铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻对不同形态有机磷的利用及其生长

本研究探索了铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)在单藻批式培养条件下对三种不同形态的可溶性有机磷化合物:1-磷酸-葡萄糖,环磷酸腺苷(c-AMP)和三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的利用及其生长.结果表明铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻能够利用这三种有机磷源进行生长.铜绿微囊藻对三种不同形态有机磷源的利用效率由高到低依次是:1-磷酸-葡萄糖,ATP和c-AMP,尤其是对磷酸单酯类磷源——1-磷酸-葡萄糖有极高的利用效率,在该磷源培养条件下微囊藻最大藻浓度能达到正磷酸盐培养条件下的最大藻浓度.小球藻对1-磷酸-葡萄糖和ATP的利用率略高于c-AMP.总体上铜绿微囊藻对这三种有机磷源的利用能力要高于小球藻.碱性磷酸酶与藻利用有机磷的能力有重要的关系,藻对有机磷的利用能力随着胞内酶活的增加而增强.随着富营养化程度的加剧,水体中可溶性有机磷在总磷中的比例也不断升高,铜绿微囊藻对可溶性有机磷的较强利用能力,可能促使其成为富营养化水体中优势种的原因之一.     

温度波动对浮游藻类生长及多糖组成的影响

以铜绿微囊藻、蛋白核小球藻及梅尼小环藻为研究对象,分析了春季藻类演替期间主要门类藻对温度波动的响应,实验在恒温(20℃)和昼夜波动(20±5℃)2种温度模式下测定了3种藻的生长和不同形态多糖含量的变化.结果表明,蛋白核小球藻的生长曲线在不同处理条件下没有显著性差异,铜绿微囊藻和梅尼小环藻的生长曲线在波动温度组显著低于恒定温度组,而且温度波动对梅尼小环藻的生长抑制明显强于铜绿微囊藻.随着实验的进行,3种藻在2个温度处理组中的生长速率逐渐趋近,无显著差异,但是在实验中段3种藻的生长速率对2个温度处理的响应差异显著,其中温度波动对蛋白核小球藻的生长速率起到了显著的抑制作用,对梅尼小环藻起到短暂的显著抑制作用,而对铜绿微囊藻的生长速率无显著性影响,表明铜绿微囊藻对短期(3~6 d)的温度波动表现出较强的适应能力.铜绿微囊藻的游离多糖含量在温度波动条件下显著增加,而固着多糖和总多糖的含量显著减少;蛋白核小球藻和梅尼小环藻多糖的含量没有显著性变化,表明温度波动可能不利于铜绿微囊藻固着多糖的积累.因此,相对短期的温度波动有利于铜绿微囊藻生长优势的确立与维持,而相对长期的温度波动可能会通过影响铜绿微囊藻固着多糖的积累而影响其生长优势的维持.     

铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)与三种丝状蓝藻间的相互作用

研究了单细胞铜绿微囊藻和三种丝状蓝藻（水华束丝藻、水华鱼腥藻及土生席藻）间的相互作用,包括以下两个方面的内容：①铜绿微囊藻细胞滤出液对水华束丝藻、水华鱼腥藻及土生席藻生长的影响;②水华束丝藻、水华鱼腥藻及土生席藻细胞滤出液对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响．研究发现,当滤出液浓度为60％（滤出液与BG11的体积比为3：2）时,铜绿微囊藻细胞滤出液对水华束丝藻、水华鱼腥藻的生长有显著促进效果,尤其对水华束丝藻的作用更加明显;对土生席藻的生长却起着微弱的抑制作用,仅表现于100％细胞滤出液中．对铜绿微囊藻而言,土生席藻细胞滤出液对其的生长起着显著抑制作用,浓度越高、抑制作用越强;而水华束丝藻、水华鱼腥藻仅在100％细胞滤出液中才表现出微弱的抑制作用．为验证营养盐浓度差异是否影响滤出液的作用效果,进行了无机营养盐（NO3-N、NH4^＋-N、PO4-P）干扰的消除试验．结果表明,无机营养盐（（NO3-N、NH4^＋-N、PO4-P）的改变并不影响滤出液的作用效果,从而我们推测水华蓝藻之间存在着化感作用．本研究为解释自然水体中藻类种群演替的原因,深入认识水华蓝藻的动力学机制提供了新的实验证据．     

浮游绿藻对沉水植物苦草生长的抑制作用

水体中氧化还原电位的变化会对藻类生长和竞争产生直接或间接的影响.本文采用单种培养和混合培养的方式,研究了在铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)与斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)竞争生长过程中氧化还原电位降低对铜绿微囊藻优势形成的影响,同时测定了铜绿微囊藻生理和形态的变化.结果表明:在单种培养条件下,铜绿微囊藻的生长速率明显高于栅藻,降低氧化还原电位对两种藻的生长速率没有影响;在混合培养条件下,两种藻的生长均受到了抑制,但降低氧化还原电位却明显提高了铜绿微囊藻的生长速率,而降低了斜生栅藻的生长速率,说明铜绿微囊藻的竞争能力得到了加强,斜生栅藻的竞争能力有所削弱;同时试验也发现在竞争生长的条件下,培养基氧化还原电位的降低诱导了铜绿微囊藻细胞体积变大,酯酶活性增强以及叶绿素荧光强度增加,这些生理参数的改变可能是铜绿微囊藻在环境中氧化还原电位降低时竞争能力得以增强的重要原因.     

水体氮、磷营养盐水平对蓝藻优势形成的影响

以江苏省南京市富营养化程度不同的清溪、护城河、玄武湖、月牙湖、琵琶湖和前湖为研究对象,调查各水体浮游植物的群落特征和优势种,并结合藻类生长潜力试验,探究不同氮、磷营养水平的自然水体对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）生长与竞争的影响.野外调查发现不同营养水平水体浮游植物优势种不同,按水体富营养化程度从高到底依次以绿藻、蓝藻、硅藻和隐藻分别占优势.单一藻种培养时,铜绿微囊藻在清溪、护城河和玄武湖水体中生长均较好,而斜生栅藻仅在高氮、磷浓度的清溪和护城河水体中有较大生长量,说明斜生栅藻对氮、磷的需求高于铜绿微囊藻;两种藻共培养时,清溪水体中斜生栅藻占优势,护城河和玄武湖水体中铜绿微囊藻占优势,但其他水体中两种藻均不能生长,说明氮、磷浓度过高或过低都不利于蓝藻形成优势.对低营养水平的玄武湖、琵琶湖、月牙湖和前湖水体进行氮、磷加富后,两种藻均能较好地生长,且各组没有显著差异,说明藻类在这些水体中生长受到氮、磷的限制,氮、磷浓度升高会增加水华发生的风险.本研究将野外调查和藻类生长潜力实验相结合,深入探究了蓝藻优势形成与水体氮、磷营养水平的关系,揭示了蓝藻水华是湖泊富营养化发展到特定阶段的产物,水体氮、磷浓度过高或过低均不易产生蓝藻优势.     

短钝溞（Daphnia obtusa Kurz)在碳酸盐型水体中的移植驯化与培养

从西太湖梅梁湾分离出野生水华微囊藻,得到水华微囊藻在半固体培养基上的纯藻株。研究太湖水华微囊藻在室内不同氮,磷浓度下的生长特征,发现在氮浓度在１７ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１,磷逍度为１．７ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１左右进,微囊藻日增长率最大。比较自然状态和室内培养条件下微囊藻的生长情况,可知野生微囊藻一般能形成较大的群体,室内液体培养基的营养盐浓度远高于野外,却难以得到大群体微微藻,从此实验结果来看,营养盐浓度与微囊藻在     

不同藻类对温度与磷叠加作用的响应模式

气候变暖对富营养化引起的蓝藻水华扩张具有叠加作用,为探索不同藻类对气候变暖与富营养化叠加作用的响应模式,选用富营养化水体常见藻类铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)作为材料,采用室内培养方法,模拟春末不同升温幅度(20+3、23+3和20+6℃),5个磷浓度水平(0、0.05、0.15、0.30和0.50 mg/L),通过生长速率、光化学参数等的测定,分析不同藻类对温度升高和营养盐添加的生长与光化学响应.结果表明:3种藻的生长速率对温度和磷的叠加作用呈现不同的响应模式:随着磷浓度的升高,铜绿微囊藻的生长速率受温度的叠加作用不断增加,26℃时差异最大;水华鱼腥藻生长速率除在0.30 mg/L磷浓度时受温度叠加作用比较明显外,其他磷浓度水平均没有显著的叠加效应;斜生栅藻在不同磷浓度水平下受温度叠加作用影响有较大波动,但无明显差异.铜绿微囊藻对温度的叠加作用随着磷浓度的增加呈现逻辑斯蒂模式增长,而水华鱼腥藻和斜生栅藻均是在特定温度或特定营养盐浓度时呈现最大的叠加作用,叠加作用的趋势不明显.从Fv/Fm结果可知,铜绿微囊藻下降幅度明显高于水华鱼腥藻和斜生栅藻,随温度升高,磷浓度越高,铜绿微囊藻的Fv/Fm下降幅度越大,这可能是铜绿微囊藻在高生长速率下色素无法积累所致;水华鱼腥藻的Fv/Fm基本保持稳定,各组间差异较小;斜生栅藻的Fv/Fm在低磷浓度组明显低于高磷浓度组,并且随温度升高下降趋势增加,3种藻的光学特性响应反映了藻类在叠加作用下生长的变化.综上所述,铜绿微囊藻对温度上升与磷浓度的升高有更强的响应,导致其产生更高的生长速率,从而促进了蓝藻水华的扩张.     

一株自太湖微囊藻上分离到的细菌的生长及磷代谢

磷是引起湖泊水华爆发的关键元素,微囊藻（Ｍｉｃｒｏｃｙｓｔｉｓ）是太湖水华的主要藻种,为了研究磷在湖泊水体低级食物链（细菌、浮游动植物等）中的代谢,以一株自太湖微囊藻上分离的假单胞菌（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｓｐ．）Ｘ菌株为试验菌,研究了磷形态及生长因子对其生长的影响,结果表明无机磷浓度对Ｘ菌生长的影响不大,而ＡＴＰ对Ｘ菌的生长有抑制作用;在含有无机磷和有机磷的培养基中,Ｘ菌优先利用无机磷盐,Ｘ菌     

有毒铜绿微囊藻对鱼和溞的毒性

用有毒铜绿微囊藻细胞及其从毒细胞中提取的毒素喂养和腹腔注射鱼类，结果表明：（1）微囊藻毒素MCYST－LR对所有实验过的鱼有毒害作用（LD_(50)为110－500μg／kg）．注射毒素24h后，鱼肝电镜超微结构观察均表现出肝损伤．（2）在受控条件下，当用有毒铜绿微囊藻作为食物喂养日鲢和罗非鱼时，鱼类能在以毒藻为唯一食物的环境中生活20d以上．白鲢和罗非鱼粪便的毒性比喂食藻类的毒性分别降低约2—4．5倍，其肝的超微结构现察仍有轻度损伤．（3）在培养液中加入15μg／mLMCYST－LR和用实验室纯培养的铜绿微囊藻作为食物培养枝角类时，均可使它们在48h死亡．以无毒微囊藻培养时则生长不良亦不怀卵，表明它不是枝角类合适的食物．     

利用流式细胞仪研究温度对两种藻竞争的影响

为研究温度对微囊藻优势形成的影响,本试验利用流式细胞仪研究了不同温度时铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aerugi- nosa)与蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)间的竞争关系,在单独培养和混合培养条件下分别对两种藻细胞密度比值和细胞内叶绿素a(Chla)荧光强度进行了测定．结果表明在本试验条件下,随着温度的升高(18℃,25℃和32℃),混合培养组中微囊藻优势逐渐明显,小球藻Chla荧光强度随着温度的升高而升高,微囊藻Chla荧光强度随着温度的升高却有所降低．说明在光照适宜、高营养盐的水体中,较高的温度对铜绿微囊藻成为优势种具有明显的促进作用,进而影响着微囊藻水华的形成．     

Petrogenesis and significance of early Yanshanian syenite-granite complex in eastern Nanling Range

According to the statistics for granitoid distribution map of 1/2000000 Nanling region[1], the granitoids in the Nanling region sum up an area of more than 170000 km2, occupying about one fifth of the entire Nanling region. Granitoid rocks in the Nanlingregion are mainly composed of monzogranites (occu- pying more than 84%), granodiorites (about 11%) and syenogranites (about 3%)[2]. There also exists a small amount of syenites (0.12%) with a sum area of about 94 km2[2]. However, nearly half …     

Salt weathering: influence of evaporation rate,supersaturation and crystallization pattern

Micro- and macroscale experiments which document the dynamics of salt damage to porous stone have yielded data which expose weaknesses in earlier interpretations. Previously unexplained differences are found in crystal morphology, crystallization patterns, kinetics and substrate damage when comparing the growth of mirabilite (Na₂SO₄. 10H₂O) and thenardite (Na₂SO₄) versus halite (NaCl). The crystallization pattern of sodium sulphate was strongly affected by relative humidity (RH), while a lesser RH effect was observed for sodium chloride. Macroscale experiments confirmed that mirabilite (crystallizing at RH > 50 per cent) and thenardite (crystallizing at RH < 50 per cent) tend to form subflorescence in highly localized areas under conditions of constant RH and temperature. This crystallization pattern was more damaging than that of halite, since halite tended to grow as efflorescence or by filling the smallest pores of the stone in a homogeneous fashion, a result which contradicts Wellman and Wilson's theoretical model of salt damage. Low RH promoted rapid evaporation of saline solutions and higher supersaturation levels, resulting in the greatest damage to the stone in the case of both sodium sulphate and sodium chloride crystallization. At any particular crystallization condition, sodium chloride tended to reach lower supersaturation levels (resulting in the crystallization of isometric crystals) and created negligible damage, while sodium sulphate reached higher supersaturation ratios (resulting in non-equilibrium crystal shapes), resulting in significant damage. ESEM showed no damage from sodium sulphate due to hydration. Instead, after water condensation on thenardite crystals, rapid dissolution followed by precipitation of mirabilite took place, resulting in stone damage by means of crystallization pressure generation. It is concluded that salt damage due to crystallization pressure appears to be largely a function of solution supersaturation ratio and location of crystallization. These key factors are related to solution properties and evaporation rates, which are constrained by solution composition, environmental conditions, substrate properties, and salt crystallization growth patterns. When combined with a critical review of salt damage literature, these experiments allow the development of a model which explains variations in damage related to combinations of different salts, substrates and environmental conditions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏湖泊水体中主要离子分布特征及其对区域气候变化的响应

于2009 2010年对西藏34个湖泊表层水体进行采样和水质参数测量,测试不同湖泊水体主要离子浓度,分析其分布特征和对区域气候变化的响应.研究表明,不同湖泊水体的主要离子浓度及其水质参数存在差异,西藏大部分湖泊离子浓度高于全国甚至全球湖泊平均水平.湖泊的水化学类型主要为氯化物型,少部分是硫酸盐型.西藏湖泊受强烈蒸发作用的影响,水化学类型从东南到西北依次为碳酸盐型-硫酸钠型-硫酸钾型-氯化物型.对比1990s前的研究发现,大部分湖泊水体的主要离子浓度较上世纪有所降低,且部分湖泊水化学类型也发生了变化,该变化反映了过去几十年来西藏湖泊水化学对区域气候变化的响应.     

Laboratory simulation of rock weathering by salt crystallization and hydration processes in hot,arid environments

The results of a series of experiments are reported in this paper which were designed to differentiate between the forces of crystal growth and hydration in salt weathering, using a single salt-hydrate system (sodium sulphate), five contrasting rock types, and several diurnal temperature-relative humidity cycles which permitted or inhibited these processes and simulated ground surface climates in hot, arid environments. It was shown that hydration of sodium sulphate is an effective mechanism of rock disintegration but that it is significantly less destructive than crystal growth pressure. Crystallization of thenardite (Na₂SO₄) is, in turn, more effective in rock weathering than the crystal growth of mirabilite (Na₂SO₄.10H₂O). In general, rates of disintegration were most rapid where the diurnal temperature range was extreme and relative humidity lowest.     

Origin and chemical and isotopic evolution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in groundwater of the Okavango Delta,Botswana

The origin and the chemical and isotopic evolution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in groundwater of the Okavango Delta in semi-arid Botswana were investigated using DIC and major ion concentrations and stable oxygen, hydrogen and carbon isotopes (δD, δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C_DIC). The δD and δ¹⁸O indicated that groundwater was recharged by evaporated river water and unevaporated rain. The river water and shallow (<10 m) groundwater are Ca–Na–HCO₃ type and the deep (≥10 m) groundwater is Na–K–HCO₃ to HCO₃–Cl–SO₄ to Cl–SO₄–HCO₃. Compared to river water, the mean DIC concentrations were 2 times higher in shallow groundwater, 7 times higher in deep groundwater and 24 times higher in island groundwater. The δ¹³C_DIC indicate that DIC production in groundwater is from organic matter oxidation and in island groundwater from organic matter oxidation and dissolution of sodium carbonate salts. The ionic and isotopic evolution of the groundwater relative to evaporated river water indicates two independent pools of DIC.     

Enhanced attenuation of septic system phosphate in noncalcareous sediments

Review of phosphate behavior in four mature septic system plumes on similar textured sand has revealed a strong correlation between carbonate mineral content and phosphate concentrations. A plume on calcareous sand (Cambridge site, 27 wt % CaCO3 equiv.) has proximal zone PO4 concentrations (4.8 mg/L P average) that are about 75% of the septic tank effluent value, whereas three plumes on noncalcareous sand (Muskoka, L. Joseph, and Nobel sites, <1 wt % CaCO3 equiv.) have proximal zone phosphate concentrations (<0.1 mg/L P) that are consistently less than 2% of the effluent values. Phosphate attenuation at the noncalcareous sites appears to be an indirect result of the development of acidic conditions (site average pH 3.5 to 5.9) and elevated Al concentrations (up to 24 mg/L), which subsequently causes the precipitation of Al-P minerals such as variscite (AlPO4 x 2H2O). This is supported by scanning electron microscope analyses, which show the widespread occurrence of (Al+P)--rich secondary mineral coatings on sand grains below the infiltration beds. All of these septic systems are more than 10 years old, indicating that these attenuation reactions have substantial longevity. A field lysimeter experiment demonstrated that this reaction sequence can be readily incorporated into engineered waste water treatment systems. We feel this important P removal mechanism has not been adequately recognized, particularly for its potential significance in reducing P loading from septic systems in lakeshore environments.     

一株产碳酸酐酶附生菌对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的影响

为研究生长环境中微生物对铜绿微囊藻碳代谢的影响,本文分析太湖典型微囊藻水华样品附生菌中产碳酸酐酶(CA)细菌的比例,结果显示CA菌占11.6%;从微囊藻群体中分离获得了一株高胞外CA附生菌P201,通过ITS基因鉴定,该菌为一株荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescence).并研究了该菌在不同浓度HCO3-条件下对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,结果表明无论是高HCO3-浓度还是低HCO3-浓度环境中,加入该菌对铜绿微囊藻的生长均有促进作用,说明产CA酶附生菌对铜绿微囊藻的生长有一定的促进作用.     

Bacteria in the Tatahouine meteorite: nanometric-scale life in rocks.

We present a study of the textural signature of terrestrial weathering and related biological activity in the Tatahouine meteorite. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images obtained on the weathered samples of the Tatahouine meteorite and surrounding soil show two types of bacteria-like forms lying on mineral surfaces: (1) rod-shaped forms (RSF) about 70-80 nm wide and ranging from 100 nm to 600 nm in length; (2) ovoid forms (OVF) with diameters between 70 and 300 nm. They look like single cells surrounded by a cell wall. Only Na, K, C, O and N with traces of P and S are observed in the bulk of these objects. The chemical analyses and electron diffraction patterns confirm that the RSF and OVF cannot be magnetite or other iron oxides, iron hydroxides, silicates or carbonates. The sizes of the RSF and OVF are below those commonly observed for bacteria but are very similar to some bacteria-like forms described in the Martian meteorite ALH84001. All the previous observations strongly suggest that they are bacteria or their remnants. This conclusion is further supported by microbiological experiments in which pleomorphic bacteria with morphology similar to the OVF and RSF objects are obtained from biological culture of the soil surrounding the meteorite pieces. The present results show that bacteriomorphs of diameter less than 100 nm may in fact represent real bacteria or their remnants.