The impact of doubled CO2 on the energetics and hydrologic processes of mid-latitude transient eddies

The Northern Hemisphere winter (DJF) stationary eddy response of a general circulation model (GCM) to a doubling of atmospheric CO₂ is simulated with a linear steady state model as a response to anomalies in diabatic heating (latent, sensible and radiative), mountain and transient eddy effects. For this analysis the doubled CO₂ experiment performed by Wilson and Mitchell (1987) is used. The linear simulations of the control and perturbation climate capture most of the important features of the GCMs stationary eddies. The simulation of the anomalous stationary eddy pattern in the Northern Hemisphere captures only some of the important features of the GCMs anomalies. The climate anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere are poorly simulated. In the Northern Hemisphere the climate anomalies are dominated by the effect of transient eddies and mountains. In low latitudes also the contribution of latent heating is important. The contributions of sensible and radiative heating are small.     

关于大气涡动热通量参数化问题研究

用NCEP/NCAR等再分析资料计算和分析表明,月平均瞬变涡动热通量和月平均温度梯度的局域相关性很低,甚至在一些纬度是负相关,更严重的是二者之间存在非线性的多值对应函数关系.如果用非局域参数化,参数化水平将有所提高,但改进并不明显.通过与分子运动论输运理论进行数学、特别是物理类比提出了考虑"风暴路径"效应的瞬变涡动热通量的参数化方案,经再分析资料的检验,结果表明它能大大提高参数化的水平.其次,还证实采用空间非局域参数化仍然是进一步提高瞬变涡动热通量参数化水平的方法之一.此外,资料分析显示中高纬度纬向平均温度梯度和纬偏涡动温度通量之间也存在负相关及多值函数关系,说明仅用温度梯度去参数化纬向平均涡动热通量难以得到好的结果,需要考虑多元参数化或非同步参数化等.     

GOALS模式中大气能量循环的诊断分析与不同版本计算结果的比较研究

利用大气能量循环框图,对比分析中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学与地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG/IAP)全球海-陆-气耦合系统模式(GOALS)两个版本(GOALS-2和GOALS-4),以及观测的全球平均大气能量循环的主要特征,并从能量循环贮蓄和转换项的纬向平均贡献去解释全球积分值改善和转坏的原因,以及诊断分析参数化方案变化后产生的影响.结果表明:模式的两个版本基本上能正确地模拟出全球能量循环的主要特征.旧版本GOALS-2能较好模拟全球积分值,常常是不同符号局地误差的相互抵消结果.新版本GOALS-4中某种局地过程的改善在一些情况下导致了全球积分值的转坏.引入辐射日变化参数化方案可能对能量循环各参数的局地贡献有着明显的影响.如纬向平均有效位能向瞬变涡动有效位能的斜压转换率、瞬变涡动有效位能向瞬变涡动动能的斜压转换率以及定常涡动动能的局地贡献有明显改善.南极地区不合实际的上升运动,是模拟的纬向平均有效位能与纬向平均动能之间的转换项全球积分值为负数的主要原因.     

The generation of available potential energy: a comparison of results from a general circulation model with observations

The generation of available potential energy (APE) in the space-time domain in January and July in a present-day climate simulation with a general circulation model (GCM) is compared with observations. An attempt is made to explain the differences. The generation is computed from the fields of diabatic heating and temperature. The heating is computed with the residual method, using UKMO (United Kingdom Meteorological Office) Unified Model GCM circulation data and ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) initialized analyses for the period 1989–1992. The global value of the generation of APE is about 35% larger in the GCM climate than the value computed from the analyses. This is mainly because the generation of transient eddy APE in the GCM is too large, due to the more than 40% too large generation of transient eddy kinetic energy by baro-clinic processes. In most of the extratropics the local contribution to the generation of transient eddy APE in the GCM climate is more than twice as large as the contribution computed from the analyses. A possible qualitative explanation for this difference is presented.     

The effect of transient eddy on interannual meridional displacement of summer East Asian subtropical jet

Using ERA-40 reanalysis daily data for the period 1958-2002,this study investigated the effect of transient eddy(TE) on the interannual meridional displacement of summer East Asian subtropical jet(EASJ) by conducting a detailed dynamical diagnosis.The summer EASJ axis features a significant interannual coherent meridional displacement.Associated with such a meridional displacement,the TE vorticity forcing anomalies are characterized by a meridional dipole pattern asymmetric about the climatological EASJ axis.The TE vorticity forcing anomalies yield barotropic zonal wind tendencies with a phase meridionally leading the zonal wind anomalies,suggesting that they act to reinforce further meridional displacement of the EASJ and favor a positive feedback in the TE and time-mean flow interaction.However,The TE thermal forcing anomalies induce baroclinic zonal wind tendencies that reduce the vertical shear of zonal wind and atmospheric baroclinicity and eventually suppress the TE activity,favoring a negative feedback in the TE and time-mean flow interaction.Although the two types of TE forcing tend to have opposite feedback roles,the TE vorticity forcing appears to be dominant in the TE effect on the time-mean flow.     

Southern hemisphere energy fluxes from analyses with special respect to the Weddell Sea region (antarctica)

Summary Meridional eddy transports of sensible heat and zonal momentum caused by transient and stationary waves are computed from Australian operational analyses. The southward sensible heat flux by transient waves is largest in the midlatitudes, where cyclones are responsible for the heat exchange. The flux decreases towards the Weddell Sea. The transport by stationary waves reaches remarkable values locally in the tropics and off the Antarctic coasts. The transport of zonal momentum is mostly accomplished by transient eddies. Zonal averages, horizontal distributions and fluxes along single latitudes are shown.With 12 Figures     

月内尺度南半球环状模对应的大气环流异常传播特征

本文利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料, 分析了南半球环状模 (Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode, 简称SAM) 在月内时间尺度 (sub-monthly timescales, 5～30天)上相关环流的垂直和水平传播特征。结果表明, 月内SAM对应的纬向风异常和温度异常具有明显自南极地区向南半球中纬度地区水平传播特征; 在垂直方向上, 纬向风异常为明显上传特征, 温度异常则具有在极地和高纬度地区明显上升、低纬度地区下沉的特点。月内SAM对应的南半球中高纬度地区上传信号表明, 在较短的月内时间尺度上, 对流层信号可以突破对流层顶, 上传达到平流层; 而月内SAM对应的整层南传信号表明, 南极地区环流变化超前于中高纬度地区, 因此在1～3周的月内时间尺度上, 极区信号可能对中高纬地区信号具有指示意义。     

Diagnostic Study of Global Energy Cycle of the GRAPES Global Model in the Mixed Space-Time Domain

Some important diagnostic characteristics for a model’s physical background are reflected in the model’s energy transport, conversion, and cycle. Diagnosing the atmospheric energy cycle is a suitable way towards understanding and improving numerical models. In this study, formulations of the “Mixed Space-Time Domain”energy cycle are calculated and the roles of stationary and transient waves within the atmospheric energy cycle of the Global-Regional Assimilation and Prediction System （GRAPES） model are diagnosed and compared with the NCEP analysis data for July 2011. Contributions of the zonal-mean components of the energy cycle are investigated to explain the performance of numerical models. The results show that the GRAPES model has the capability to reproduce the main features of the global energy cycle as compared with the NCEP analysis. Zonal available potential energy （AZ） is converted into stationary eddy available potential energy （ASE） and transient eddy available potential energy （ATE）, and ASE and ATE have similar values. The nonlinear conversion between the two eddy energy terms is directed from the stationary to the transient. AZ becomes larger with increased forecast lead time, reflecting an enhancement of the meridional temperature gradient, which strengthens the zonal baroclinic processes and makes the conversion from AZ to eddy potential energy larger, especially for CAT （conversion from AZ to ATE）. The zonal kinetic energy （KZ） has a similar value to the sum of the stationary and transient eddy kinetic energy. Barotropic conversions are directed from eddy to zonal kinetic energy. The zonal conversion from AZ to KZ in GRAPES is around 1.5 times larger than in the NCEP analysis. The contributions of zonal energy cycle components show that transient eddy kinetic energy （KTE） is associated with the Southern Hemisphere subtropical jet and the conversion from KZ to KTE reduces in the upper tropopause near 30？S. The nonlinear barotropic conversion between stationary     

Changes in storm tracks and energy transports in a warmer climate simulated by the GFDL CM2.1 model

Storm tracks play a major role in regulating the precipitation and hydrological cycle in midlatitudes. The changes in the location and amplitude of the storm tracks in response to global warming will have significant impacts on the poleward transport of heat, momentum and moisture and on the hydrological cycle. Recent studies have indicated a poleward shift of the storm tracks and the midlatitude precipitation zone in the warming world that will lead to subtropical drying and higher latitude moistening. This study agrees with this key feature for not only the annual mean but also different seasons and for the zonal mean as well as horizontal structures based on the analysis of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) CM2.1 model simulations. Further analyses show that the meridional sensible and latent heat fluxes associated with the storm tracks shift poleward and intensify in both boreal summer and winter in the late twenty-first century (years 2081?C2100) relative to the latter half of the twentieth century (years 1961?C2000). The maximum dry Eady growth rate is examined to determine the effect of global warming on the time mean state and associated available potential energy for transient growth. The trend in maximum Eady growth rate is generally consistent with the poleward shift and intensification of the storm tracks in the middle latitudes of both hemispheres in both seasons. However, in the lower troposphere in northern winter, increased meridional eddy transfer within the storm tracks is more associated with increased eddy velocity, stronger correlation between eddy velocity and eddy moist static energy, and longer eddy length scale. The changing characteristics of baroclinic instability are, therefore, needed to explain the storm track response as climate warms. Diagnosis of the latitude-by-latitude energy budget for the current and future climate demonstrates how the coupling between radiative and surface heat fluxes and eddy heat and moisture transport influences the midlatitude storm track response to global warming. Through radiative forcing by increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor, more energy is gained within the tropics and subtropics, while in the middle and high latitudes energy is reduced through increased outgoing terrestrial radiation in the Northern Hemisphere and increased ocean heat uptake in the Southern Hemisphere. This enhanced energy imbalance in the future climate requires larger atmospheric energy transports in the midlatitudes which are partially accomplished by intensified storm tracks. Finally a sequence of cause and effect for the storm track response in the warming world is proposed that combines energy budget constraints with baroclinic instability theory.     

冷暖事件对大气能量循环和纬向平均环流影响的模拟研究

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学与地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室新发展的GOALS 5全球海 陆 气耦合模式研究了暖事件 (ElNi no)和冷事件 (LaNina)对大气能量循环和纬向平均环流的影响 ,并用观测资料进行了对比分析。结果表明 :对于纬向平均资料来说 ,冷、暖事件在热带和副热带地区的大气环流相关量的反相变化特征非常清晰 ,中高纬度地区并不明显。此外 ,还发现 ,暖事件时定常涡动的经向热通量的变化是北半球对流层热带外地区温度异常的主要原因 ,而瞬变波的影响则起抵消作用。冷事件时定常波和瞬变波相互抵消的局地特征也依然存在 ,但瞬变波的影响有所增强。     

Mean flow-transient perturbation interaction in the Southern Hemisphere: a simulation using a variable-resolution GCM

The ability of an atmospheric general circulation model to reproduce fundamental features of the wintertime extratropical Southern Hemisphere (SH) circulation is evaluated with emphasis on the daily variability of the SH mean flow and the mean flow-transient perturbations interaction. Two 10-year simulations using a new version of the LMDZ GCM with a stretched grid scheme centered at 45 °S and forced by climatological SST are performed: a high (144Ꮡ) and low (64Ꭹ) horizontal resolution runs. The performance of both simulations was determined by comparing several simulated fields (zonal wind, temperature, kinetic energy, transient eddy momentum and heat fluxes, Eliassen-Palm fluxes, Eady growth rate and baroclinic conversion term) against the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast reanalyses (ERA). High and low-resolution simulations are similar in many respects; in particular, both experiments reproduce the main patterns of the southern extratropical large-scale circulation satisfactorily. Increasing resolution does not improve universally some spurious aspects of the low resolution simulation (e.g. the cold bias in the high polar troposphere, the debilitated subtropical jet, the low baroclinic conversion rate). Those aspects present little sensitivity to the model resolution. The interaction between transient eddies and zonal mean flow are examined. The low-resolution experiment is able to qualitatively represent the acceleration/deceleration of the mean flow by transient perturbations, south/north of 30 °S with an accuracy similar to that of the high-resolution experiment. Although both experiments represent the baroclinic structure of the mean flow satisfactorily, the model underestimates some transient properties due to the underestimation of the baroclinic conversion term in middle latitudes. Such misrepresentation does not improve with increasing resolution and is related to the relatively weak meridional temperature gradient and the inadequate geographical distribution of the eddy heat fluxes. In particular, the eddy kinetic energy is always underestimated. Eddy kinetic energy does not improve convincingly with increasing resolution, suggesting that the adequate representation of the storm tracks is highly influenced by the physical parametrizations.     

Main Energy Paths and Energy Cascade Processes of the Two Types of Persistent Heavy Rainfall Events over the Yangtze River–Huaihe River Basin

Two types of persistent heavy rainfall events(PHREs) over the Yangtze River–Huaihe River Basin were determined in a recent statistical study: type A, whose precipitation is mainly located to the south of the Yangtze River; and type B, whose precipitation is mainly located to the north of the river. The present study investigated these two PHRE types using a newly derived set of energy equations to show the scale interaction and main energy paths contributing to the persistence of the precipitation. The main results were as follows. The available potential energy(APE) and kinetic energy(KE) associated with both PHRE types generally increased upward in the troposphere, with the energy of the type-A PHREs stronger than that of the type-B PHREs(except for in the middle troposphere). There were two main common and universal energy paths of the two PHRE types:(1) the baroclinic energy conversion from APE to KE was the dominant energy source for the evolution of large-scale background circulations; and(2) the downscaled energy cascade processes of KE and APE were vital for sustaining the eddy flow, which directly caused the PHREs. The significant differences between the two PHRE types mainly appeared in the lower troposphere, where the baroclinic energy conversion associated with the eddy flow in type-A PHREs was from KE to APE, which reduced the intensity of the precipitation-related eddy flow; whereas, the conversion in type-B PHREs was from APE to KE, which enhanced the eddy flow.     

GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC SEASONAL-MEAN HEATING: DIABATIC VERSUS TRANSIENT HEATING

With the ERA40 reanalysis daily data for 1958-2001, the global atmospheric seasonal-mean diabatic heating and transient heating are computed by using the residual diagnosis of the thermodynamic equation. The three-dimensional structures for the two types of heating are described and compared. It is demonstrated that the diabatic heating is basically characterized by strong and deep convective heating in the tropics, shallow heating in the midlatitudes and deep cooling in the subtropics and high-latitudes. The tropical diabatic heating always shifts towards the summer hemisphere, but the midlatitude heating and high-latitude cooling tend to be strong in the winter hemisphere. On the other hand, the transient heating due to transient eddy transfer is characterized by a meridional dipole pattern with cooling in the subtropics and heating in the mid- and high-latitudes, as well as by a vertical dipole pattern in the midlatitudes with cooling at lower levels and heating in the mid- and higher-levels, which gives rise to a sloped structure in the transient heating oriented from the lower levels in the high latitudes and higher levels in the midlatitudes. The transient heating is closely related to a storm track along which the transient eddy activity is much stronger in the winter hemisphere than in the summer hemisphere. In Northern Hemisphere, the transient heating locates in the western oceanic basin, while it is zonally-oriented in Southern Hemisphere, for which the transient heating and cooling are far separated over South Pacific during the cold season. The transient heating tends to cancel the diabatic heating over most of the globe. However, it dominates the mid-tropospheric heating in the midlatitudes. Therefore, the atmospheric transient processes act to help the atmosphere gain more heat in the high-latitudes and in the mid-troposphere of midlatitudes, reallocating the atmospheric heat obtained from the diabatic heating.     

七月中、低纬地区定常波动和加热场的模拟特征

本文利用P-σ混合坐标原始分程球带模式的最新版本,对七月中、低纬地区的定常波动及非绝热加热场进行了数值模拟。结果表明,模式成功地模拟出了北半球夏季对流层中波数为2的定常波动。高层波峰出现在大陆,波谷出现在海洋上,低层则相反。南半球的副热带高压带也模拟出来了。降水量的模拟也是成功的,特别是位于ITCZ中的积云对流性降水。加热场的模拟结果指出,七月份的热源区除了主要分布在北半球的几个主要大陆上,还分布在热带海洋上ITCZ所在区;其余的广大洋面则显示出冷源的性质。其中热带海洋的热源以潜热加热为主(主要分布于大气的中高层),大陆上的热源有的以感热为主(主要分布于大气的低层),有的仍以潜热加热贡献较大。海洋的冷源是由长波辐射冷却造成的。      

An assessment of measures of storminess: simulated changes in northern hemisphere winter due to increasing C02

A range of diagnostics from two GCM simulations, one of the present-day climate and one of the last glacial maximum (LGM) is used to gain insight into their different temperature structures and eddy dynamics. There are large local increases in baroclinicity at the LGM, especially in the Atlantic storm track, with large accompanying increases in the low level transient eddy heat flux. However, the differences in the zonal mean are much smaller, and the increases in both baroclinicity and heat flux are confined to low levels. Supplementary experiments with baroclinic wave lifecycles confirm the marked contrast between local and zonal mean behaviour, but do not adequately explain the differences between the zonal mean climates. The total flux of energy across latitude circles in the Northern Hemisphere does not change much during DJF, although its transient component is actually reduced at the LGM (during JJA the transient component is increased). Calculations of total linear eddy diffusivity reveal that changes in the time mean stationary waves are chiefly responsible for the seasonal range of this quantity at the LGM, while they only account for half the seasonal range at the present-day.     

Atmospheric equilibrium,instability and energy transport at the last glacial maximum

A range of diagnostics from two GCM simulations, one of the present-day climate and one of the last glacial maximum (LGM) is used to gain insight into their different temperature structures and eddy dynamics. There are large local increases in baroclinicity at the LGM, especially in the Atlantic storm track, with large accompanying increases in the low level transient eddy heat flux. However, the differences in the zonal mean are much smaller, and the increases in both baroclinicity and heat flux are confined to low levels. Supplementary experiments with baroclinic wave lifecycles confirm the marked contrast between local and zonal mean behaviour, but do not adequately explain the differences between the zonal mean climates. The total flux of energy across latitude circles in the Northern Hemisphere does not change much during DJF, although its transient component is actually reduced at the LGM (during JJA the transient component is increased). Calculations of total linear eddy diffusivity reveal that changes in the time mean stationary waves are chiefly responsible for the seasonal range of this quantity at the LGM, while they only account for half the seasonal range at the present-day.     

1982—83年厄尼诺年夏季大气涡旋活动及其物理量输送特征

本文采用ECMWF/WMO格点资料分析了1982—83厄尔尼诺年夏季北半球大气定常涡旋和瞬变涡旋活动及其动量、热量、水汽的输送特征和静止涡的E—P通量,结果表明:厄尔尼诺事件发生前后,北半球夏季大气涡旋活动有很大差异;厄尔尼诺结束后,北半球大气的定常涡旋活动明显增强,其动量、热量和水汽的向北输送异常加强,结果使太平洋等地热带高层东风减弱,副热带西风急流增强,副热带高压加强,以及东亚等地降水异常增多。本文的研究有助于理解热带海温强烈增暖对出现异常大气环流影响的物理机制。      

HEIGHT OF ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER AS DETECTED BY COSMIC GPS RADIO OCCULTATION DATA

The characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer height over the global ocean were studied based on the Constellation Observation System of Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) refractivity data from 2007 to 2012. Results show that the height is much characteristic of seasonal, inter-annual and regional variation. Globally, the spatial distribution of the annual mean top height shows a symmetrical zonal structure, which is more zonal in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere. The boundary layer top is highest in the tropics and gradually decreases towards higher latitudes. The height is in a range of 3 to 3.5 km in the tropics, 2 to 2.5 km in the subtropical regions, and 1 to 1.5 km or even lower in middle and high latitudes. The diurnal variation of the top height is not obvious, with the height varying from tens to hundreds of meters. Furthermore, it is different from region to region, some regions have the maximum height during 9:00 to 12:00, others at 15:00 to 18:00.     

变形的经向环流变化方程及其在诊断阻塞高压形成中的应用

本文推导出可以用来讨论大尺度扰动强迫对平均经圈环流作用的变形平均经圈环流变化方程，并利用此方程对北半球冬季4次阻塞高压的形成进行了诊断分析。分析结果表明:由于波动对经圈环流的强迫作用，使高压脊的西部南风加强，而东部北风加强，从而有利于阻塞高压的形成。文中还分别分析了瞬变波及其低频瞬变波部分在阻塞高压形成中对经圈环流的强迫作用，并讨论了低频瞬变波强迫在太平洋和大西洋地区阻塞高压形成的地域差别。     

北半球阻塞高压的维持Ⅰ:准地转和Ertel位涡分析

从北半球不同地区的４个阻塞高压个例，研究了阻塞高压维持机制及其地域性差异。对阻塞高压区域３００ｈＰａ时间平均准地转让涡低值区的维持机制的分析表明，该位涡低值区的维持机制存在显著的地域性差异。其中，在２个太平洋阻高个例中，时间平均流的位涡平流使低位涡向阻高西北部输送，从而有利于位涡低值区经向度的维持；时变扰动的位涡输送则有抵消平均流作用的倾向，从而对位涡低值区的维持起耗散作用。在大西洋和东亚阻高个例中，平均流的位涡平流使低位涡区向东移动，而时变扰动的位涡输送则有抵消平均流位涡平流的作用，从而有利于位涡低值区在原地稳定维持。以上主要是相对涡度输送的差异所致。等熵面Ｅｒｔｅｌ位涡分析表明，阻高区域３３０Ｋ时间平均等熵位涡低值区的维持机制与３００ｈＰａ时间平均准地转位涡低值区的维持机制十分相似，从而表明以上等压面准地转位涡分析可以近似用来代表等熵Ｅｒｔｅｌ位涡分析。