喷锚支护节理岩体的弹性复合单元模型

利用复合单元技术,建立节理岩体喷锚支护的弹性模型。该模型可先不考虑节理、锚杆、喷层等细部结构,生成常规有限元网格,然后根据节理、锚杆、喷层的相关信息,形成复合单元网格信息。该模型可重点考虑锚杆和喷层在节理面上的局部化非线性变形与相互作用关系。算例研究验证了模型的合理性。该复合单元算法同时包含等效模拟和离散模拟的优点,有着较好的应用前景     

节理网络模拟的程序实现及其在地下洞室中的动态响应分析

随着岩体工程的日益发展,人们愈发认识到岩体裂隙发育情况对工程影响的重要性,而岩体节理裂隙网络模拟是研究该类问题的重要手段。基于节理网络模拟结果,建立岩体力学分析模型,然后开展进一步的数值计算分析,在岩体工程中具有良好的发展前景。在岩体结构统计理论的基础上,自行编制了节理岩体裂隙网络模拟分析程序,直观再现了岩体内部的节理分布情况;将程序生成的可执行数据文件与离散元软件相融合;以含节理岩体的地下洞室为例,分别计算了静力和地震荷载作用下地下洞室围岩在不同时段的应力及位移变化情况。计算方法与结果对含节理岩体地下洞室围岩变形和破坏机制以及抗震工程设计具有指导意义     

基于强度折减法的顺层路堑边坡土钉墙支护结构稳定性分析

将非线性有限元分析和极限分析相结合形成强度参数折减有限元法,可以灵活地分析强度不均匀顺层路堑边坡支护结构稳定性问题。将岩体力学理论、非线性有限元分析技术和强度折减系数法相结合,对顺层岩体路堑边坡稳定性进行分析。在对密集假设节理有限元模拟中,假设节理在岩体内连续分布,采用连续介质力学方法建立密集分布节理岩体材料模型。采用强度折减系数法计算岩体结构安全系数,建议采用给定的岩体强度参数计算节理岩质边坡开挖、支护完毕后的内力,再逐渐降低岩体强度参数进行岩体边坡非线性有限元分析,直至岩体边坡达到极限状态,从而求出岩质边坡安全系数。采用该方法对渝怀铁路梅江河右岸DK409+989.4～DK410+020段顺层路堑边坡土钉墙支护结构稳定性进行分析,分析结果表明：采用土钉墙支护后的节理边坡塑安全系数为2.3,支护后的岩质边坡处于稳定状态;土钉墙潜在破裂面为岩体弹性区和塑性区的交界面,与测试得到的各排土钉拉力最大值位置一致。     

双江口工程地下洞室群围岩损伤及稳定性研究

对四川省双江口水电站工程的地下洞群的节理岩体围岩稳定性进行研究,分别采用了弹塑性模型、节理岩体断裂损伤模型进行数值分析。在弹塑性模型中,采用锚固等效法来模拟锚杆及锚索的支护效果。断裂损伤模型以损伤及断裂力学原理为基础,运用损伤本构模型和损伤演化方程在FLAC3D软件的框架下开发出子程序,考虑了岩体中节理裂隙对洞室围岩稳定性的影响,进而得到用上述的模型和计算程序分析出的围岩塑性区、损伤演化区和位移规律。将两种模型的计算结果与相应工程模型试验的结果进行了比较分析。研究结果表明,损伤模型更接近工程实际情况,与模型试验结果更为接近     

后插筋旋喷桩-灌注桩复合式基坑支护结构设计方法

后插筋旋喷桩－灌注桩复合式基坑支护结构是根据实际工程需要设计出的一种新型结构，具有抗弯能力强，止水效果好，造价低廉和施工方便等优点，具有很好的应用前景。提出了该基坑支护结构截面抗弯计算的力学模型和设计计算方法。     

三向应力作用下节理岩体渗流-应力耦合特性

节理岩体渗流-应力耦合特性研究是岩石力学领域的重点和难点。水利水电工程与地下工程中天然节理岩体往往处于三向不等压应力状态,针对三向应力状态下节理岩体渗流-应力耦合特性研究较少。其中,单节理岩体渗流-应力耦合特性研究是基础。首先分析与探究了单节理岩体侧向应力作用效果及渗流作用机制,在单节理岩体渗透性-应力耦合分析模型基础上推导了单节理岩体渗流-应力耦合的理论公式。通过室内真三轴渗流-应力耦合试验,基于全局优化算法的非线性拟合及块体离散元数值仿真,验证了所提出理论公式的合理性。基于电路原理,给出了模拟电路与渗流问题的相似物理量,通过引入等效渗流阻方法,探究了典型的含正六边形主干节理网络的渗流-应力耦合特性。该研究结果对实际工程岩体的渗流分析有一定的参考价值。     

地下隧洞开挖和支护的三维数值分析计算

根据地下工程锚固支护原理,采用隐含锚杆柱单元的三维有限元和混凝土喷锚支护的三维数值计算方法,对复杂的地下泄洪隧洞的开挖和支护进行了分析计算。该方法不仅能够有效地反映锚杆的长度、密度、倾角对洞室开挖的影响,而且能够较好地模拟钢拱架和锚杆的时间施加效应。由于隐含锚杆柱单元和喷层单元是隐含在岩体单元中的,所以锚杆和喷层单元不受岩体单元划分的影响,能够有效地模拟各种支护方案,加快计算速度,合理反映锚固支护所作用的位置和时间影响。通过对构皮滩泄洪洞施工开挖和锚固支护的模拟计算,论证了施工开挖的稳定性和锚杆、喷层、钢拱架的支护作用,提出了洞室结构的加固措施,为工程施工开挖提供了有效的设计依据。     

基于三维节理网络模拟的坝基岩体结构分类研究

以金沙江白鹤滩水电站左岸坝基岩体为研究对象,开展了基于三维节理网络模拟的坝基岩体结构分类研究。根据节理的分组分布和密度分布进行统计均质区分段,以分段为单位建立基于统计学和概率论的三维节理网络模型。在三维节理网络模型的模型正面、模型侧面和模型顶面上分别沿形心等角度布置模拟测线,将3个正交平面上54条模拟测线的RBI均值定义为三维等效岩体块度指数RBI3D,以RBI3D作为评价指标开展坝基岩体结构分类。结果表明：左岸第10梯段坝基岩体的完整性相对较好,其中整体块状占53.3%,块状占26.7%,次块状占20.0%,分析结果与实际地质情况相符。该方法充分考虑了节理分布的空间各向异性,并采用单一定量指标作为岩体结构的分类依据,兼顾了科学合理性和工程实用性。     

考虑环境劣化非贯通节理岩体的直剪试验离散元模拟

非贯通节理岩体的强度特性是大型边坡、隧道等工程安全性的重要影响因素。随着酸雨、河流污染等对岩石环境劣化程度的加剧,考虑环境劣化因素对非贯通节理岩体强度的影响很有必要。采用离散元法,基于已有的胶结接触模型,将岩体因环境作用而劣化等效为岩石试样质量损失不断加剧的过程,最后等效为颗粒和颗粒之间的物质不断溶蚀的过程,由此建立考虑环境劣化的微观接触模型并将其植入离散元软件中,模拟分析了不同环境劣化程度的非贯通节理岩体在不同连通率和不同法向应力下的直剪试验。结果表明:不同环境劣化程度非贯通节理岩体剪切应力-位移曲线趋势一致;随环境劣化程度的加深,节理岩体的破坏形式以拉裂纹为主转变为以剪切裂纹为主;环境劣化使得节理岩体直剪试验起裂应力降低,且环境劣化程度的加深会导致非贯通节理岩体的凝聚力降低及内摩擦角减小,表现为峰值剪切强度降低。     

加锚节理岩体的复合单元法研究

加锚节理岩体有着复杂的细部结构和力学行为,常规的数值模型很难满足模拟这种力学行为的要求。进一步发展了笔者建立的加锚岩体的复合单元法,提出加锚节理岩体的复合单元法研究。在不考虑锚杆、节理等细部结构的情况下划分网格,分别定义了加锚岩体复合单元、不连续岩体复合单元和加锚节理岩体复合单元,并建立了其数值模型。同时,在复合单元中还定义了不同材料介质的子单元用来模拟加锚节理岩体内复杂的细部构造。对加锚节理复合单元法进行了理论推导和算例研究,通过与常规有限单元法计算结果的比较,表明了加锚节理岩体复合单元法的合理性,同时也突出体现了其前处理简便的优势。     

Modeling strategy for jointed rock masses reinforced by rock bolts in tunneling practice

This paper deals with the modeling of jointed rock masses reinforced by rock bolts. It is well known that rock bolts are extremely effective in reinforcing jointed rocks. However, if a continuum approach is adopted for modeling jointed rock masses, it is often misleading to evaluate the effectiveness of the rock bolts by numerical analyses such as the finite element method. This may be due to the fact that since no more joints exist in the continuum, the effectiveness of the rock bolts in constraining the relative displacements along the joints cannot be evaluated properly. In order to investigate the reinforcement effect of rock bolts, physical model tests were performed in the laboratory. The test results revealed that jointed rock masses should be modeled as an equivalent continuum after the installation of rock bolts and that the mechanical parameters of the equivalent continuum should be evaluated by considering the reinforcement effect of the rock bolts. Therefore, the values of the mechanical parameters differ from place to place in accordance with the relation between joint orientation and rock bolt direction, even though joint systems are homogeneous. In conclusion, in the continuum approach for modeling jointed rock masses, it should be emphasized that rock bolts and jointed rock masses should not be modeled separately but should be modeled simultaneously by considering the reinforcement effect of the rock bolts in constraining joint movement. The modeling of shotcrete reinforced by steel ribs is also discussed in comparison to the modeling by rock bolts.     

Numerical modelling of reinforced jointed rock masses I. Theory

The concept of reinforced multi-laminates has been developed and applied to the analysis of reinforced jointed rock masses. The discontinuities and reinforcements in the rock mass are assumed to occur in regular sets, with relatively close spacing within sets. The constitutive equations are established for an ‘equivalent material’, this being identical in its mechanical response to the reinforced jointed rock mass, consisting of its components, i.e. rock material, sets of discontinuities, and sets of reinforcements with associated sets of interfaces. An elasto-visco/plastic algorithm is used so that each component is described by its elastic, failure and flow properties together with its relative orientation. The constitutive equations for the ‘equivalent material’ can be applied to determine optimal reinforcement arrangements for problems of various levels of complexity. Several practical examples illustrating this are contained in a companion paper.     

An Anisotropic Geomechanical Model for Jointed Rock Masses at Taishan Nuclear Power Station, Southern China

An anisotropic geomechanical model for jointed rock mass is presented. Simultaneously with deriving the orthotropic anisotropy elastic parameters along the positive axis, the equivalent compliance matrix for the deflection axis orthotropic anisotropy was derived through a three-dimensional coordinate transformation. In addition, Singh’s analysis of the stress concentration effects of intermittent joints was adopted, based on two groups of intermittent joints and a set of cross-cutting joints in the jointed rock mass. The stress concentration effects caused by intermittent joints and the coupling effect of cross-cutting joints along the deflection-axis are also considered. The proposed anisotropic mechanics parameters method is applied to determine the deformation parameters of jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station. Combined with the deterministic mechanical parameters of rock blocks and joints, the deformation parameters and their variability in jointed rock masses are estimated quantitatively. The computed results show that jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station exhibits typical anisotropic mechanical characteristics; the elastic moduli in the two horizontal directions were similar, but the elastic modulus in the vertical direction was much greater. Jointed rock elastic moduli in the two horizontal and vertical directions were respectively about 24% and 37% of the core of rock, showing weakly orthotropic anisotropy; the ratio of elastic moduli in the vertical and horizontal directions was 1.53, clearly indicating the transversely isotropic rock mass mechanical characteristics. The method can be popularized to solve other rock mechanics problems in nuclear power engineering.     

柱状节理岩体原位变形试验力学浅析与模拟

在白鹤滩坝址区柱状节理岩体原位变形试验成果的基础上,针对节理刚度的取值进行讨论,利用柔性中心孔试验值反算得到柱状节理岩体节理面刚度值。岩体变形是由岩块和节理两部分组成,分析含单节理岩体概念模型的单轴加、卸载规律性和其变形特性,发现其滞回特性是节理力学行为造成的;推导得到了岩体变形计算公式,可用于多组相交节理岩体等效弹性模量的计算,能够反映出节理岩体的各向异性特征;建立了柱状节理随机模型,采用离散元方法和反算的刚度值进行了仿真分析,得到等效变形参数在试验结果范围内。     

岩质边坡流变分析的一种实用计算方法

基于等效MohrOCoulomb屈服准则原理,通过岩体材料参数的人工换算,实现其在有限元软件Ansys中的应用,并验证转化后参数与原参数之间的大小关系;同时针对边坡岩体流变特性,利用分数阶导数流变模型理论,提出考虑岩体流变特性的一种实用计算方法,通过Ansys弹塑性计算分析过程中改变材料特性的功能来处理边坡岩体材料的流变问题,算例表明该方法是可行的。     

A discontinuous numerical model to simulate rock failure process

Due to the difficulty of the classical fracture mechanics in dealing with multicrack coalescence, the simulation of jointed rock failure has remained a worldwide problem since the middle of the last century. Through a nearly 10-year effort, we have developed a novel but simple discontinuum-based approach, namely DDARF (discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure), to simulate the progressive failure process of jointed rock mass. In the proposed method, by adopting the FE adaptive mesh generation technique—the advanced front method, the computational model of triangular DDA block system is automatically established. Also, the randomly distributed mechanical parameters statistically satisfying Weibull’s law are assigned to the blocks to simulate the heterogeneity of rock mass. In the generating process of the block system, numerous artificial joints come into being. These artificial joints provide the potential paths along which the cracks generate and propagate. The two blocks beside an artificial joint are glued together through adhesive algorithm, and if the glue is invalid, the artificial joint will break and turn into a real crack. In this way, the rock fragmentation process can be simulated. The results of several verification examples indicate that the DDARF method can simulate the whole process of rock fragmentation, and is suitable for cases of intact rock, rock mass with non-penetrative joints, and even blocky rock.     

多裂隙岩体的损伤断裂模型及模型试验

对于由裂隙、岩石组成的多裂隙岩体,本文通过对裂隙岩体内的应力、应变的体积平均,提出了适合于这种岩体的等效连续模型。运用损伤力学以及断裂力学理论,定义了岩体损伤张量、有效应力张量、损伤应变等,建立了损伤演化方程,从而建立了多裂隙岩体的损伤断裂模型。对岩体裂隙的扩展方式进行了模拟试验。     

非规则砂岩节理剪切变形本构关系试验研究

岩石节理剪切变形对岩体工程的安全性和稳定性具有重要影响。为研究常法向应力下岩石节理剪切变形本构关系,采用RDS-200型岩石直剪仪对非规则砂岩节理进行了不同法向应力下的直剪试验。根据岩石节理剪切应力?位移全程曲线形状特征,将其依次划分为峰前压密阶段、线性阶段、屈服阶段和峰后软化阶段;根据剪切应力在峰后软化阶段降低幅度和速率大小,将岩石节理剪切应力?位移曲线划分为3种类型：峰后平台型、峰后缓降型和峰后跌落型。基于岩石节理剪切应力?位移曲线各阶段剪切变形特征,采用分段函数建立了岩石节理剪切变形本构模型。与其他模型相比,新提出的岩石节理剪切变形本构模型对试验数据拟合精度更高,更好地描述了岩石节理剪切应力?位移全程曲线。另外,在通过岩石节理直剪试验由经验公式确定模型参数之后,所提出本构模型可在不同法向应力下实现对不同粗糙度岩石节理剪切应力?位移曲线的预测。研究结果对岩石节理剪切变形的数值模拟和工程估计具有一定的实用价值。