基于动理学理论的推移质输沙公式

根据Boltzmann方程得到了床面附近运动颗粒的速度分布函数,将其在速度空间上积分,同时考虑床面颗粒起动概率的影响得到了床面颗粒的冲刷率函数。在此基础上,将该函数代入Einstein提出的推移质输沙基本模式中得到了基于动理学理论的推移质输沙公式。研究结果表明:① 公式计算结果与实验数据吻合,相对误差为10%~50%,可用于高强度和低强度输沙,能够较好地反映出床面附近运动的推移质颗粒的统计属性;② 得到的推移质输沙率理论表达式与经典推移质输沙公式十分接近,同时大大改善了Einstein公式在高强度输沙情况下的计算结果,这也说明了本文理论推导的正确性。     

黄河内蒙古河段输沙量与淤积量计算方法

基于多沙河流"多来多排"输沙基本公式,建立了考虑上站来沙量、前期累计淤积量、临界输沙水量及干支流泥沙粒径影响的输沙量一般表达式。进而根据黄河内蒙古河段1953—2010年实测水沙资料,得到了内蒙古巴彦高勒—头道拐全河段及巴彦高勒—三湖河口和三湖河口—头道拐分河段的年输沙量公式,并根据输沙率法采用建立的输沙量公式计算了各河段1953—2010年的逐年冲淤量。选取三湖河口—头道拐河段的计算结果分析表明,在输沙基本公式基础上增加前期累计淤积量、临界输沙水量及干支流泥沙粒径参数,所得公式计算的年冲淤量与实测值之间的相关系数R2由基本公式的0.41依次提高到0.50、0.75和0.80,说明在基本公式基础上进一步考虑这些参数的必要性。此外,全河及分河段输沙公式计算所得输沙量及各河段冲淤量和累计淤积量与实测值的符合程度均较好,表明建立的输沙公式能够用于不同水沙条件下的输沙量和冲淤量计算,可为分析内蒙古河段的输沙特性和长期淤积趋势提供参考。     

三峡建库后沙市—汉口河段悬移质分组冲淤变化规律

水库下游河道冲淤调整是一个长期复杂的过程, 对防洪、航运、生态等均会产生一定影响。为探究长江中游沙市—汉口河段演变趋势并为不利变化的防控提供参考, 分析了三峡建库后悬移质分组冲淤时空变化规律: 建库后, 沙市—监利河段各粒径组泥沙均发生冲刷, 沙市流量为10 000~25 000 m3/s时, 0.125~0.250 mm粒径组泥沙冲刷量最大; 以0.125 mm为粗细颗粒分界粒径, 监利—螺山段呈现汛期、蓄水期"粗淤"而枯水期、消落期"冲细"现象; 螺山—汉口段各粒径组泥沙均发生冲刷, 且流量越大冲刷量越大。在此基础上, 通过建立流量—分组输沙量关系并根据水流挟沙力公式, 发现建库后沙市—监利、螺山—汉口河段冲淤受泥沙、水力因素共同作用, 其中泥沙因素对沙市—监利河段影响大于螺山—汉口河段; 监利—螺山河段"淤粗冲细"主要受含沙量恢复程度的影响, 与上游河床冲刷补给及本河段粗、细颗粒泥沙交换有关, 反映了冲刷条件下河道通过水流挟沙能力级配调整加大输沙能力。     

河床粗化过程中推移质输移特征试验研究

为了研究河床粗化破坏与形成过程中推移质的输移特征,基于一套新型的接沙系统,在上游无来沙条件下,进行了3组不同床沙级配的水槽试验,研究了递增梯级流量作用下河床粗化破坏与形成的过程,采集到一套高精度（0.1 g）、高频率（1 Hz）的实时推移质输沙率及分时段输沙级配数据,分析了累积输沙量、输沙率及输沙级配的变化特征。结果表明,粗化过程中累积输沙量随时间基本呈幂函数规律增长,且"粗化破坏再形成"的累积输沙量曲线出现明显转折点;推移质输沙率表现出明显的非恒定性,其粗化形成阶段的耗时要远大于粗化破坏阶段的时间,两者之比范围为3.5~20.5;推移质输沙级配中粗颗粒比例随时间变化趋势与输沙率相似,在输沙率达到峰值附近时,输沙级配与原始床沙级配相同。     

推移质输沙率的非线性研究

目的是从非线性科学角度探讨泥沙运动的规律。通过分析非均匀沙起动的影响因素得到了尖点突变模型的状态变量和控制变量,建立了能描述推移质运动的尖点突变模型。在尖点突变标准方程的基础上,应用尖点突变理论的坐标变换和拓扑变换,导出了输沙强度和水流参数的函数关系式。将输沙强度作为状态变量,水流参数和床沙密实系数作为控制变量。用水槽实验资料和其它推移质输沙率公式进行了对比验证。验证结果表明,计算值与其它推移质输沙率公式和水槽实验结果基本相符,误差一般在-90%～80%之间。说明建立的推移质输沙率公式是合理的,能够反映泥沙的起动和输移规律。     

塔里木河干流泥沙运动及河道变迁

分析了塔里木河子干流泥沙的来源,年内,年际及沿程变化规律,建立了输沙率与流量,输沙量与年径流量之间的经验关系式。分析了干流各河段间泥沙淤积量及河床变化。     

卵石推移质输沙率与流量相关的线型分析

通过比较精确的实测资料，分析了流量（断面平均流速）与卵石推移质输沙率关系，引入起动流量Qc或起动流速Vc，采用Qb=K3(Q-Qc)^α或Qb=K4(V-Vc)^β的线型拟合相关关系，可使卵石推移质输沙率约与流量4次方或与断面平均流速6次方成比例增长，与原有的方法相比不但使流量（流速）的方法降低了许多，而且对高水外延插补精度大有提高，分析表明，流量的方次要低于流速的方次，两者亦可相互换算。     

几种推移质采样器的评介

推移质泥沙资料在水利工程建设、防止水库淤积和航道堵塞以及港口建设等方面都非常重要。多年来由于缺乏天然河道中的实测资料,使得推移质泥沙研究大多局限于室内水槽的模拟试验,而各家的推移质输沙率公式都有待于天然河道中实测资料的验证。因此迫切需要开展推移质采样器的研究,从河底直接采集推移质的沙样。由于采样器的阻水作用,使床面上正在运行的推移质泥沙的水力条件发生变     

黄河中游测区输沙率与流量异步施测法分析

在悬移质输沙率与流量异步施测法基本原理分析的基础上,采用理论公式法及经验相关法对测点位置流速权重系数进行了分析计算;根据河流断面特性,建立了多年综合及相邻流量测次累积面积百分数与累积流量百分数相关曲线法等不同的部分流量权重系数借用方案。经实测资料检验,输沙率与流量异步施测法的计算误差符合《河流悬移质泥沙测验规范》的精度要求,能满足悬移质泥沙测验的生产需求。     

渗流边界上推移质输沙率

天然河道边界上常由于地下水和地表水的水位不同而产生渗流,引起水流的非静水压力分布,进而影响推移质输移规律,也使得常用的推移质输沙率公式不再适用.利用水槽试验测定沙波的尺寸及运动速度与床面渗流水力梯度的关系,结果表明沙波的高度及运动速度随着向下渗流强度的加大而增加,随着向上渗流强度的加大而减少;进而结合理论分析,利用沙波运动特点估算推移质输沙率,并推导出推移质输沙率随床面渗流的引入而变化的计算公式,分析渗流引起非静水压力分布下推移质输沙率的变化.     

Supply limited sediment transport in a high-discharge event of the tropical Burdekin River, North Queensland, Australia

Interactions between catchment variables and sediment transport processes in rivers are complex, and sediment transport behaviour during high‐flow events is not well documented. This paper presents an investigation into sediment transport processes in a short‐duration, high‐discharge event in the Burdekin River, a large sand‐ and gravel‐bed river in the monsoon‐ and cyclone‐influenced, semi‐arid tropics of north Queensland. The Burdekin's discharge is highly variable and strongly seasonal, with a recorded maximum of 40 400 m³ s^?1. Sediment was sampled systematically across an 800 m wide, 12 m deep and straight reach using Helley‐Smith bedload and US P‐61 suspended sediment samplers over 16 days of a 29‐day discharge event in February and March 2000 (peak 11 155 m³ s^?1). About 3·7 × 10⁶ tonnes of suspended sediment and 3 × 10⁵ tonnes of bedload are estimated to have been transported past the sample site during the flow event. The sediment load was predominantly supply limited. Wash load included clay, silt and very fine sand. The concentration of suspended bed material (including very coarse sand) varied with bedload transport rate, discharge and height above the bed. Bedload transport rate and changes in channel shape were greatest several days after peak discharge. Comparison between these data and sparse published data from other events on this river shows that the control on sediment load varies between supply limited and hydraulically limited transport, and that antecedent weather is an important control on suspended sediment concentration. Neither the empirical relationships widely used to estimate suspended sediment concentrations and bedload (e.g. Ackers & White, 1973) nor observations of sediment transport characteristics in ephemeral streams (e.g. Reid & Frostick, 1987) are directly applicable to this river.     

三峡水库运用后长江中下游造床流量变化及其影响因素

随着三峡水库的运用,其下游的造床流量发生变化,研究坝下游造床流量的变化特性及主要影响因素对河道的冲淤特性及河床演变机理研究有着重要意义。根据1981—2015年的资料,采用平滩水位法、马卡维耶夫法和流量保证率法计算三峡水库蓄水前后宜昌、枝城、沙市、监利、螺山、汉口、九江、大通各站的造床流量。结果表明:①马卡维耶夫法同时考虑了流量过程和输沙能力的影响,计算结果相对合理。②蓄水后各站造床流量减小3 000~6 000 m3/s,符合坝下游主要冲淤变形部位由平滩河槽调整为中枯水河槽的变化特性,反映了结果的合理性。具体来看,时间上,2009年以后造床流量的减小趋势更为明显;空间上,从绝对值来看,以监利站为转折点,从宜昌至大通呈先减小后增大的趋势。③造床流量对来水量和洪峰流量的响应较为敏感,与之呈正相关关系。     

三峡水库蓄水后城陵矶至九江段河道冲淤调整机理

大型水利枢纽的修建引起了下游河道的冲淤调整,对生态环境、防洪、航运等都有显著的影响。2008年三峡水库175 m试验性蓄水以来,城陵矶以下河段冲刷加剧。为探究水库影响下游河道冲淤调整特征及其驱动机制,分析了城陵矶至九江段河道冲淤分布及断面形态变化特征:2008年以来河道冲淤变化主要集中在基本河槽,其变化占整个平滩河槽的90%以上,且基本河槽冲刷加剧;断面形态表现为河槽冲刷下切、断面趋于窄深化。在此基础上,通过建立2008—2016年河段尺度的基本河槽形态参数与水流输沙能力的经验关系,发现螺山、汉口两站流量分别为29 000~31 000 m³/s、31 000~33 000 m³/s时,河槽形态与水流输沙能力的相关性最强、造床作用和水流冲刷强度最大,因此,可以认为是2008年以来影响城陵矶至九江段冲淤调整的特征流量。2008年以后,该流量级以下的水流累积造床作用凸显,是冲淤变化部位调整到基本河槽的主要原因;同时,受各站d>0.125 mm粒径组泥沙输沙量大幅度减小、航道整治工程的影响,河槽冲刷加剧。     

The partitioning of the total sediment load of a river into suspended load and bedload: a review of empirical data

The partitioning of the total sediment load of a river into suspended load and bedload is an important problem in fluvial geomorphology, sedimentation engineering and sedimentology. Bedload transport rates are notoriously hard to measure and, at many sites, only suspended load data are available. Often the bedload fraction is estimated with ‘rule of thumb’ methods such as Maddock’s Table, which are inadequately field‐tested. Here, the partitioning of sediment load for the Pitzbach is discussed, an Austrian mountain stream for which high temporal resolution data on both bedload and suspended load are available. The available data show large scatter on all scales. The fraction of the total load transported in suspension may vary between zero and one at the Pitzbach, while its average decreases with rising discharge (i.e. bedload transport is more important during floods). Existing data on short‐term and long‐term partitioning is reviewed and an empirical equation to estimate bedload transport rates from measured suspended load transport rates is suggested. The partitioning averaged over a flood can vary strongly from event to event. Similar variations may occur in the year‐to‐year averages. Using published simultaneous short‐term field measurements of bedload and suspended load transport rates, Maddock’s Table is reviewed and updated. Long‐term average partitioning could be a function of the catchment geology, the fraction of the catchment covered by glaciers and the extent of forest, but the available data are insufficient to draw final conclusions. At a given drainage area, scatter is large, but the data show a minimal fraction of sediment transported in suspended load, which increases with increasing drainage area and with decreasing rock strength for gravel‐bed rivers, whereby in large catchments the bedload fraction is insignificant at ca 1%. For sand‐bed rivers, the bedload fraction may be substantial (30% to 50%) even for large catchments. However, available data are scarce and of varying quality. Long‐term partitioning varies widely among catchments and the available data are currently not sufficient to discriminate control parameters effectively.     

The relationship of sediment transport rates and paths to sandbanks in a tidally dominated area off the coast of East Anglia, U.K.

ABSTRACT Sand transport measurements of bedload and suspended load in the Sizewell-Dunwich Banks area, East Anglia have shown that the suspended mode is dominant. The depth-integrated spring tidal residual is 5.66 g cm⁻¹ sec⁻¹, although the neap rate is only one-fifth of this. The calculated bedload transport rates also vary, from 0.012 to 0.040 g cm⁻¹ sec⁻¹, correlating with changing meteorological conditions.
In order to predict the bedload sediment circulation pattern from midwater current meter measurements, five sediment transport equations were calibrated, using fluorescent dyed sand. Yalin's relationship gave the best estimates. The bed shear stress was determined by extrapolating the velocity profile as a power law relationship, with an exponent equal to 0.1, from midwater down to 2 m and as a lognormal profile from 2 m to the sea-bed. Roughness length values appropriate to the substrate were used.
Although bedload transport residuals are mainly to the south, the banks trend northwards from the coast and have also elongated in this direction. This is thought to be in response to the dominance of the suspended sediment transport. It is suggested that a tidal residual eddy mechanism is responsible for the banks'maintenance, similar to the process operating in Start Bay, Devon. The well-documented westward movement of the banks is likely to be related to wave processes.     

2012年洪水对黄河内蒙古段冲淤影响

2012年洪水是内蒙古河段1989年以来历时最长、洪峰流量最大的洪水过程。为了解粗泥沙对黄河内蒙古段河床冲淤变化的影响,依据宽河谷河段巴彦高勒、三湖河口和头道拐水文站实测资料,分析了内蒙古河道2012年洪水水沙特征,通过计算推移质输沙量和比较断面河底变化,探讨了粗泥沙对河底调整的影响。结果表明:2012年洪水造成粗泥沙在上游段冲刷、下游段淤积;固定低水位下过流断面存在涨冲落淤的规律;洪水过后,巴彦高勒和三湖河口低水位面积分别扩大了19 m2和29 m2,头道拐减小约100 m2。由于粗泥沙排沙不平衡,底部河床的真正高程并没有降低,防洪风险依然存在。     

The dynamics of a river bend: a study in flow and sedimentary processes

Comprehensive field measurements of flow and sedimentary processes have been made with the aid of stable scaffolding bridges spaced along the length of a bend of the River South Esk, Scotland. At river stages between about two-thirds full and bankfull, channel width, mean depth and mean flow velocity at a cross-section vary little in the streamwise direction. Flow resistance reaches a maximum at these stages, and the bed topography is stable and in equilibrium with flow and bedload transport. Stable flow geometry is thus related in some way to energy conservation, and to maximization of flow resistance. Detailed observations over a large range of river stages of mean velocity distributions, secondary circulation, water surface configuration, bed shear stress and resistance to flow, bed configurations and bed load transport rates agree with much (but not all) of the comparable published experimental studies and selected theoretical work. Generalized physical models of flow and sediment transport in natural curved channels (Engelund, 1974; Bridge, 1977) are demonstrated to be sound in basis and can simulate the bend studied very well. Although there is a pressing need for further development of these models, the results lend confidence to their use in simulating ancient river sedimentation. Sediment deposited on point bars is the result mainly of bedload transport over a range of near-bankfull stages. The areal distribution of grain-size characteristics and bed configurations at these stages give rise, with lateral deposition, to vertical facies sequences that vary substantially in the streamwise direction.     

东江沙卵石河床浅滩-深潭序列水沙演变特征

东江是珠三角网河区入汇河流之一,属少沙河流,其上游浅滩-深潭序列密集分布,河床结构的演变特性尚不清晰。选取东江浅滩-深潭序列河段进行现场河床质与推移质测量,结合试验得到不同流量和坡降中水流与河床在无上游来沙补给中的互馈机理。试验结果表明:浅滩与深潭交替造成沿程平均流速不连续变化,浅滩中部在洪水流量的塑造下容易产生紊动能峰值。无上游来沙条件下,序列中粗化层的形成、破坏过程交替与循环发生,其中静态分选是主导因素且导致沿程级配不连续。流量与坡降的增大促进浅滩-深潭序列发育,同时使得深潭与浅滩的纵向长度缩短;有上游来沙条件下推移质输沙率增大,无来沙条件下输沙率减小。     

黄河内蒙古河段平滩流量与有效输沙流量关系

从水沙组合的角度出发,建立了基于水沙二维向量组合的频率统计方法,并在此基础上提出了有效输沙流量的计算方法。根据黄河内蒙古河段巴彦高勒站1954-2006年日水沙资料及汛后平滩流量资料,采用上述有效输沙流量计算方法计算得到了各年有效输沙流量及相应含沙量组合,进而分析了平滩流量与有效输沙流量及有效来沙系数之间的关系。结果表明,巴彦高勒站平滩流量调整分别受到包括当年在内的前期12年来水来沙条件的影响。     

分汊河流江心洲洲头冲淤概化模型

分汊河流的江心洲洲头是分汊河段分水分沙和泥沙冲淤的动态区域,其冲淤过程受来水来沙和地形条件变化呈现冲淤交替。通过几何概化洲头的浅滩逆坡和侧向顺坡,考虑逆坡促淤和顺坡分沙作用,建立洲头浅滩的推移质冲淤的概化模型,推导洲头由淤积转向冲刷的临界流量表达式。上游来流量增加,洲头淤积速率先增加到最大值后逐渐减少,直至达到临界流量,再转向冲刷。洲头淤积速率与上游水面纵比降和床沙粒径成正比,与浅滩逆坡、侧向水面比降与顺坡成反比。若其他条件相同,洲头浅滩形状越不对称和上游来沙量越小,越有利于冲刷。模型预测武汉河段天兴洲的临界流量范围与水文观测值较为接近,对其出现超过某个大临界流量仍出现淤积的特殊性,给出的新解释是天兴洲洲头的整治工程使得在大流量条件下洲头抵抗冲刷和阻挡作用促进泥沙淤积。