大巴山前构造带油气苗分布及油气成藏特征

大巴山前构造带构造变形强烈,油气成藏过程复杂,勘探程度低。从地表油气显示分布特征分析入手,结合露头烃源岩与含烃流体包裹体资料,探讨了大巴山前构造带油气成藏演化过程。研究结果表明:大巴山前构造带油气成藏演化具有"递进变形、油气分带、差异成藏"的特征;大巴山前构造带的构造由北东向西南呈现多期递进变形特征,并相应控制了油气的分带性,其中冲断带主要分布油气苗,滑脱褶皱带见沥青与气藏;根据大巴山前构造带不同区带油气藏成藏时序与油气藏后期改造的差异性,总结出3种油气成藏类型,即破坏型、局部残存型和内部调整型,其中铁溪-万源滑脱褶皱带属于内部调整型,油气勘探潜力大。     

环青藏高原巨型盆山体系构造与塔里木盆地油气分布规律

中国中西部受控于喜山期青藏高原的隆升和向北、向东的推挤,在其外围形成一个巨型的盆山构造体系,环青藏高原巨型盆山体系主要由复活后的古造山带、前陆冲断带和小型克拉通盆地三个基本的构造单元组成,其中古生界小型克拉通与中新生界前陆冲断带是重要的含油气单元,它决定了中国中西部油气分布主要受古生界克拉通古隆起和中新生界前陆冲断带的控制。塔里木盆地在纵向上由发育齐全的下古生代碳酸盐岩、上古生代海相-海陆交互相碎屑岩沉积和中新生代陆相碎屑岩等构造层序叠置而成,在平面上以较稳定的小型克拉通为核心,边缘环绕库车、喀什、塔西南、塔东南等褶皱或冲断变形的前陆冲断带。塔里木盆地古生界小型克拉通盆地与中新生界前陆逆冲带叠合-复合的构造特征,以及演化的多阶段性,决定了这类盆地具有"多套烃源岩、多储盖组合、多含油气系统"的叠合-复合含油气系统的特点;油气分布受小型克拉通盆地中的古隆起控制,形成大面积岩性地层油气藏,前陆盆地中的冲断带构造控制形成背斜油气藏,具有多期成藏并存与晚期成藏为主的特点。     

中国前陆盆地油气富集规律

天然气的富集是中国前陆盆地的特点,煤系烃源岩发育是天然气富集的主要原因;中西部前陆盆地具有多期成藏的特征,构造多期叠合、古构造发育、多套烃源岩多期演化是油气多期成藏的主控因素;前陆盆地发育三套储盖组合和原源、它源两大套成藏体系,控制着油气纵向分布;前陆盆地不同构造带地质特征控制着油气区域分布规律,逆冲带、前缘隆起带油气藏主要分布于下部成藏体系,坳陷带油气藏主要分布于上部成藏体系;在逆冲山前带油藏被破坏形成油苗、沥青或残余油藏,在坳陷内的逆冲带和坳陷带主要聚集了成熟度相对较高的天然气,在斜坡带和前缘隆起带既聚集了早期形成的油（气）藏,又聚集了晚期成熟度相对较高的天然气。     

马来盆地成藏规律研究及有利区预测

马来盆地烃源岩包括湖相页岩和河流三角洲相煤、页岩.湖相烃源岩为盆地主力烃源岩，K组页岩是盆地中生烃潜力最好的烃源岩.盆地中部源岩通常都是过成熟，边缘大多处于生油窗或未成熟.中-晚中新世马来盆地发生构造反转，反转主要集中在盆地的东南部和中部，构造反转与油气成藏关系密切.盆地中央的反转强度比侧翼大，东南方向反转强度增加.马来盆地大致划分为4个成藏组合带：基底成藏组合带、下部成藏组合带、中部成藏组合带和上部成藏组合带.晚渐新世-中中新世构造成藏组合带为马来盆地内最重要的一个成藏组合带，其石油储量占整个盆地的85%，天然气占48%.盆地烃源岩经历多期生烃和混合生烃的过程，在盆地南部烃源岩生烃受到抑制.油气运移以横向运移为主，垂向运移为辅.油气藏分布主要受烃源岩成熟度和盆地形态的控制，呈现东南部和中部为油藏、北部为气藏的分布格局.将马来盆地划分为6个大勘探区域，其中东南挤压背斜区是马来盆地主力油气产区，石油储量占整个马来盆地的69%，天然气储量占62%.提出9个潜在有利目标区，其中3个为潜在勘探有利区，6个为新兴勘探区.     

马来盆地成藏规律研究及有利区预测

马来盆地烃源岩包括湖相页岩和河流三角洲相煤、页岩.湖相烃源岩为盆地主力烃源岩,K组页岩是盆地中生烃潜力最好的烃源岩.盆地中部源岩通常都是过成熟,边缘大多处于生油窗或未成熟.中-晚中新世马来盆地发生构造反转,反转主要集中在盆地的东南部和中部,构造反转与油气成藏关系密切.盆地中央的反转强度比侧翼大,东南方向反转强度增加.马来盆地大致划分为4个成藏组合带：基底成藏组合带、下部成藏组合带、中部成藏组合带和上部成藏组合带.晚渐新世-中中新世构造成藏组合带为马来盆地内最重要的一个成藏组合带,其石油储量占整个盆地的85%,天然气占48%.盆地烃源岩经历多期生烃和混合生烃的过程,在盆地南部烃源岩生烃受到抑制.油气运移以横向运移为主,垂向运移为辅.油气藏分布主要受烃源岩成熟度和盆地形态的控制,呈现东南部和中部为油藏、北部为气藏的分布格局.将马来盆地划分为6个大勘探区域,其中东南挤压背斜区是马来盆地主力油气产区,石油储量占整个马来盆地的69%,天然气储量占62%.提出9个潜在有利目标区,其中3个为潜在勘探有利区,6个为新兴勘探区.     

中国前陆冲断带油气勘探、理论与技术主要进展和展望

我国中西部地区发育有16个前陆冲断带,油气资源总体较为丰富。前陆冲断带在天然气加快发展中地位与作用重要,是近期勘探突破发现、增储上产的重要领域和补充。2011年以来前陆冲断带勘探获得塔里木盆地库车深层天然气及柴达木盆地西南缘石油两项重大突破、准噶尔盆地西北缘石油及四川盆地西北缘天然气两项重大进展、准噶尔盆地南缘及塔里木盆地西南缘和鄂尔多斯西缘油气3个重要苗头,进一步夯实了西气东输资源基础,推动了前陆盆地大油气区勘探进程。前陆冲断带地质研究在盆地原型恢复和晚期构造改造、深层结构刻画与构造解剖、储层演化与油气充注机制、断-盖控藏模式与油气有效聚集3-R评价方法、区域成藏特征与油气分布规律5个方面形成创新认识,发展了中西部前陆冲断带油气聚集理论。前陆冲断带勘探配套技术研发在复杂构造建模技术、复杂构造深度域地震成像技术、复杂油气藏综合评价技术、前陆深层钻完井和储层压裂改造技术4方面取得进展,推动了前陆核心技术形成和油气勘探发现。前陆冲断带近期勘探显示出较大增储潜力与挑战共存的局面。展望了前陆基础地质、油气勘探、勘探技术研究3方面特点与发展趋势,分析了近期勘探的3点启示与增储潜力,针对未来前陆冲断带在勘探生产、地质研究、配套技术上面临的挑战,提出了相应的4方面勘探研究对策与建议。     

吐哈盆地温吉桑-丘东地区油气成藏体系与聚集

本文从构造作用、热演化及流体压力孕育与油气运聚等成藏动力作用，探讨了温吉桑—丘东地区的成藏演化，并将其划分为两个油气成藏体系。第一成藏体系从早中侏罗世到老第三纪，尤以侏罗纪末至早白垩世为成藏活跃期；第二成藏体系从新第三纪到第四纪，其中上新世末至今为成藏活跃期。油气聚集以第一成藏体系为主。根据流体动力势场分析了该区油气成藏体系与聚集的关系，提出了油气成藏模式，指出温西、温吉桑油田主要形成于以油为主的第一成藏体系，米登油田为一个油、气并重的油气藏，丘东气田主要形成于第二成藏体系     

吐哈盆地温吉桑-丘东地区油气成藏体系与聚集

本文从构造作用、热演化及流体压力孕育与油气运聚等成藏动力作用，探讨了温吉桑-丘东地区的成藏演化，并将其划分为两个油气成藏体系。第一成藏体系从早中侏罗世到老第三纪，尤以侏罗纪末至早白垩世为成藏活跃期；第二成藏体系从新第三纪到第四纪，其中上新世末至今为成藏活跃期。油气聚集以第一成藏体系为主。根据流体动力势场分析了该区油气成藏体系与聚集的关系，提出了油气成藏模式，指出温西、温吉桑油田主要形成于以油为主的第一成藏体系，米登油田为一个油、气并重的油气藏，丘东气田主要形成于第二成藏体系.     

物理调整油气藏的类型与成藏机制研究——运用三维荧光定量研究塔里木盆地轮南三叠系油气藏调整机制

轮南隆起是塔里木盆地海相油气最为富集的复式含油气区,从奥陶系到白垩系均发现工业油气流,均来源于中-上奥陶统海相烃源岩。中生界砂岩是海相油气成藏系统的"末端",目前发现的油气均来自奥陶系油气藏的调整。其中,轮南地区三叠系油气藏油气性质复杂、相态多样,不同地区的油气调整期次和成藏过程均不一致。激光诱导三维荧光定量分析技术也可以分析古油水界面变化,在确定古油柱高度,反映油气水变迁等方面发挥重要作用。根据三维荧光定量研究,划分出垂向调整、侧向运移和油气混合三种调整类型:轮南断垒带三叠系仅发生一期油气充注,奥陶系油气发生垂向调整聚集成藏;中部平台区喜马拉雅山期三叠系地层发生翘倾,油气主要通过不整合发生侧向运移调整;晚期的构造运动不仅是油气调整的动力机制,而且构造高部位是早期油气调整和后期油气汇聚的有利区域。根据三种油气调整成藏模式的油气地质特征分析认为,垂向调整油气藏分布范围受断层断开层位和组合形式限制;侧向运移的油气沿不整合面和层状砂体调整距离较远,分布范围较广,在局部岩性或构造圈闭聚集成藏,但油气丰度较低;油气混合型调整油气藏形成于多期构造作用的叠加区,现今构造高部位有利于多期油气汇聚,形成油气性质复杂、相态多样的油气藏。     

四川盆地西北地区构造变形特征、演化及油气地质意义

近年来川西北山前坳陷地区中二叠统天然气勘探取得重大突破,激发了勘探工作者向更大区域和更多层系探索的愿望。为了给下一步油气勘探提供依据与参考,本文系统讨论了川西北南华纪以来的盆地性质、构造—沉积格局及油气成藏条件。川西北经历了南华纪—早古生代、晚古生代—三叠纪、侏罗纪—新生代3大演化阶段,现今构造格局受燕山期龙门山、米仓山造山带以及向盆地逆冲推覆形成的冲断系统控制。其中龙门山北段冲断系统总体表现为由造山带向盆地方向扩展的“前列式”构造变形,在盆山结合位置,深部构造楔向造山带方向消减了大部分位移,造成前渊坳陷部位构造变形急剧减弱。川西北燕山期前陆盆地之下保存了南华纪—中奥陶世和泥盆纪—中三叠世两期完整、连续的裂陷层序与被动大陆边缘层序,具有优越的油气成藏条件。中-晚侏罗世—早白垩世龙门山与米仓山急剧隆升并向盆地大规模推覆,造成前渊坳陷内的海相层系急速埋藏增温,进入成藏高峰。由于山前冲断带自中-晚侏罗世（～160 Ma）以来处于抬升和剥蚀状态,而前渊坳陷始终处于埋藏状态,油气保存条件要优于山前冲断带,因此是深层—超深层油气勘探的重点地区。     

Hydrodynamic Evolution and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Dabashan Foreland Thrust Belt,China

There are two plays in the Dabashan foreland tectonic belt: the upper and the lower plays. The lower play experienced one sedimentary hydrodynamic stage, two burial hydrodynamic stages, two tectonic hydrodynamic stages and two infiltration hydrodynamic stages from the Sinian to the Cenozoic, while the upper play had one sedimentary hydrodynamic stage, one burial hydrodynamic stage, two tectonic hydrodynamic stages and one infiltration hydrodynamic stage from the Permian to the Cenozoic. Extensive flows of both sedimentary water, including hydrocarbons, and deep mantle fluid occurred in the Chengkou faults during collision orogeny in the Middle-Late Triassic Indosinian orogeny, and fluid flow was complicated during intracontinental orogeny in the Middle-Late Jurassic. In addition to these movements, infiltration and movement of meteoric water took place in the Chengkou faults, whereas in the covering-strata decollement tectonic belt, extensive sedimentary water flow (including hydrocarbons) occurred mainly in the Zhenba and Pingba faults. During the stage of rapid uplift and exhumation from the Cretaceous to the Cenozoic, the fluid flow was characterized mainly by infiltration of meteoric water and gravity-induced flow caused by altitude difference, whereas sedimentary water flow caused by tectonic processes was relatively less significant. Sedimentary water flow was more significant to the lower play in hydrocarbon migration and accumulation during collision orogeny in the Middle-Late Triassic Indosinian orogeny, but its influence is relatively slight on the upper play. On one hand, hydrodynamics during intracontinental orogeny in the Middle-Late Jurassic adjusted, reformed or oven destroyed oil reservoirs in the lower play; on the other hand, it drove large amounts of hydrocarbons to migrate laterally and vertically and is favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. Infiltration hydrodynamics mainly adjusted and destroyed oil reservoirs from the Cretaceous to the Cenozoic.     

Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Fluid Inclusions and Their Significance for Evolution of Petroleum Systems in the Dabashan Foreland, Central China

Field investigation combined with detailed petrographic observation indicate that abundant oil,gas,and solid bitumen inclusions were entrapped in veins and cements of sedimentary rocks in the Dabashan foreland,which were used to reconstruct the oil and gas migration history in the context of tectonic evolution.Three stages of veins were recognized and related to the collision between the North China block and the Yangtze block during the Indosinian orogeny from Late Triassic to Early Jurassic(Dl),the southwest thrusting of the Qinling orogenic belt towards the Sichuan basin during the Yanshanian orogeny from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous(D2),and extensional tectonics during Late Cretaceous to Paleogene(D3),respectively.The occurrences of hydrocarbon inclusions in these veins and their homogenization temperatures suggest that oil was generated in the early stage of tectonic evolution,and gas was generated later,whereas solid bitumen was the result of pyrolysis of previously accumulated hydrocarbons.Three stages of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions were also identified in cements of carbonates and sandstones of gas beds in the Dabashan foreland belt and the Dabashan foreland depression(northeastern Sichuan basin),which recorded oil/gas formation,migration,accumulation and destruction of paleo-reservoirs during the D2.Isotopic analysis of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions contained in vein minerals shows that δ~(13)C_1 of gas in fluid inclusions ranges from-17.0‰ to-30.4‰(PDB) and δD from-107.7‰ to-156.7‰(SMOW),which indicates that the gas captured in the veins was migrated natural gas which may be correlated with gas from the gas-fields in northern Sichuan basin.Organic geochemical comparison between bitumen and potential source rocks indicates that the Lower Cambrian black shale and the Lower Permian black limestone were the most possible source rocks of the bitumen.Combined with tectonic evolution history of the Dabashan foreland,the results of this study suggest that oil was generated from the Paleozoic source rocks in the Dabashan area under normal burial thermal conditions before Indosinian tectonics and accumulated to form paleo-reservoirs during Indosinian collision between the North China block and the Yangtz block.The paleo-reservoirs were destroyed during the Yanshanian tectonic movement when the Dabashan foreland was formed.At the same time,oil in the paleo-reservoirs in the Dabashan foreland depression was pyrolyzed to transform to dry gas and the residues became solid bitumen.     

扬子北缘晚造山阶段弧形构造特征与盆地演化

扬子北缘晚造山阶段(即晚侏罗世—晚白垩世)发育以弧形构造为特征的前陆薄皮逆冲—褶皱构造,包括了沿秦岭—大别造山带发育的北西向的大洪山和大巴山弧形带,以及沿江南—雪峰造山带发育的北东向的川东—湘鄂西弧形带。详细的构造解析、盆地沉积及物源特征综合分析表明,弧形构造不仅将早期的前陆序列卷入变形,并且控制了晚侏罗世—晚白垩世的盆地演化和古地理格局。总结扬子北缘晚造山阶段的盆山演化特征,可以将其划分为3个阶段:(1)晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期,大洪山和大巴山弧形带的发育控制了四川盆地东北部及秭归盆地上侏罗统蓬莱镇组的沉积,川东—湘鄂西弧形带限制了盆地的东南边界,加之位于四川盆地西部的龙门山逆冲带,三面围限构成具前渊沉降的克拉通内盆地或称为“墙围盆地”(walled sedimentary basin);(2)早白垩世中期—早白垩世晚期,大洪山和大巴山弧形带的逆冲构造变形逐渐减弱,而川东—湘鄂西弧形带继续向北西扩展,构造线呈北东向展布,在弧形带前缘的宜昌地区形成沉积中心,并覆盖了现今的黄陵背斜;(3)晚白垩世,川东—湘鄂西弧形带继续向北西推进,构造线呈北北东向展布,弧形带北翼的黄陵背斜初始隆起,沉积中心分别位于北翼宜昌地区及南翼习水地区。与此同时,在弧形带内部薄皮构造的向斜部位形成楔顶沉积,发育如恩施盆地、黔江盆地、来凤盆地等一系列规模较小的背驼式盆地。     

大巴山晚中生代陆内造山构造应力场

位于中上扬子板块北缘的大巴山造山带, 平面上表现为大尺度向南西显著突出的弧形带, 无论在变形样式和形成时间上都明显与秦岭造山带不同。在大巴山构造格架划分和野外构造变形观测基础上, 通过构造解析, 结合年代学研究成果, 重建了大巴山晚中生代独特的构造应力场, 指出大巴山属陆内造山, 形成于J2末, 并持续到K2初期。其构造应力场特征, 以城口－房县断裂为界, 大巴山逆冲推覆带与其前陆冲断褶皱带的特征显著不同。大巴山逆冲推覆带主要表现为NE-SW向构造挤压, 而在大巴山弧形前陆带从西向东, 由近E-W向挤压, 转变为NE-SW向挤压, 最后转变为近S-N向挤压, 构成一向其外缘扩散的放射状构造应力场。总之, 大巴山造山带由推覆体向前陆, 构造挤压作用由北东向南西方向扩散。这期构造挤压作用控制了大巴山造山带陆内变形活动, 导致大巴山由北东向南西的显著缩短, 同时受到其东西两侧基底隆起——神农架－黄陵地块与汉南地块的强烈阻挡, 造就了现今的大巴山前陆弧型构造。其动力学背景可归因于晚中生代东亚板块多向汇聚。大巴山晚中生代陆内造山构造应力场的研究, 对探讨秦岭造山带动力学特征具有科学意义, 为研究川东北油气运聚规律提供了构造地质学依据。     

北大巴山凤凰山基底隆起晚中生代构造隆升历史

对采自于北大巴山凤凰山基底隆起8个样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年代学分析和热历史模拟表明,凤凰山基底隆起陆内造山运动结束后的隆升历史大致可以划分为2个阶段：早白垩世中晚期（135±5～95±5 Ma）缓慢隆升,晚白垩世（95±5～65±5 Ma）快速隆升。大巴山北缘韧性剪切带黑云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄证实大巴山北缘中晚侏罗世（165.7±1.9 Ma～161.2 Ma）存在快速隆升剥蚀,其与大巴山强烈陆内造山作用阶段有关; 早白垩世中晚期缓慢隆升代表了陆内造山结束后的稳定阶段; 晚白垩世快速隆升为一次区域性隆升事件,在秦岭、大别和武当等地区均有反映,隆升过程中伴随着强烈的伸展垮塌作用,沿秦岭造山带发育一系列伸展断陷盆地。区域对比分析表明,凤凰山基底隆起隆升历史与黄陵、汉南地块接近,但与武当地块存在明显区别,反映了秦岭造山带的不均一隆升过程。南大巴山前陆带1个样品的热史模拟结果显示,南大巴山前陆带自早白垩世以来与凤凰山基底隆起经历了一致的隆升过程。     

南美玻利维亚重点盆地油气地质特征和勘探潜力评价

基于对玻利维亚区域构造演化与沉积充填特征的分析,研究盆地烃源岩、储集层及盖层等油气成藏地质条件的差异,分析盆地勘探潜力。玻利维亚境内发育查科、贝尼和马德雷德迪奥斯等3个重点盆地,均是在前寒武系基底基础上发育起来的叠合盆地,盆内依次充填了古生代克拉通边缘海相沉积层序、三叠纪-白垩纪裂谷期海相-海陆过渡沉积层序和晚白垩世至今前陆陆相沉积层序。油气成藏地质条件综合对比分析认为,3个盆地均发育泥盆系主力烃源岩,储集层以泥盆系-石炭系和白垩系砂岩为主,发育古生界泥岩和碳酸盐岩及古近系泥岩等多套区域盖层。成熟烃源岩主要分布在冲断带和前渊区,油气必须通过垂向和侧向运移才能聚集成藏,具有晚期生烃、晚期成藏的特点。马德雷德迪奥斯盆地前渊-斜坡带低幅构造圈闭和地层圈闭、查科盆地和贝尼盆地逆冲褶皱带构造圈闭是主要的勘探目标。     

四川海相原型盆地的建设与改造

我们把沉积盆地的演化分为建设期和改造期两大阶段,并提出原型盆地恢复的两项主要任务为:重塑盆地建设期的种种特征(包括盆地边界、沉积环境、大地构造背景等)和研究盆地改造期的构造演化特征.对四川海相原型盆地原始边界的地震层析成像研究表明,其结晶基底的北界位于秦岭-大别山造山带下,西北界在松潘-甘孜造山带下,西界和西南界大致与...     

三塘湖盆地构造演化与油气聚集

三塘湖盆地处于西伯利亚板块南缘,早石炭世晚期,盆地褶皱基底形成;晚石炭世早期,总体处于碰撞期后伸展构造环境;晚石炭世晚期,洋壳消亡,断陷收缩与整体抬升,形成剥蚀不整合.早二叠世,进入陆内前陆盆地演化阶段;中二叠世,盆地进入推覆体前缘前陆盆地发育期;晚二叠世,构造褶皱回返,前陆盆地消失;三叠纪晚期至侏罗纪中期,进入统一坳...     

Formation of Natural Bitumen and its Implication for Oil/gas Prospect in Dabashan Foreland

Natural bitumen is the evolutionary residue of hydrocarbon of sedimentary organic matter. Several kinds of bitumen with different occurrences, including bitumen in source rock, migration bitumen filled in fault, oil-bed bitumen and paleo-reservoir bitumen, are distributed widely in the Dabashan foreland. These kinds of bitumen represent the process of oil/gas formation, migration and accumulation in the region. Bitumen in source rock filled in fractures and stylolite and experienced deformation simultaneously together with source rock themselves. It indicated that oil/gas generation and expelling from source rock occurred under normal buried thermal conditions during prototype basin evolution stages prior to orogeny. Occurrences of bitumen in source rock indicated that paleo-reservoir formation conditions existed in the Dabashan foreland. Migration bitumen being widespread in the fault revealed that the fault was the main channel for oil/gas migration, which occurred synchronously with Jurassic foreland deformation. Oil-bed bitumen was the kind of pyrolysis bitumen that distributed in solution pores of reservoir rock in the Dabashan foreland depression, the northeastern Sichuan Basin. Geochemistry of oil-bed bitumen indicated that natural gas that accumulated in the Dabashan foreland depression formed from liquid hydrocarbon by pyrolysis process. However, paleo-reservior bitumen in the Dabashan forleland was the kind of degradation bitumen that formed from liquid hydrocarbon within the paleo-reservior by oxidation, alteration and other secondary changes due to paleo-reservior damage during tectonics in the Dabashan foreland. In combination with the tectonic evolution of the Dabashan foreland, it is proposed that the oil/gas generated, migrated and accumulated to form the paleo-reservoir during the Triassic Indosinian tectonic movement. Jurassic collision orogeny, the Yanshan tectonic movement, led to intracontinental orogeny of the Dabashan area accompanied by geofluid expelling and paleo-reservoir damage in the Dabashan foreland. The present work proposed that there is liquid hydrocarbon exploration potential in the Dabashan foreland, while there are prospects for the existence of natural gas in the Dabashan foreland depression.