河流补给机理的试验研究

在傍河水源地地下水资源评价中，如何确定河流的补给量是最重要的问题之一，本文利用室内试验，探讨了河流渗漏补给量与排泄水位，介质渗透性的关系，分析了在河流与地下水脱节前后，地下水位随河水位，排泄水位而变化的规律，建立了河流补给地下水的非线性渗透模型。     

伊犁河支流大西沟河水与地下水转化关系研究

开展河流和地下水转换关系研究对于区域水资源合理开发利用具有重要意义。文章以大西沟河水与地下水转换关系为目标,在分析地下水动力场的基础上,通过水化学类型、溶解性总固体(TDS)、氯离子（Cl-）等水化学以及环境同位素18O、D、T等指标作为示踪剂,分析大西沟河和地下水的转换关系和转化强度。结果表明:研究区河流和地下水化学类型主要为HCO3—Ca,水化学类型空间分布特征相似;TDS和Cl-浓度表现为先增加后下降,但地下水的变化幅度大于河水。通过对大西沟河水和地下水中的水化学和环境同位素指标对比分析,发现研究区河流与地下水之间补给排泄关系具有明显的分段性;从河流出山口到下游地区,河水和地下水之间发生了三次转化关系:在山前倾斜砾质平原区以河水入渗补给地下水为主,补给量占该段潜水径流量的56%;到了细土平原区出现地下水补给河水地段,补给源为承压水越流补给潜水后的混合水体,潜水和承压水补给比例占该段河水径流量的20.4%与58.4%;风成沙漠区河水沿途渗漏补给地下水直至河流断流。本次研究结果为建立研究区水循环演化模式和水资源合理开发利用提供了理论和技术支持。     

非均质介质中重非水相污染物运移受泄漏速率影响数值分析

重非水相污染物(DNAPL)在地下介质中运移和分布受多种因素控制,包括DNAPL本身的物理化学性质,土的性质,泄漏条件等等。由于介质的非均质性,使得多相流运移行为更为复杂。基于地下水随机理论构建渗透率随机场,采用蒙特卡罗方法探讨泄漏速率对非均质饱和介质中DNAPL运移的影响。数值结果表明,在泄漏总量一定的情况下,泄漏速率越低,介质非均质性对DNAPL运移的影响程度越高。反之,DNAPL的渗漏速率越高,小尺度地层的非均质性影响越低。由于DNAPL运移过程中在垂直方向受重力的影响,污染羽在空间上的质心位置(一阶矩)以及展布范围(二阶矩)在垂直方向上的变异程度要高于水平方向。     

非均质含水层中渗流与溶质运移研究进展

含水层的非均质性控制着地下水渗流和溶质迁移特性,准确定量化描述非均质含水层中的渗流和溶质迁移问题受到广泛关注,已成为地球科学领域中的研究热点。首先从非均质含水层地下水流和溶质迁移理论模型、矩分析、多尺度进行系统综述,指出尺度转换在目前水文地质研究中主要解决的问题以及存在的问题;其次从非均质含水层场地试验、不确定性以及速度连通性等方面分析了该方向的研究进展;最后指出地球物理反演含水层非均质性、随机理论与随机模拟软件开发、尺度转换及速度连通性的不确定性问题、非均质性与水文地质条件关系研究4个方面是该领域今后的主要研究方向。     

地下水与河水脱节的实验与模拟

傍河取水是我国北方城市一种常用的供水模式,由于河道径流量较小,在枯水季节河流附近的地下水与河水产生脱节。本文用砂槽模型进行了地下水与河水脱节的物理模拟,然后再应用饱和流与变饱和流模型进行理论模拟。物理和理论模拟得到了相同的结论和几点新的认识：地下水与河水脱节之前,河水浸润曲线是一条弯向河流的上四曲线;脱节点不位于河床面而在河床面以下的含水层内部;脱节后在河床下形成一个悬挂饱和层。     

傍河地下水与河水脱节机理研究

用一个砂槽模型模拟地下水与河水脱节过程,观测脱节现象与渗流规律,再用饱和－非饱和流理论通过计算机对这些现象和规律进行理论模拟与验证。物理实验和理论模拟得到了相同的认识：地下水与河水脱节之前,河水浸润曲线是一条弯向河流的上凹曲线;脱节点不位于河床面而在河床以下的含水层内部;脱节后在河床下形成上下两个饱和层。     

黑河下游额济纳三角洲河道渗漏对地下水补给研究综述

干旱区河道渗漏是河道径流转化为地下水的一种主要方式. 河道渗漏系数是确定河流与地下水之间转化量的重要参数, 也是建立地下水模型的关键. 从河道渗漏运动的研究方法、 河道渗漏时空动态变化、 河道渗漏特征规律与机理以及河道渗漏模拟研究等方面入手, 综述了国内外有关河道渗漏研究方面的进展情况以及发展趋势. 同时对黑河下游额济纳三角洲地区的河道渗漏研究现状及存在的问题进行了阐述, 分析当前研究的不足. 针对黑河流域下游额济纳三角洲水系与河道特点, 提出如下建议: 从河道渗漏的时空动态变化分析入手, 开展典型渗漏观测试验、 进行河水位、 流量、 河床含水量、 地下水位的连续观测和同位素示踪试验, 测定河道渗漏与地下水运动参数; 建立河道渗漏模拟模型, 模拟和预测不同情景下河道渗漏过程. 为该地区的河道渗漏补给地下水的定量化研究提供新的思路, 为制定科学合理的水资源利用规划和维护绿洲稳定及可持续发展提供科学依据.     

柳江盆地地表水与地下水转化关系的氢氧稳定同位素和水化学证据

地表水与地下水相互作用是水循环研究的重要组成部分,是研究区域水资源量的基础。通过实地水文地质调查和采样,在对水体氢氧稳定同位素和水化学组成测定的基础上,分析了盆地内枯水期河水和地下水的水化学和氢氧同位素组成特征及空间变化规律,旨在揭示河水与地下水的相互转化关系。研究表明:盆地内地下水主要为HCO3-Ca和HCO3-Ca·Mg类型低矿化度水,各区域地下水具有统一联系性,经历了相同或相似的水化学形成作用;河水水化学类型与地下水相同,且水化学成分来源一致。地下水和河水氢氧同位素组成相接近,最终来源主要为大气降水补给。其中河水在径流过程中受蒸发浓缩作用影响,重同位素略富集。受地形地貌、地质及水文地质条件影响,盆地内地下水与河水之间的补给—排泄相互作用关系具有明显的分段性,相互转化频繁。大石河上游区域和东宫河流域总体上表现为河水受两侧地下水补给;大石河下游区域,表现为河水补给两侧地下水。     

都思兔河氢氧稳定同位素沿流程的变化及其对河水蒸发的指示

本文在对都思兔河流域水文地质条件进行介绍的基础上,根据实测结果对河流量及δ18O和δD沿流程的变化进行了讨论,分析了其变化机理。结果表明都思兔河流量沿流程的变化与地下水等水位线及河水与地下水的补排关系吻合很好。把河水的氢氧稳定同位素成分与流域内其他水体的成分进行比较发现,河水明显受蒸发作用的影响。河水同位素成分的变化主要由地下水的补给及河水的蒸发两种作用共同引起,地下水的补给使河水的1δ8O和δD减小,河水的蒸发则使其同位素成分增大。文章使用Rayleigh平衡分馏方程对河水的蒸发比例进行了计算,结果表明,河水的累计蒸发比例可达20%~48%。     

马莲河河水与地下水的相互关系:水化学和同位素证据

查明地表水与地下水的转化关系是建立区域水循环模式、揭示水资源形成机制、评价水资源总量以及可持续开发利用水资源的必要环节.马莲河位于我国西北干旱半干旱气候区,流域内水资源时空分布不均,生态环境脆弱,水资源问题严重.受到区域气候、地质构造和自然地理环境的影响,河水与地下水的转化频繁、关系复杂.在分析了流域内地下水动力场特征的基础上,应用水化学方法和同位素技术相结合的方法分析了马莲河河水与地下水的相互转化关系.马莲河河水主要以接受地下水补给为主,仅在中游个别河段与地下水的水力联系较弱.     

河流-含水层系统数值模拟方法探讨

地表水与地下水转化量的模拟预测一直是区域水资源评价和管理中的难题。提出了一种基于河流越流系数的处理方法,即将转化量计算模型同三维地下水数值模型完全耦合,能够预测在有人工干预条件下,地表水与地下水转化量的变化趋势。提出的方法适合多含水层系统的情形。实例研究表明,提出的河流-含水层系统模拟方法原理简单,易于实现,可以推广应用。     

Determination of potential mine water discharge zones in crystalline rocks at Rozna,Czech Republic

The Rozna Mine is one of the last active uranium mines in Europe. When the mine is closed and flooded, the natural groundwater flow pattern will be partly restored. Re-established groundwater flow system will be associated with an increase of groundwater discharge into draining rivers and streams. Since the groundwater inflows to streams can be contaminated by the mine water, the groundwater drainage characteristic of fractured aquifer should be carefully identified. Several methods of groundwater discharge zones identification were used including morphological analysis, thermometry, and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements. Stream temperatures and EC at more than 700 points in the area covering about 85 km² were measured. The measurements were performed during winter period, when stream discharges were low and there was a maximum temperature contrast. There was a frequent presence of preferential discharge zones with resulting anomalous temperatures and electric conductivity values of stream water. The results show evident correlation of discharge zones with surface morphology and geological settings. Just like the aquifer discharge characteristics, the aquifer is strongly heterogeneous. The thermometry supported by measurement of EC proved to be a useful tool for large-scale investigation of groundwater flow and drainage in fractured aquifers.     

Stream water bypass through a meander neck, laterally extending the hyporheic zone

A meander lobe neck diverts stream water into a hyporheic flow path adjacent to a low gradient stream, Little Kickapoo Creek, Illinois, USA. Hyporheic processes have been well-documented in surface water–groundwater mixing zones underlying and directly adjacent to streams. Alluvial aquifers underlying meander necks provide a further extension of the hyporheic zone. Hydraulic head and temperature data, collected from a set of wells across a meander neck, show stream water moves through the meander neck. The hydraulic gradient across the meander neck (0.006) is greater than the stream gradient (0.003) between the same points, driving the bypass. Rapid subsurface response to elevated stream stage shows a hydraulic connection between the stream and the alluvial aquifer. Temperature data and a Peclet number (Pe) of 43.1 indicate that thermal transport is dominated by advection from the upstream side to the downstream side of the meander neck. The temperature observed within the alluvial aquifer correlates with seasonal temperature variation. Together, the pressure and temperature data indicate that water moves across the meander neck. The inflow of stream water through the meander neck suggests that the meander system may host biogeochemical hyporheic zone processes.     

Mapping the hydraulic connection between a coalbed and adjacent aquifer: example of the coal-seam gas resource area,north Galilee Basin,Australia

Coal-seam gas production requires groundwater extraction from coal-bearing formations to reduce the hydraulic pressure and improve gas recovery. In layered sedimentary basins, the coalbeds are often separated from freshwater aquifers by low-permeability aquitards. However, hydraulic connection between the coalbed and aquifers is possible due to the heterogeneity in the aquitard such as the existence of conductive faults or sandy channel deposits. For coal-seam gas extraction operations, it is desirable to identify areas in a basin where the probability of hydraulic connection between the coalbed and aquifers is low in order to avoid unnecessary loss of groundwater from aquifers and gas production problems. A connection indicator, the groundwater age indictor (GAI), is proposed, to quantify the degree of hydraulic connection. The spatial distribution of GAI can indicate the optimum positions for gas/water extraction in the coalbed. Depressurizing the coalbed at locations with a low GAI would result in little or no interaction with the aquifer when compared to the other positions. The concept of GAI is validated on synthetic cases and is then applied to the north Galilee Basin, Australia, to assess the degree of hydraulic connection between the Aramac Coal Measure and the water-bearing formations in the Great Artesian Basin, which are separated by an aquitard, the Betts Creek Beds. It is found that the GAI is higher in the western part of the basin, indicating a higher risk to depressurization of the coalbed in this region due to the strong hydraulic connection between the coalbed and the overlying aquifer.     

Groundwater flow systems in turbidites of the Northern Apennines (Italy): natural discharge and high speed railway tunnel drainage

Turbidites crop out extensively in the Northern Apennine mountains (Italy). The huge amounts of groundwater drained by tunnels, built for the high speed railway connection between Bologna and Florence, demonstrate the aquifer-like behaviour of these units, up to now considered as aquitards. A conceptual model of groundwater flow systems (GFS) in fractured aquifers of turbidites is proposed, taking into account both system natural state and the perturbation induced by tunnel drainage. Analysis of hydrological data (springs, streams and tunnel discharge), collected over 10 years, was integrated with analysis of hydrochemical and isotopic data and a stream-tunnel tracer test. Hydrologic recession analysis of undisturbed conditions is a key tool in studying turbiditic aquifer hydrogeology, permitting the discrimination of GFS, the estimation of recharge relative to the upstream reach portion and the identification of springs most vulnerable to tunnel drainage impacts. The groundwater budgeting analysis provides evidence that the natural aquifer discharge was stream-focused through GFS, developed downslope or connected to main extensional tectonic lineaments intersecting stream beds; now tunnels drain mainly active recharge groundwater and so cause a relevant stream baseflow deplenishment (approximately two-thirds of the natural value), possibly resulting in adverse effects on local ecosystems.     

Water quality and relationship between superficial and ground water in Rome (Aniene River basin,central Italy)

Chemical, physical, and biological features of streams and ground water of the North-Eastern area of Rome are jointly analyzed in order to assess the status of water resources. Ground water was investigated with classical survey methods (pH, temperature, and electric conductivity). Microbiological pollution, faunal composition, and stream surrounding area conditions of surface waters were studied, in order to quantify the residual value of these ecosystems from both a human and an environmental point of view. Results show a general impairment of the system and the comparison between superficial waters and shallow ground waters makes it possible to detect the presence of a connection between the two levels. This relationship occurs as an exchange from superficial waters (streams and rivers) to the shallow aquifers. Where superficial waters are contaminated, as in the Tor Sapienza stream, pollutants move to the shallow aquifers too, due to the decreased pressure of the over-exploited aquifer. Moreover, uncontrolled drilling activity, diffused in urban areas, makes it possible the connection between shallow and deep ground water. Notwithstanding this, the mixing between superficial and deep ground water system in Rome is not very widespread and, apparently, limited to restricted areas.     

Using tracer tests and hydrological observations to evaluate effects of tunnel drainage on groundwater and surface waters in the Northern Apennines (Italy)

The impact of a railway tunnel on groundwater and surface waters in the Northern Apennines (Italy) was demonstrated and characterised by multi-tracer tests and hydrological observations. The 15-km-long Firenzuola tunnel crosses turbidite marls and sandstones previously not considered as aquifers. During the drilling, water inrushes occurred at fracture zones, and the tunnel still continues to drain the aquifer. The water table dropped below the level of the valleys, and gaining streams transformed into losing streams or ran completely dry, as did many springs, causing severe damage to the aquatic fauna and other elements of the ecosystem. Two multi-tracer tests, each using uranine and sulforhodamine G, were carried out in two impacted catchments in order to confirm and quantify the stream–aquifer–tunnel interrelations. The results proved connection between losing streams and numerous water inlets in the tunnel, with maximum linear distances of 1.4 km and velocities up to 135 m/d. Several of the demonstrated flowpaths pass under previous groundwater divides (mountain ridges), proving that the tunnel has completely modified the regional flow system. Water balance estimations demonstrate that the observed water losses cannot be explained by climate change but can largely be attributed to the tunnel drainage.     

Geochemical indicators of interbasin groundwater flow within the southern Rio Grande Valley, southwestern USA

Increased groundwater withdrawals for the growing population in the Rio Grande Valley and likely alteration of recharge to local aquifers with climate change necessitates an understanding of the groundwater connection between the Jornada del Muerto Basin and the adjoining and more heavily used aquifer in the Mesilla Basin. Separating the Jornada and Mesilla aquifers is a buried bedrock high from Tertiary intrusions. This bedrock high or divide restricts and/or retards interbasin flow from the Jornada aquifer into the Mesilla aquifer. The potentiometric surface of the southern Jornada aquifer near part of the bedrock high indicates a flow direction away from the divide because of a previously identified damming effect, but a groundwater outlet from the southern Jornada aquifer is necessary to balance inputs from the overall Jornada aquifer. Differences in geochemical constituents (major ions, δD, δ¹⁸O, δ³⁴S, and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) indicate a deeper connection between the two aquifers through the Tertiary intrusions where Jornada water is geochemically altered because of a geothermal influence. Jornada groundwater likely is migrating through the bedrock high in deeper pathways formed by faults of the Jornada Fault Zone, in addition to Jornada water that overtops the bedrock high as previously identified as the only connection between the two aquifers. Increased groundwater withdrawals and lowering of the potentiometric surface of the Jornada aquifer may alter this contribution ratio with less overtopping of the bedrock high and a continued deeper flowpath contribution that could potentially increase salinity values in the Mesilla Basin near the divide.     

Use of mathematical modeling to investigate inter-aquifer contamination by organic-rich water through an unplugged well (central Wielkopolska, Poland)

Hydrogeological research was performed to establish the origin of organic-rich water in a Quaternary aquifer (Wielkopolska Buried Valley aquifer, Poland). The spatial distribution of such water was determined by means of multilevel sampling with a packer. The nature, spatial distribution and chemistry of the organic-rich water suggest hydraulic connection between the Quaternary aquifer and the underlying Neogene aquifer. This connection may be enabled by an old abandoned, improperly plugged well, and must therefore be considered as an artificial hydraulic connection between hydrogeologically separated aquifers. For the verification of this hypothesis, a groundwater contaminant transport model was constructed. The results of contaminant transport modeling allow the contaminant transport parameters (transverse and longitudinal dispersivity) to be identified in the field. The numerical groundwater model was used for the prognosis of organic-rich water remediation, and for specification of water-resource management principles in the region where organic-rich water occurs. The results of this research enable the verification of assumptions regarding complex groundwater flow conditions in the boundary zone of a buried valley.     

The effect of aquifer heterogeneity on natural attenuation rate of BTEX

Monitored natural attenuation can be a viable option for remediation of groundwater contamination by BTEX compounds. Under the field conditions, the rate of contaminant mass attenuation through natural processes, such as biodegradation, to a large extent affected by the groundwater flow regime, which is primarily controlled by the aquifer heterogeneity. Numerical simulation techniques were used to describe quantitatively the relationship between biodegradation rate of BTEX and aquifer heterogeneity. Different levels of aquifer heterogeneity were described by random hydraulic conductivity fields (K) having different statistical parameters, the coefficient of variation (CV) and the correlation length (h). The Turning Bands Algorithm was used to generate such K fields. Visual MODFLOW/RT3D was used to simulate the fate and transport of dissolved BTEX plume within heterogeneous aquifers. The multispecies reactive transport approach described BTEX degradation using multiple terminal electron-accepting processes. First-order biodegradation rate constants were calculated from simulated BTEX plumes in heterogeneous flow fields. The results showed that aquifer heterogeneity significantly affected biodegradation rate; it decreased with increasing CV when h was in the range of up to 12 m, whereas it increased with increasing CV when h was greater than about 12 m. For well characterized aquifers, this finding could be of great value in assessing the effectiveness of natural attenuation during feasibility studies at BTEX contaminated sites.