Diet and feeding strategies of round goby,Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) from the invasion front in the Danube River tributaries (Bulgaria): ontogenetic shift and seasonal variation

The round goby Neogobius melanostomus is one of the most successful Ponto-Caspian fish invaders, established in a variety of aquatic ecosystems throughout Europe and North America. Diet and feeding strategies of N. melanostomus from three recently invaded tributaries of the Lower Danube River (Bulgaria) were investigated. Research design is based on monthly examination of the round goby diet and macroinvertebrate density. The results show that the round goby consume a wide range of different organisms – 76 taxa in total (identified to family, genus or species level). The most common prey taxa in all three rivers were Chironomidae (Orthocladius/Cricotopus spp., Tanytarsini g. sp.), Trichoptera larvae (Psychomyiidae g. sp., Hydropsyche spp.) and Ephemeroptera nymphs (Baetis spp.). Only in one of the rivers, a predominant feeding on crustaceans (Gammarus spp.) was observed. The taxonomical composition of consumed invertebrates suggests that the round goby prefers the ecological group of “sprawling/walking” insect larvae associated to coarse substratum. Feeding activity was observed throughout the whole year, even during low-temperature months. Three seasonal and four size-depended shifts in the species’ diet were determined. Generalization feeding tactics predominated in all three rivers. Specialization was rare and specific for each tributary, where a few individuals consumed invertebrates from fine substratum and/or submerged vegetation. Possible relationships between the spread of N. melanostomus and the recent invasion of the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) in the Bulgarian Danube tributaries were discussed. Generalisation and feeding plasticity contribute to the round goby’s establishment success in the Danube tributaries and might facilitate its further upstream spread.     

巢湖流域不同水系大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因素

2013年4月对巢湖流域8个水系147个样点的大型底栖动物进行调查,分析其群落结构及与环境因子的关系.共采集到大型底栖动物213种,隶属于3门7纲22目76科177属.8个水系大型底栖动物物种数差异较大,在杭埠河发现172种,而在十五里河仅发现10种.大型底栖动物密度组成呈现出显著的空间差异.南淝河和十五里河的寡毛纲相对密度均超过96%,派河的寡毛纲和摇蚊幼虫的相对密度分别为47.8%和41.1%.裕溪河、白石天河、柘皋河和杭埠河的腹足纲相对密度最大.杭埠河的水生昆虫相对密度达30.6%,是水生昆虫相对密度最大的水系.相似性分析结果表明,8个水系特征种差异明显,霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)是十五里河和派河的最主要优势种,而铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)是兆河、裕溪河、杭埠河、白石天河和柘皋河的最主要优势种,铜锈环棱螺和霍甫水丝蚓是南淝河贡献率较大的两种优势种.生物多样性结果表明,Shannon-Wiener、Simpson及Margalef指数在8个水系间具有显著差异,Pielou指数在8个水系间差异不明显.典范对应分析结果表明,影响大型底栖动物群落结构的主要因素为水体营养状态和底质异质性.高营养盐浓度导致南淝河、派河和十五里河的耐污种密度高、生物多样性低,而相对较高的底质异质性维持了杭埠河大型底栖动物的高多样性和敏感型物种的生存.     

Zoobenthos of Lake Uluabat,a Ramsar Site in Turkey,and Their Relationship with Environmental Variables

The numerical and proportional distributions of zoobenthos in lake Uluabat, which is located in the Northwestern part of Turkey and having international importance according to the Ramsar Convention, were determined from August 2004 to July 2005 at monthly intervals (except for December 2004, January and February 2005) at 12 different stations. Thirty‐three taxonomic groups were recorded. It was found that the zoobenthos consisted of 35.6 % Oligochaeta, 27.7 % Nematoda, 12.3 % Chironomidae larvae, 10.7 % Gastropoda, 3.6 % Ostracoda, and 10.1 % Varia by numbers (Bivalvia, Ceratopogonidae, Hirudinea, Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Asilidae, Hydraacarina, Hemiptera, Argulidae, and Gammaridae). The average number of invertebrates was 160 individuals for 33 taxa at the 12 different stations. Also some environmental parameters of the lakewater were analyzed (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, NO₂–N, NO₃–N, NH₃–N, PO₄^–3, fecal coliform, and total coliform). The relationships between the dynamics of the Oligochaeta and the physicochemical variables were supported by the Pearson correlation index and the canonical correspondence analysis (CANOCO). It was found that the relation between the average number of P. hammoniensis and P. albicola (p < 0.05, r = 0.590 and 0.593, respectively) and L. hoffmeisteri (p < 0.01, r = 0.777) was directly proportional while the relation between the average number of some taxa Trichodrillus sp., Rhyacodrilus coccineus, Nais communis, N. variabilis, and N. barbata and NO₃–N (p < 0.05, r = –0.685) was inversely proportional.     

太湖贡湖湾虾类种类组成与时空分布特征

分别于2005年4月、7月、10月利用蹦网对贡湖湾虾类种类组成和时空分布进行调查.共采集到虾类9605尾,属于2科3属5种,分别是秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus)、日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)、锯齿新米虾中华亚种(Neocaridina denticulata sin...     

太湖不同生态型湖区枝角类组成和丰度长期变化的差异性

枝角类作为淡水湖泊生态系统中的初级消费者之一,对生存环境的改变极为敏感.本文分析了太湖西、中和东部等湖区的钻孔沉积物、表层沉积物以及春夏秋季活体枝角类的组成与丰度.结果表明:活体枝角类组成以象鼻溞(Bosmina spp.)为优势种,秋季枝角类属种数量最多.太湖不同生态型湖区表层沉积物枝角类组成均以象鼻溞为优势种,其中西部与中心湖区的枝角类组成与丰度较为相似,种类单一,枝角类绝对丰度高;东部湖区枝角类属种较为丰富,绝对丰度低,优势种由浮游种象鼻溞以及沿岸种圆形盘肠溞(Chydorus sphaericus sl)和西方笔纹溞(Graptoleberis testudinaria)等种属构成.百年以来,太湖枝角类组成与丰度随着营养水平增加而改变,富营养指示种(Bosmina longirostris)丰度的增加与贫营养指示种(Bosmina longispina)丰度的下降,响应了湖区生态环境的演变过程.1970s末期,太湖西部与中心湖区在进入富营养化阶段,枝角类组成单一,象鼻溞占有绝对优势,与东部湖区相比,沿岸种、底栖种稀少.东部湖区在1960s以后,枝角类属种数量增加,但丰度下降,响应了1960s以来该区域营养水平提高、沉水植被生物量增加以及沼泽化加剧的环境过程.     

太湖康山湾示范区水生植物对水体氮、磷控制的适用性分析

为重建湖泊水生植被,改善太湖局部水域水质,在太湖康山湾示范区两个大型围隔进行了两种类型水生植物重建.通过2010年8月-2011年8月的现场采样及分析测定发现,人工控制条件下,浮叶植物荇菜和菱以及沉水植物马来眼子菜的重建效果较好,在其生长季节具有较高的覆盖度;研究表明,控制风浪及提高透明度是恢复水生植被的前提;植被重建区沉水植物氮、磷含量与浮叶植物差别不大,但浮叶植物重建区水体氮、磷浓度的控制比沉水植物重建区好;从经济及水环境效益角度来看,太湖敞水区的沿岸带由于风浪的控制比较困难,恢复水生植被时,应选择浮叶植物荇菜、菱、沉水植物马来眼子菜等抗风浪能力强的物种.本研究为太湖敞水区沿岸带的生态恢复方案制定提供了理论依据.     

香蒲、灯心草人工湿地的研究─Ⅲ.净化污水的机理

通过香蒲Ｔｙｐｈａ ａｎｇｕｓｔｉｆｏｌｉａ和灯心草Ｊｕｎｃｕｓ ｅｆｆｕｓｕｓ人工湿地微生物分布状况的调查,水生植物生长状况的观察,研究了介质、水生植物和微生物三者净化污水的作者,探讨了人工湿地对污水中污染物质的去除机制。研究表明,人工湿地对污水的氮、磷的化学耗氧量的去除作用是介质、水生植物和微生物综合作用的结果,粘性土壤和花岗石介质更利用于污水中磷的去除。     

抚仙湖浮游植物群落时空变化特征及其与环境因子的关系

抚仙湖作为我国第二深水湖泊,是国家战略淡水资源的重要储库之一.随着气候变化及流域开发的增强,抚仙湖生物群落组成近年来发生了明显变化,水体水质和生态系统功能呈现降低的趋势.为了摸清浮游植物的时空分布特征及关键环境因子,本研究于2015年对抚仙湖南、中、北3个位点进行浮游植物群落和环境因子的逐月调查.结果显示,浮游植物群落由绿藻门、甲藻门、金藻门、硅藻门、蓝藻门和隐藻门组成.方差分析和相似性分析表明,环境因子、浮游植物生物量和群落结构存在显著的季节演替模式,而空间差异不明显.浮游植物的优势属种(按生物量) 1月为隐球藻、丝藻、转板藻,2月为克罗脆杆藻、飞燕角甲藻、转板藻,3月为小环藻、转板藻,4—7月为锥囊藻、飞燕角甲藻、转板藻,8月为飞燕角甲藻、转板藻,9月为飞燕角甲藻、锥囊藻、转板藻,10月为飞燕角甲藻,11月为飞燕角甲藻、多甲藻、转板藻,12月为转板藻.Pearson相关分析显示,温度和总磷浓度与浮游植物生物量及群落结构呈显著相关,方差分解分析进一步表明水温和总磷浓度分别单独解释了浮游植物群落结构变化的26.0%和2.6%,共同解释了3.0%.与2002—2003年转板藻全年占优相比,2015年浮游植物群落结构发生了显著变化且生物量明显上升,可能反映了该水体营养水平长期上升的持续影响.     

不同鱼类对沉水植物生长的影响

沉水植物是富营养水体生态修复的重要组成部分,鱼类是影响沉水植物生长的重要因素之一.为了解鱼类对沉水植物生长的影响,研究3种鱼(草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis))对4种沉水植物(苦草(Vallisneria natans)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、伊乐藻(Elodea nuttalli)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus))生长的影响.结果显示,对照组、草鱼组和鳊组沉水植物生物量分别下降19.2%、82.1%和16.6%,而鲫组沉水植物生物量却增长12.5%.4种沉水植物中,金鱼藻生物量增长最高,其中对照组、鳊组和鲫组中金鱼藻生物量分别增长171.1%、113.9%和265.5%,而草鱼组金鱼藻生物量却下降24.4%.草鱼、鳊、鲫都能有效抑制沉水植物的竞争者水绵的生长.该研究结果在利用沉水植物修复富营养水体过程中对鱼类的管理具有重要的参考意义.     

丹江口水库大型底栖动物群落结构及其水质生物学评价

2007年7月至2008年5月,按季度对丹江口水库4个区域(丹江库区、汉江库区、取水口、五青入库区)14个采样点进行大型底栖动物调查.共采集到底栖动物61种,主要由寡毛类(颤蚓科、仙女虫科)和摇蚊科组成.其中,寡毛类密度在全年中占优势地位,占底栖动物总密度的90%以上;生物量的优势种则主要为软体动物.空间分布上,底栖动物密度以汉江库区最高(大坝前:33792ind./m~2),丹江库区次之,取水口和五青入库区的密度相对较低,且五青入库区偶尔出现0密度的样品;生物量则由于丹江库区和取水口经常有软体动物出现而导致该区域内生物量相对较高.季节变化上,密度分布为夏季春季秋季冬季;生物量也呈现出类似的分布,但秋季和冬季差别较小.采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Goodnight-Whitley生物指数、Wright生物指数及Carlander生物量法对丹江口水库水质进行评价,比较而言,Goodnight-Whitley指数不适宜用于丹江口水库的水质评价;而综合利用其它三种方法进行评价的结果表明:取水口为轻污染状态,丹江库区为轻-中污染,汉江库区为中-重污染;五青入库区由于水深太浅,底栖动物生境易受外界影响导致群落波动较大,因此不宜采用底栖动物作为评价指标.     

Testing the influence of topography and material properties on catchment‐scale soil moisture patterns using remotely sensed vegetation patterns in a humid temperate catchment,northern Britain

In order to evaluate the relationship between the apparent complexity of hillslope soil moisture and the emergent patterns of catchment hydrological behaviour and water quality, we need fine‐resolution catchment‐wide data on soil moisture characteristics. This study proposes a methodology whereby vegetation patterns obtained from high‐resolution orthorectified aerial photographs are used as an indicator of soil moisture characteristics. This enables us to examine a set of hypotheses regarding what drives the spatial patterns of soil moisture at the catchment scale (material properties or topography). We find that the pattern of Juncus effusus vegetation is controlled largely by topography and mediated by the catchment's material properties. Characterizing topography using the topographic index adds value to the soil moisture predictions relative to slope or upslope contributing area (UCA). However, these predictions depart from the observed soil moisture patterns at very steep slopes or low UCAs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Early succession of the macroinvertebrate community in a shallow lake: Response to changes in the habitat condition

In the present study the initial succession of the aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of a newly created shallow lake in a wetland area was monitored during 15 months. Three different types of macroinvertebrate samples (multihabitat, associated to the Phragmites australis stands and associated to the sediment) were collected monthly from May 2004 to July 2005. Additional samples were collected in the reed stand in 2007, when the reed belt had become much taller and thicker. Colonization of the lake was fast, and the colonization sequence was mainly related to the dispersal abilities of the taxa. Habitat-specific changes in the assemblage's structure and composition were registered. The communities associated to the sediment showed a decrease in overall biomass, density and species richness along time. The density of the gastropod Physella acuta and the chironomid species Dicrotendipes pallidicornis, Polypedilum nubifer and Tanytarsus horni decreased significantly, after Chara stands declined; while the chironomid Chironomus riparius became dominant. The epiphytic macroinvertebrate communities associated with the reed stands followed a seasonal pattern, with a warm-period community dominated by the chironomid species Ablabesmyia monilis and Psectrocladius sordidellus-group, and a cold-period community dominated by the chironomid species Cricotopus ornatus and D. pallidicornis.     

Phytoplankton Distribution in an Oligotrophic Pond and a Eutrophic Pond

Summary: An oligotrophic pond and a eutrophic pond of Bhagalpur, India, were studied for phytoplankton distribution and to establish the relationship between this distribution and the physico-chemical properties of the water. Altogether, 114 algal taxa were identified. In Rekabganj pond, diatoms constituted 54.4 % of the algal species followed by green algae (29.4 %), blue greens (11.7 %) and euglenoids (2.9 %). In Ramna pond, blue greens were the most dominant comprising 35.7 % of algal species followed by green algae (32.8 %), diatoms (18.5 %) and euglenoids (8.5 %). The members of Dinophyceae, Chrysophyceae and Xanthophyceae were poorly represented in both the water-bodies. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorella vulgaris, Cladophora crispata, Volvox aureus and Euglena spp. were recorded only in Ramna pond, indicating its higher nutrient status. Dinobryon calciformis, many pennate diatoms and desmids, indicators of oligotrophy, were observed in Rekabganj pond only. Measurements of water properties in the two ponds showed that transparency, dissolved oxygen and silicate were higher in Rekabganj pond than in Ramna pond, while total alkalinity, hardness, total dissolved solids, dissolved organic matter, different cations, phosphate, nitrate and chloride were lower in Rekabganj pond than in Ramna pond.     

A century of variations in some zooplankton and zoobenthos organisms in Lake Comabbio (Northern Italy) ‘read’ from their remains in the lake sediment

To follow the variations of zooplankton and benthos during the last 100 years in Lake Comabbio (Northern Italy), the remains present in a sediment core were examined.Alona andChydorus decreased in recent years for the submerged macrophytes extinction.Bosmina was more abundant in recent sediments than in older sediments. In the past, benthonic population density was low as well as at present.     

Importance of aquatic macrophyte for invertebrate diversity in large subtropical reservoir

The abundance and preferences of individual invertebrate populations (including zooplankton) closely associated with the substrates provided by aquatic plant structures and open-water areas of Lake Nasser were quantified in this study in order to gain understanding of the importance of submerged macrophyte for invertebrate diversity, and their relation to water properties. The following water parameters were measured: temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved salts, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total suspended solids, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, sulphate, silica, potassium, total hardness, calcium and magnesium.Five macrophyte species were recorded: Myriopyllum spicatum, Najas horrida, Potamogeton schweinfurthii, Potamogeton pectinatus and Vallisneria spiralis. In total 67 invertebrate species were recorded, comprising 39 Rotifera, 12 Cladocera, 4 Copepoda, 4 Insecta, 2 Protozoa, 2 Ostracoda and one species of Turbellaria, Tardigrada, Annelida and Nematoda. Thirty-seven species were exclusively epiphytic, 11 species were collectively planktonic and 19 species were found in both habitats. The greatest abundance of epiphytic invertebrates occurred in association with N. horrida-P. schweinfurthii community.The results indicated that total suspended solids (TSS), TH and NO₂ are the most influential water variables on the distribution of the aquatic macrophyte samples and their invertebrate communities. Also, the study indicates that water variables have a higher impact on the aquatic macrophytes than on the associated invertebrate populations. P, NO₃, K, Na, Mg, Cl and DO were the most influential water variables that dictate the distribution of invertebrate groups recorded in the open-water zone. Water temperature, electric conductivity, pH, NO₂, SO₄⁻⁻, SiO₃⁻, CO₃⁻⁻ and turbidity have a lesser influence of the distribution of the invertebrates recorded in this zone.     

汉江上游干流和秦岭南麓典型支流的底栖动物群落特征及水质生物评价

汉江上游是丹江口水库的水源区,其生态环境状况对保障汉江全流域及南水北调中线生态安全起着举足轻重的作用.本研究于2017年11月和2018年4月对汉江上游干流及源于秦岭南麓的5条典型支流开展了系统调查,旨在摸清汉江上游干支流的底栖动物群落特征,以及评价其水质状况.共采集到大型底栖动物240种,其中水生昆虫209种,软体动物13种,环节动物9种,其他类群9种.其中四节蜉Baetis sp.在各条河流中均为优势种,此外其他优势种还有拟细裳蜉Paraleptophlebia sp.、细蜉Caenis sp.、扁蜉Heptagenia sp.、花翅蜉Baetiella sp.、直突摇蚊Orthocladius sp.、纹石蛾Hydropsyche sp.、蜉蝣Ephemera sp.、带肋蜉Cincticostella sp.、高翔蜉Epeorus sp.、似波摇蚊Sympotthastia sp.和真开摇蚊Eukiefferiella sp..从各类群的密度来看,水生昆虫在汉江及五条支流中均占有绝对优势,占总密度的90.8%～98.9%,而在生物量上,除汉江干流中软体动物占绝对优势外,水生昆虫在各支流中均占绝对优势,占总生物量的47.0%～98.9%.就功能摄食类群的密度而言,直接收集者在汉江干支流中均为最主要功能摄食类群,而从生物量方面来看则表现出差异性,捕食者是金水河和旬河中最主要功能摄食类群,刮食者为汉江干流和月河中最主要功能摄食类群,直接收集者是金钱河中最主要功能摄食类群,滤食者为湑水河中最主要功能摄食类群.冗余分析结果表明,流速、总磷和电导率为影响汉江干支流底栖动物分布的关键环境因子.采用底栖动物生物指数(BI)和Shannon-Wiener指数进行水质生物评价,结果显示除汉江的极个别断面、湑水河和月河下游及旬河的中下游河段处于轻-中度污染状态外,其他调查河段均处于清洁状态.本研究结果可为汉江上游流域生态管理和科学保护提供依据.     

The influence of physical instream spatial variability on Chironomidae (Diptera) assemblages in Neotropical streams

In this study, the Chironomidae assemblages were studied in order to test the following hypotheses: a) mesohabitat type and substrate complexity affect the richness, abundance, and composition of the fauna; b) mesohabitat type is a good predictor for Chironomidae composition. To test the hypotheses, experiments were carried out in two mesohabitats (riffle and pool) using two substrate complexities (high and low) in 12 streams from Central Brazil. The mesohabitat type and substrate complexity did not affect the richness and abundance of the local fauna. The mesohabitat affected the faunistic composition. The assemblages of riffles and pools were distinct. Indicator Species Analysis showed that Paratendipes sp., Polypedilum sp. 2, Pentaneura sp., Rheotanytarsus sp. 1, Corynoneura sp. 2, Cricotopus sp. 2, Lopescladius sp., Nanocladius sp. 2, Parametriocnemus sp., and Thienemanniella sp. had preference for riffles and Chironomus sp., Ablabesmyia sp. 1, Ablabesmyia sp. 2, Djalmabatista sp., Fittkauimyia sp., and Labrundinia sp. for pools. Our results highlight the importance of physical instream variability on fauna structure, suggesting that habitat homogenization due to anthropic action may cause drastic effects on the diversity of chironomids and, probably, other benthic macroinvertebrates. Therefore, maintaining instream morphology, including the different mesohabitats, is fundamental for biodiversity conservation in streams.     

太湖草源性"湖泛"水域沉积物营养盐释放估算

于太湖草源性"湖泛"暴发期,采集柱状沉积物并应用peeper被动采样装置获得"湖泛"区原位沉积物间隙水.泥水样品分析表明:"湖泛"发生水域表层(0~7 cm)沉积物的含水率、孔隙度和有机质含量均明显高于对照区,其中有机质含量更是对照区样品的4倍左右,沉水植物残体促使表层沉积物物化性质改变的作用明显;"湖泛"发生水域表层沉积物间隙水中铵态氮(NH+4-N)、溶解性反应磷(SRP)及Fe2+含量远高于未发生区,植物残体降解对沉积物厌氧环境的营造显著.运用分子扩散模型对沉积物释放通量估算:"湖泛"发生区沉积物NH+4-N、SRP和Fe2+的释放速率分别是对照区的49.8、15.3和123.1倍.研究认为,草源性"湖泛"水体氮、磷等营养物含量升高的主要原因是沉积物的释放,而"湖泛"所营造的厌氧环境是氮、磷释放急剧增加的主要驱动因素.     

Benthic macrofauna in Tunca River (Turkey) and their relationships with environmental variables

The numerical and proportional distributions of benthic macroinvertebrates in Tunca (Tundja, Tundzha) River (Edirne/Turkey) were determined from July 2002 to June 2003 at monthly intervals at four different stations. It was found that the benthic macrofauna consisted of 63% Oligochaeta, 24% Chironomidae larvae, and 13% Varia by numbers. According to the Shannon‐Wiener index, Tunca River had a diversity of 1.36; station 2 and September were found to have the highest diversity while station 4 and December to have the poorest. According to Bray‐Curtis similarity index, stations 2 and 3 and April and May were found to be the most similar to each other while stations 1 and 4 and August and January were found to be the most different from each other for the dynamics of the benthic macrofauna. Also some physicochemical parameters of the water (water temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, chloride, total hardness, NO₃^–‐N, NO₂^–‐N, sulfate, phosphate, biochemical and chemical oxygen demands) were analyzed. Pearson correlation index supported the relationships between the dynamics of organisms and physicochemical variables. The relation between the number of macroinvertebrates and pH (r = +0.57, P < 0.05) was direct proportional while the relation between the number of macroinvertebrates and NO₃^–‐N (r = –0.99, P < 0.05) was inverse proportional. Furthermore, the Chironomidae larvae of Bryophaenocladius muscicola and Mesosmittia flexuella were new records for Turkish Thrace region. High pH and supersaturated oxygen levels, hard water quality, second quality levels of NO₃^–‐N, BOD, COD and fourth quality levels of NO₂^–‐N as well as the density of 490 individuals m^–2 for 124 taxa and the diversity of 1.36 showed that similar studies should be repeated periodically in Tunca to determine the future of the river.