruption of post-erosional alkalic lavas and the shield-building stage. Our results show that multi-stage Hawaiian volcanism and the general geochemical characteristics of Hawaiian basalts can be explained by a model of plume-plate interaction.     

Plume-lithosphere interactions in the ocean basins: constraints from the source mineralogy

Trace element relationships of near-primary alkalic lavas from La Grille volcano, Grande Comore, in the Indian Ocean, as well as those of the Honolulu volcanic series, Oahu, Hawaii, show that their sources contain amphibole and/or phlogopite. Small amounts of each mineral (2% amphibole in the source of La Grille and 0.5% phlogopite plus some amphibole in the source of the Honolulu volcanics) and a range of absolute degrees of partial melting from 1 to 5% for both series are consistent with the observed trace element variation. Amphibole and phlogopite are not stable at the temperatures of convecting upper mantle or upwelling thermal plumes from the deep mantle; however, they are stable at pressure-temperature conditions of the oceanic lithospheric mantle. Therefore, the presence of amphibole and/or phlogopite in the magma source region of volcanics is strong evidence for lithospheric melting, and we conclude that the La Grille and the Honolulu series formed by melting of the oceanic lithospheric mantle.

The identification of amphibole ± phlogopite in the source region of both series implies that the metasomatism by fluids or volatile-rich melts occurred prior to melting. The presence of hydrous phases results in a lower solidus temperature of the lithospheric mantle, which can be reached by conductive heating by the thermal plumes. Isotope ratios of the La Grille and the Honolulu series display a restricted range in composition and represent compositional end-members for each island. Larger isotopic variations in shield lavas, represented by the contemporaneous Karthala volcano on Grande Comore and the older Koolau series on Oahu, reflect interaction of the upwelling thermal plumes with the lithospheric mantle rather than the heterogeneity of deep-seated mantle plume sources or entrainment of mantle material in the rising plume. Literature OsSr isotope ratio covariations constrain the process of plume-lithosphere interaction as occurring through mixing of plume melts and low-degree melts from the metasomatized oceanic lithospheric mantle.

The characterization of the lithospheric mantle signature allows the isotopic composition of the deep mantle plume components to be identified, and mixing relationships show that the Karthala and Koolau plume end-members have nearly uniform isotopic compositions. Based on independent arguments, isotopic variations on Heard and Easter islands have been shown to be a result of mixing between deep plume sources having distinct isotopic compositions with lithosphere or shallow asthenospheric mantle. To the extent that these case studies are representative of oceanic island volcanism, they indicate that interaction with oceanic lithospheric mantle plays an important role in the compositions of lavas erupted during the shield-building stage of plume magmatism, and that isotopic compositions of deep mantle plume sources are nearly uniform on the scale that they are sampled by melting.     

Dynamical geochemistry of the Hawaiian plume

This paper presents a simple dynamical model for melting and trace element distribution in the Hawaiian mantle plume. I model the plume as a partially molten stagnation point flow against the oceanic lithosphere, and obtain solutions for the temperature, melt migration rate, and trace element concentration within it. Trace element concentrations in the melt exceed simple batch melting predictions by up to 70%. The magnitude of this effect depends strongly on the solid-melt partition coefficientK. Trace elements with differentK therefore experience a “dynamical fractionation” within the plume, and incompatible trace element ratios such asLa/Ce always exceed the batch melting predictions. I suggest a simple model for plume-lithosphere interaction in which melts from these two sources mix in proportions determined by thermodynamic constraints. The model can explain the composition of basalts from Haleakala if the degree of melting of the lithosphereF₁ decreases with time from roughly 10% for tholeiites to 2% for alkalic basalts. These values are considerably higher than previous estimates ofF₁ < 1%, and imply correspondingly smaller and more realistic values ( 10 km) for the thickness of the melted part of the lithosphere. Partial melting of additional depleted sources such as the asthenosphere is therefore not required by the Haleakala data. Estimates ofF₁ are highly sensitive to the values chosen for the partition coefficients, however, and should therefore be interpreted with caution.     

地幔热导率的选取对动力学数值模拟的影响——以岩石圈张裂过程为例

目前存在有多种地幔热导率模型,不同模型在数值和随温压变化的特征上有明显的差异.为探究不同热导率模型对动力学数值模拟结果的影响,本文对不同模型下的岩石圈张裂过程进行模拟研究,探讨地幔热导率对岩石圈热传输、变形和熔融过程的影响及其作用机理.结果显示,不同热导率模型下,岩石圈的变形和熔融特征表现出明显差异.高热导率模型下,岩石圈破裂较晚,形成陆缘较为宽阔,地壳熔融强烈而地幔熔融较弱;低热导率模型下,岩石圈破裂较早,形成陆缘较为狭窄,地幔熔融强烈而地壳熔融较弱.这种差异源于不同地幔热导率下岩石圈和地幔热状态的变化及相应力学性质的改变.高热导率下,热传导的增温效应显著,岩石圈呈现较热的状态,其强度整体较低,壳幔耦合减弱;而低热导率下,热对流的增温效应显著,岩石圈呈较冷的状态,其强度整体较高,壳幔耦合增强.基于模拟结果,本文认为地幔热导率的选取对动力学模拟的结果有着较为显著的影响,相对于随温压的变化,热导率数值的差异对动力学数值模拟的结果影响更大,尤其是对于地幔熔融过程的影响.     

峨眉山大火成岩省地壳横波速度结构特征及其动力学意义

峨眉山大火成岩省是我国境内最早获得国际学术界广泛认可的大火成岩省,对于认识地幔柱形成与作用机理、生物与环境演化、资源富集与成矿机制等具有重要意义.本文利用峨眉山大火成岩省宽频带地震台阵(COMPASS-ELIP)以及云南、四川区域地震台网的部分台站资料,基于分格加权叠加策略实现接收函数和面波频散在信息来源和分辨尺度方面的协同;进而开展联合反演,重建了峨眉山大火成岩省关键剖面下方的地壳横波速度结构.研究结果显示:研究区地壳平均S波速度,沿剖面呈现自西向东先增大后减小的分带性,内带中、下地壳速度较高,尤其是下地壳存在明显的高速异常(V_s约3.8~4.2 km·s~(-1))丽江—小金河断裂带和水城—紫云断裂带的东西两侧,中上地壳存在低速层(V_s约3.3 km·s~(-1)),尤其是水城—紫云断裂带东西两侧的中地壳低速层尤为明显.结合本文以及现有的系列研究结果,进一步确认内带中、下地壳高速对应二叠纪古地幔柱作用的遗迹,大规模岩浆的底侵和内侵,不仅改造了滇中块体的地壳结构和组分,而且也改变了地壳的流变强度,进而对现今青藏高原东南缘的深部过程产生了深远影响.     

Determination of properties of Proterozoic continental flood basalts of western part from North Qilian Mountains

Proterozoic volcanic rocks of the western part from the North Qilian Mountains are the products of continental rift volcanism, belonging to continental flood basalts, the petrogeochemistry of which apears to suggest that they are derived from sub-lithospheric mantle plume sources, but that they also show evidence of continental lithosphere components involvement. Their formation is the consequences of plume-lithosphere interactions and is precursive to the opening of the North Qilian Early-Paleozoic ocean basin.     

Modelling the composition of melts formed during continental breakup of the Southeast Greenland margin

We have developed a generic dynamic model of extension of the lithosphere, which predicts major element composition and volume of melt generated from initial extension to steady state seafloor spreading. Stokes equations for non-Newtonian flow are solved and the mantle melts by decompression. Strengthening of the mantle due to dehydration as melting progresses is included. The composition is then empirically related to depletion. Using a crystallisation algorithm, the predicted primary melt composition was compared with mean North Atlantic mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). At steady state, using half spreading rates from 10 to 20 mm yr^− 1 and mantle potential temperatures of 1300 to 1325 °C we predict a major element composition that is within the variation in the mean of North Atlantic MORB.

This model is applied to the Southeast Greenland margin, which has extensive coverage of seismic and ODP core data. These data have been interpreted to indicate an initial pulse of magmatism on rifting that rapidly decayed to leave oceanic crustal thickness of 8 to 11 km. This pattern of melt production can be recreated by introducing an initial hot layer of asthenosphere beneath the continental lithosphere and by having a period of fast spreading during early opening. The hot layer was convected through the melt region giving a pulse of high magnesian and low silica melt during the early rifting process. The predicted major element composition of primary melts generated are in close agreement with primary melts from the Southeast Greenland margin. The observed variations in major element composition are reproduced without a mantle source composition anomaly.