A laboratory investigation into the settlement of a foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand due to cyclic load

Summary Laboratory model test results for permanent settlement of a shallow square foundation supported by geogrid-reinforced sand and subjected to cyclic loading are presented. During the application of the cyclic load, the foundation was subjected to a sustained static load. Tests were conducted with only one type of geogrid and at one relative density of compaction of sand. Based on the model test results, the nature of variation of the permanent settlement of the foundation with the intensity of the static loading and the amplitude of the cyclic load intensity are presented in a non-dimensional form.     

Shake Table Tests and Numerical Modeling of Liquefaction of Kasai River Sand

As a part of the seismic safety evaluation of several bridges and other hydraulic structures located on Kasai River bed in India, the liquefaction potential of Kasai River sand is studied in 1-g shake table in laboratory and numerically using a commercial software FLAC 2D. The surface settlement, lateral spreading, predominant frequency, amplification of the ground motion and pore water pressure development in Kasai River sand in dry and liquefied states have been studied when subjected to sinusoidal motions of amplitude 0.35 g at a frequency of 2 Hz. The nonlinear curves used to represent shear strain dependency of stiffness and damping ratio of Kasai River sand are obtained from cyclic triaxial tests. Reasonably good agreement between the experimental and the numerical results is observed. It is found that the settlement and lateral spreading for the liquefied sand is 2.60 and 2.50 times than those of the sand in the dry state. The volumetric strain of the liquefied sand is found to be around 4%, which is significantly higher than 1.53% observed in the dry sand. It is observed that the amplification of the peak ground acceleration for the saturated sand is 1.08 and 1.32 times higher than that for the dry sand from theoretical and experimental results, respectively. The shear strain developed in the liquefied sand is 1.17 times more than that for dry sand. The fundamental and higher modal frequencies of dry sand are found to be 1.13, 1.117 and 1.119 times more than those for the saturated sand, respectively.     

A possible continuum theory for densification and liquefaction of saturated sand

A previously developed continuum theory of granular media is applied to the problems of densification and liquefaction of saturated sand. An expression for the free energy of saturated sand is developed. The process of densification of sand subjected to cyclic shear stress is studied and several expressions for an increase of the solid volume fraction are obtained and discussed. The problem of the initial liquefaction of saturated sand samples under cyclic shear stress is then considered and several criteria relating the shear stress amplitude, over-burden pressure, time to liquefaction, and physical properties of the sand sample are established. Some semiempirical relations for field applications are also presented.     

Effects of initial static shear on cyclic resistance and pore pressure generation of saturated sand

In practical engineering, cyclic shear stresses induced by earthquakes, traffic, and waves are superimposed on the initial static shear stress in sand fills or deposits, leading to complex responses of soils such as their deformation characteristics, pore pressure generation, and susceptibility (or cyclic resistance) to liquefaction. To experimentally investigate the undrained cyclic response of saturated sand, a series of triaxial tests were performed, covering a broad range of initial static and cyclic deviatoric stress levels. The results indicate that different stress conditions lead to two types of cyclic behavior: cyclic mobility and residual deformation accumulation. The compressional static stress is beneficial to the cyclic resistance of the dense sand, whereas the extensional static stress is regarded as detrimental as it tended to reduce the cyclic strength. Moreover, by comparing the available test data obtained from the same sand with varying initial densities and confining pressures, the static shear effect on cyclic resistance was found to be dependent on the state of the sand. Compared to the interpretation made using the limiting pore pressure-based criterion, the conventional failure criterion using a cyclic axial strain of 5% may lead to a substantial overestimation of the cyclic resistance, thus resulting in unsafe assessment and design. Hence, by employing the pore pressure criterion, the pore pressure generated in the cyclic tests was investigated and was found to be significantly influenced by the static shear stress. A pore pressure generation model is proposed to obtain the pore pressure characteristics of sand under various static shear stress conditions.     

A multisurface kinematic hardening model for the behavior of clays under combined static and undrained cyclic loading

In dynamic geotechnical problems, soils are often subjected to a combination of sustained static and fast cyclic loading. Under such loading conditions, saturated and normally consolidated clays generally experience a build-up of excess pore water pressure along with a degradation of stiffness and strength. If the strength of the soil falls below the static stress demand, a self-driven failure is triggered. In this paper, a constitutive model is presented for the analysis of such problems, based on a general multisurface plasticity framework. The hardening behavior, the initial arrangement of the surfaces, and the nonassociated volumetric flow rule are defined to capture important aspects of cyclic clay behavior. This includes nonlinear hysteretic stress-strain behavior, the effect of anisotropic consolidation, and the generation of excess pore water pressure during undrained cyclic loading along with a degradation of stiffness and strength. The model requires nine independent parameters, which can be derived from standard laboratory tests. A customized experimental program has been performed to validate the model performance. The model predictions show a good agreement with test results from monotonic and cyclic undrained triaxial tests, in particular with respect to the strain-softening response and the number of loading cycles to failure. A procedure for a general stress-space implicit numerical implementation for undrained, total stress-based finite element analyses is presented, including the derivation of the consistent tangent operator. Finally, a simulation of the seismic response of a submarine slope is shown to illustrate a possible application of the presented model.     

A model for dilatation, densification, and static liquefaction of loose sands

Utilizing basic balance laws of saturated granular media, a theoretical model for describing the phenomena of dilatation and densification of dry sand, as well as the increase of pore water pressure of saturated sand during shear loading, is developed. An expression for the free-energy function of loose sands is postulated, and the problem of static shearing of a sand sample is analyzed. Predictions of the model for pore water pressure are compared with those obtained experimentally for dry pluviated and moist vibrated samples of fine Ottawa sand and solid-glass beads and discussed.     

地铁荷载下不同固结度软黏土的孔压试验模型

地铁运营前下卧层土体存在不同程度固结,这会影响到运营期隧道周围土体中孔压的变化,进而产生不均匀沉降。通过GDS循环三轴试验系统对杭州饱和软黏土进行动力测试,研究了固结度、固结应力、循环应力比对孔压发展的影响。在现有研究成果的基础上建立了考虑初始固结程度的孔压模型。研究表明：循环荷载下饱和软黏土的孔压发展形态比应变发展形态更具规律性,固结程度愈高的土体孔压发展愈缓慢,并且随振动次数增加,在较低的孔压水平就可达到稳定。预测地铁长期荷载下土体的孔压和沉降时考虑孔压测试时的滞后现象会达到更好的效果,所得的孔压模型能够较好地模拟地铁运营荷载下孔压的发展。     

考虑孔压积累-消散耦合的等效有限元方法

交通荷载往复作用下饱和软土路基会发生显著的工后沉降,并引起不均匀沉降。采用基于室内循环三轴或空心圆柱扭转试验建立的经验显式模型与等效有限元相结合方式,在预测路基长期沉降方面取得了较好的效果。然而,其采用的瞬时积累、逐步消散的孔压模型与实际工程中孔压积累与消散同时进行有着明显的差异。忽略这种差异将会使得计算结果低于实际值。采用能反映自然排水条件下震动孔压长消规律的解析公式,对以上的不足作出改进,并用改进的孔压模型计算了上海浦东国际机场第一跑道的长期运营沉降。分析表明,与瞬时积累、逐步消散的孔压模型相比,考虑孔压积累与消散耦合效应的孔压模型,计算结果更接近实测资料。     

基于现场液化试验的饱和砂土孔压增量计算模型

采用现场液化试验,研究水平场地孔压增长模式,提出孔压增量计算模型。通过不同密实度砂土的液化试验,以加速度、埋深、砂土密实度等现场参数为指标构建孔压增量模型,发现现场和室内试验孔压增长模式的区别和联系,并验证该孔压模型的可靠性。研究结果表明：等幅循环荷载下,与现有动三轴等土单元试验的孔压增量随作用次数一直呈单调递减模式不同,现场试验孔压增量随作用次数呈现出先增大后减小的规律,中间存在阈值;通过参数分析和试验实例验证,构建的孔压增量计算模型,可更方便地用于随机荷载下水平场地的饱和砂土孔压计算。     

强夯荷载作用瞬间饱和土层固结变形计算

在已有强夯荷载作用下饱和土层内孔隙水压力分布理论研究成果的基础上,提出了一个预估强夯荷载作用瞬间由于孔隙水压力消散所引起的饱和土层固结变形量的计算方法;讨论了固结系数、卸荷固结比等土性参数对强夯冲击荷载作用下固结变形量大小的影响,进一步解释了强夯法加固饱和土层的机理。     

地震作用下自由场中饱和砂土的应力-应变推导

水平自由场地震响应分析是岩土地震工程实践的重要内容之一。利用香港科技大学土工离心机上的双向振动台,进行了饱和砂土自由场在水平双向地震作用下的动力模型试验。根据应力和应变的定义以及达朗贝尔原理,由试验观测的土体加速度、位移和孔隙水压力数据直接推导得到不同深度处砂土的应力和应变,揭示了振动过程中饱和砂土的应力路径和应力-应变关系演化过程,以及与超静孔隙水压力发展的联系。     

Modelling the settlement behaviour of a strip footing on sloping sandy fill under cyclic loading conditions

This paper investigates the settlement behaviour of a strip footing seating on the crest of an embankment and subjected to cyclic loading. The embankment fill is a dense sand and the issue is the gradual accumulation of settlement over a large number of load repetitions. Cyclic triaxial tests were first conducted to develop a consistent but simple material model for numerical implementation. Particular emphasis was placed on linking the stress-strain behaviour of an unload-reload cycle to the accumulation of permanent strain, with only five input parameters required to model the cyclic behaviour. The material model was implemented in a numerical analysis to compute the settlement behaviour obtained from model tests conducted by another researcher. It is pertinent to highlight that the same soil, compacted to same density at same moisture content, was used for both the cyclic triaxial tests and model tests. Reasonable to good agreement between the experimental and numerical results was achieved.     

纤维加筋砂土抗液化试验与数值模拟

砂土液化是导致重大地震灾害的主要原因之一。本研究探讨了天然纤维加筋砂土在循环荷载作用下的抗液化性能。在不排水条件下,对具有不同纤维含量的加筋砂土试样进行了一系列循环三轴试验,研究了饱和砂土的液化特性以及循环剪应变幅值、纤维含量对饱和砂土抗液化性能的影响。此外,通过模拟已完成的循环三轴试验,建立了二维有限元数值模型,并对具有不同纤维含量的加筋砂土进行了参数标定。研究结果表明:(1)增加循环剪应变幅值将促进超孔压累积,使得滞回曲线斜率和平均有效应力减小速度加快;(2)纤维的存在能够减缓超孔压的累积,随着纤维含量增加,加筋砂土抗液化能力得到明显提高;(3)标定后的本构模型参数能可靠地用于模拟纤维加筋砂土的液化响应。研究结果为饱和砂土抗液化问题与纤维加筋砂土的数值模拟提供了有价值的参考。     

Effect of Initial Principal Stress Direction on the Dynamic Characteristics of Carbonate Sand

INTRODUCTION Theexploitationofoffshorenaturalresourcesin thetropichaspresentedgeotechnicalengineerswith theproblemofdealingwithinsitucarbonatesedi mentsinharshconditionsforwhichfewengineering dataareavailable.Thecarbonatesedimentsaresub jectedtolargestaticstressesduetotheweightof foundationstructuresaswellascyclicstressesdueto waveaction,andinsomecases,earthquakeloading.Ithasbeenprovedthatthenatureofcyclicstresschangesoccurringintheseabeddepositduetowave loadinginvolvesacontinuousrotationo…     

Transient loading-related settlement of a square foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand

Summary Laboratory model test results are presented that determine the effectiveness of using layers of geogrids as reinforcement in sand to reduce the settlement of square surface foundations subjected to transient loading. The model tests were conducted with only one type of geogrid at one relative density of compaction of sand. The maximum intensity of the transient load applied always exceeded the static ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation when supported by unreinforced sand. The settlement reduction factors for various depths of reinforcement have been determined.     

循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的损伤模型

基于各向同性弹塑性损伤和Prevost模型的基本理论,把弹塑性等向硬化、运动硬化和各向同性损伤结合起来,推导了循环荷载作用下不排水饱和软黏土的弹塑性动力损伤本构模型。由循环累积塑性偏应变建立损伤演化方程,以描述循环加载对软黏土结构的破坏作用,并通过对循环三轴试验的模拟验证了模型的有效性。结果表明,提出的模型能较好地描述饱和软黏土在循环荷载作用下的变形、孔压变化及模量损伤过程。     

基于一维和三维固结挤土桩沉降时效计算分析

饱和软黏土地基中的挤土桩,施工引起的桩侧土体超孔隙水压力消散和竖向荷载引起的桩底土体固结是导致其沉降的主要因素。基于三维固结理论,研究了桩侧地基土再固结沉降的变化规律,并从桩-土相互作用的原理出发,结合边界条件,推导出了在桩侧地基土再固结沉降的作用下挤土桩沉降的计算公式。运用太沙基一维固结理论并采用分层总和法计算竖向荷载作用下桩底土体的沉降。提出了饱和软土中挤土桩沉降时效的计算方法。并对工程实例进行了计算分析,其结果符合工程实际沉降规律。     

恒定主应力轴偏转循环荷载下饱和软黏土累积孔压特性分析

现有的饱和软黏土循环荷载累积孔压显式模型未能反映路基土体单元在土体自重作用下主应力轴的偏转现象。在确定饱和软黏土固结时间的基础上,在固结压力分别为100、150、200 kPa下,对软黏土进行主应力轴偏转角为15°、30°、45°的不排水循环加载试验,得到了固结围压、主应力轴旋转角及动应力比对循环累积孔压影响的规律。基于第一次循环加载累积孔压变化规律和修正动偏应力水平,建立了能考虑恒定主应力轴偏转角循环加载下累积孔压显式模型,并利用恒定主应力轴偏转角循环加载试验结果验证了模型的合理性。建立的循环荷载下饱和软黏土累积孔压显式模型参数易于确定,参数具有明确的物理意义且能考虑主应力轴的恒定偏转现象。     

Laboratory model tests for cyclic load-induced settlement of a strip foundation on a clayey soil

Laboratory model test results are presented for the cyclic load-induced settlement of a strip foundation supported by a saturated clayey soil. In performing the tests, the foundation was initially subjected to an allowable static load, after which a cyclic load with a frequency of one cycle per second was superimposed on it. The magnitudes of the static load and the amplitude of the cyclic load were varied. Based on the model test results, relationships for the foundation settlement and intensities of the static and cyclic loads are presented.     

夯扩挤密碎石桩加固液化砂土地基的动力数值分析

砂土液化问题一直是土动力学与岩土地震工程研究领域的重要课题之一。基于南水北调中线某工程,通过现场和室内试验获取土体的物理力学参数,利用岩土数值分析软件FLAC3D对夯扩挤密碎石桩加固干渠液化砂土地基进行了动力数值分析。结果表明,由于夯扩挤密碎石桩的排水作用,干渠底部饱和砂土地基中的超静孔隙水压力和孔压比与加固前相比明显减小;干渠渠道底部饱和砂土中的监测曲线表明,随着地震荷载持续时间的增加,饱和砂土地基中超静孔隙水压力和孔压比峰值较加固前大幅值降低,且时程曲线达到峰值之后也由加固前的基本保持不变改为迅速消减降低;由于夯扩挤密碎石桩的排水和挤密作用,有效消除了干渠渠道底部以及渠堤坡面外侧平台至坡脚底部砂土层的液化现象,加固后干渠底部饱和砂土地基中没有液化现象产生。