日本南海海沟地震灾害预测概述

以日本南海海沟地震为例,介绍了日本对该次地震发生概率的研究,展示了日本南海海沟地震引发的地震动灾害、海啸灾害及其他方面灾害评估的方法和结果,为合理应对日本南海海沟地震以达到防震减灾目的奠定了基础。     

日本设立"受灾住宅等损失认定标准研究委员会"

日本目前使用的灾害损失认定标准是1968年6月统一制定的.经历了30多年之后,有人提出,最近受灾住宅等的损失认定与现状不符.住宅全损*半损等损失的认定,是灾害救助法和灾民生活重建援建助法的适用标准,与受灾者援助对策有很大关系.     

日本重视防止地震二次灾害

应日本株式会社生方制作所和大北技术贸易株式会社的邀请 ,中国地震局地壳应力研究所副所长谢富仁等一行 4人于 7月 3 1日至 8月 6日赴日本进行了为期 7天的考察。考察期间 ,代表团先后访问了株式会社生方制作所(名古屋 )、松下电器产业株式会社住宅电器事业部 (奈良 )和大北技术贸易株式会社 (东京 ) ,主要考察和了解日本防止地震二次灾害的法规与管理情况 ,以及防止地震二次灾害的技术和产品。现将有关情况概述如下。1　日本防止地震二次灾害的法规与管理　　日本政府对防止地震二次灾害极为重视 ,针对地震时易发生严重二次灾害的燃气、电…     

1970年云南通海地震损失、救灾、重建史实与数据的再分析

1970年云南通海大地震是1949年建国以来死亡人数仅次于唐山与汶川地震的地震。由于发生在特定的历史时期,社会及媒体对地震的历史情况产生了质疑,提出了一些看法,本文针对质疑的灾害损失、救灾力度和恢复重建及相关问题,从文献、档案资料、统计数据进行调查分析,试图得出符合历史情况的结果。     

云南震害损失评估与恢复重建规划主要技术指标

以2011年3月10日云南盈江5.8级等4组5次地震为主要对象,深入分析灾害损失评估和恢复重建规划编制涉及的地震烈度调查与恢复重建范围,失去住所人数与灾后过渡性安置人数,以及民房、教育、卫生、市政、电力、通信、水利等破坏与恢复重建的规模,探讨了相互间的关系,并提出建议,对科学客观合理评估地震直接灾害损失和恢复重建规划具有一定的参考价值。     

丁国瑜来疆指导工作

国家地震局科学顾问、中国科学院学部委员丁国瑜同志在考察了伊犁地区地震地质之后,应邀于1993年9月15日出席了与新疆地震局科技人员的座谈会。会上他介绍了1993年日本北海道8级地震情况,在分析了震前小震及无前兆显示状况后,指出目前地震预报处于粘滞状态,基础研究的水平决定地震预报水平。现在国际上对灾害与环境的研究为热点,日本投资1     

我国减灾救灾立法模式选择与推进路径研究

我国减灾救灾法制建设以采取母子法模式为宜,尽早制定"减灾救灾基本法",用以指导和规范防灾减灾、备灾、救灾及灾后重建等环节的立法。在此基础上,以制定《防灾减灾法》为依托完善防灾减灾法律制度,以灾害准备金立法为重心完善备灾法律制度,以《自然灾害救助条例》为依托完善救灾法律制度,以《汶川地震灾后恢复重建条例》为基础完善灾后恢复重建法律制度,同时推进减灾救灾团体及人员奖惩保障立法,最终实现减灾救灾的法治化目标。     

松潘小河地区地震山地灾害研究

本文本能１９７６年松潘、平武７．２级地震诱发的山地灾害的实地跟踪调查，着重对松潘小河地区地震前后山地灾害进行了对比分析，并就该地区地震山地灾害的类型、特点、成因及发展趋势进行了较深入的研究。针对山地灾害爆发突然、成灾迅速、分布方泛、危害严重的特点，提出灾时的应急措施及长、中期防御与重建对策和建议。     

Sabo works在日本的发展和应用

泥石流、滑坡等自然灾害的发生往往都造成人民生命财产和社会经济的巨大损失,严重危害着人类的生活,影响到社会、经济以及自然环境的持续发展。如何预防和降低这类灾害的损失,是人类社会,尤其是发展中国家面临的巨大问题。中国也是深受泥石流、滑坡等灾害影响严重的国家之一。2008年5月12日的汶川地震引发滑坡、崩塌众多,凸现了对这类灾害进行治理的紧迫性和必要性。文中通过介绍日本Sabo works的发展和目前应用情况,为中国泥石流、滑坡等灾害的防治工作提供有益借鉴     

青海玉树7.1级地震房屋建筑震害调查和分析

2010年4月14日青海玉树7.1级地震灾害严重,给当地居民造成了巨大的损失。房屋破坏是造成人员伤亡和巨大财产损失的主要因素,通过现场调查给出房屋建筑震害情况,分析了房屋建筑的震害特征,提出了地震灾区恢复重建建议。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the use of the autocorrelation method for estimating the depth to the magnetic basement

The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4.     

固体潮的地震预测研究与地球动力学研究之分析比较

本文分析了现行固体潮地震研究中的历史影响,对比研究了固体潮地震预测研究和固体潮地球动力学研究二者在振动频率、振动源体积、传输距离与介质等方面的地球物理特点与本质区别,强调了固体潮地震预测研究中最根本的工作是建立地震预测的目标和基本概念.     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Macrobenthic communities of the Pechora Sea: the past and the present on the threshhold of the prirazlomnoye oil-field exploitation

On data of bottom sampling, carried out by means of grab, trawl and underwater photography in August–September of 1993 in the area of the Pechora Sea, quantitative regularities of macrobenthos distribution are described for the ecological monitoring purposes. Maps of -biodiversity and biomass indices, bottom communities and trophic zones, singled out by dominant method, are presented. Assessment of structure changes of the investigated area bottom communities during the last 60–70 years is fulfilled. It is shown that the described communities on the whole are of natural undisturbed character and that the revealed changes are within the natural fluctuations in the abundance of benthic populations or may be interpreted in terms of methodical differences in the data analysis and generalization by different authors.     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

环太平洋俯冲带内双地震带及其成因机制研究进展

俯冲带作为地球最为庞大的循环系统的重要组成部分,已成为地球科学的研究热点之一.很多俯冲带,特别是环太平洋俯冲带内的中深源地震,在空间上呈明显的分层分布,并且各层地震具有不同的震源机制,即所谓的双地震带现象.本文简要介绍了环太平洋双地震带形态特征与震源机制的空间分布,并回顾了双地震带的几种成因模型.根据形态特征和震源机制的差异,中源深度的双地震带可以分为两类,其中,一类双地震带对应上、下二层分别为压缩和张性的地震分布;另一类双地震带的震源分布较浅,且其浅部地震以横向压缩为主.此外,日本本州东北俯冲带的地震分布可能是由三层地震带组成的,而且汤加、伊豆-小笠原地区还发现深源深度的双地震带.通过对双地震带的形态特征以及其热力学条件的研究,人们从抗弯作用、脱水脆化、相变断层等多方面,尝试建立解释双地震带成因的模型.目前,大多数研究利用数值计算结果,结合蛇纹石脱水脆化、相变断层模型,能够不同程度地分别解释中源和深源双地震带成因.不过,这些模型几乎相互独立,并不能同时解释中源和深源双地震带.有人试图尝试用统一模型解释中深源地震成因,例如,先前存在的断层模型,不过该模型还不很具有说服力.也可能是多种因素的联合作用,共同影响着俯冲板内的温度场、应力场分布.