汶川地震砂砾土液化现象及现场确认实验

通过汶川8.0级地震中不同地区、不同烈度的4个典型液化场地宏观现象分析以及现场测试,确认了汶川地震天然砂砾土液化的真实性并初步研究了其特征。结果表明汶川地震中砂砾土液化是真实存在的,4个场地均为砂砾土液化。地表喷出物与实际液化土类差异显著,而上覆非液化层厚度是影响地表是否可能喷出砾石的主要因素。重型动力触探击数是值得推荐的砂砾土液化判别的指标,若采用剪切波速指标则需要将砂砾土进行分类处理,需考虑含砾量、平均粒径等指标的影响。     

江油火车站典型液化震害分析

2008年5月12日我国四川省发生的8.0级汶川大地震中,江油火车站外表看似完好,但地基沉降、墙体开裂严重,最终不得不废弃,而周围其他建筑物破坏较轻,具有典型研究价值。通过对江油火车站进行钻孔以及现场剪切波速测试,查明了火车站破坏主因、液化主要土类,并对现有液化判别方法进行了检验。结果表明:(1)江油火车站结构振动破坏相对较轻,主要为液化导致地基沉降而最终废弃;(2)江油火车站候车室地表喷出物为粉砂,但实际液化土与喷出物差别显著,主要为砂砾土液化;(3)现有液化判别方法主要基于砂土液化资料,不适用于砂砾土的液化评价,需要研究和发展新的砂砾土液化判别方法。     

汶川地震六度区内场地液化问题初步研究

对汶川地震中VI度区内出现液化的场地进行实地调查和勘察。结果表明,以周围非液化场地房屋地震中的表现衡量,这些液化场地的确处于Ⅵ度区,有些比Ⅵ度区还要低。这些VI度区内液化场地,地下水位较高,剪切波速值低,具备液化基本条件,但并没有超出常规范围;其地层中砾石层含量占优,部分夹杂有砂土透镜体,液化土既有细粒土(砂土)液化可能也有砂砾土液化可能。此次地震Ⅵ度区内出现显著液化及液化破坏的现象,与我国现有抗震规范有关条文规定相悖,其机理需要深入研究。     

汶川地震砾性土液化场地特征解析

通过成都平原砾性土场地勘察测试,研究汶川地震中大量砾性土液化场地的基本特性,找出一般规律,对砾性土场地液化发生主客观原因提出解释,并修正以往若干认识偏差.分析表明:汶川地震液化砾性土层粒径范围宽,含砾量5%~85%甚至更大,同时其实测剪切波速140~270 m·s~(-1),修正剪切波速160~314 m·s~(-1),都远超历史记录;液化砾性土场地1/2集中在Ⅷ度区内,表明如砂土层液化一样,砾性土场地大规模液化需要较强地震动触发,但超过触发强度后液化规模增长均有限;成都平原浅表地层二元基本结构是汶川地震中出现大量砾性土场地的客观条件之一,该结构可使饱和砾性土层处于封闭状态,构成了砾性土液化的基本条件;虽然液化砾性土层剪切波速很高,但实际上大多松散状态,是此次地震大量砾性土场地发生液化的客观条件之二;地震中地表(井中)喷出物与地下实际液化土类大相径庭,且液化层埋深大多小于6.0 m,以往以地表喷出物反推地下液化层土性类型的做法不再成立;认为砾性土层波速大、透水性好而不会液化的传统认识也不再成立,但砾性土层液化条件与砂土层液化条件不同,前者要求更高.     

汶川大地震液化的特点及带来的新问题

总结汶川8.0级大地震液化及其震害科学考察结果,分析此次地震液化带来的新问题.结果表明,汶川大地震中液化及其震害现象显著,是建国以来液化涉及区域最广、液化宏观现象最为丰富的一次;本次地震液化宏观现象特点为喷水高、持时短、喷砂量小但喷砂类型十分丰富;砂砾土液化、Ⅵ度区内场地液化、深层土液化、无液化减震以及液化普遍伴随地裂缝是此次地震液化5个突出特征;砂砾土液化判别技术、液化引起地表裂缝机理和预测方法、Ⅵ度区内场地液化与深层土的液化机理和预测方法、液化加减震发生条件、场地液化现场判定与识别技术等是新的课题.为解决上述问题,应优先发展岩土地震工程观测技术及建设岩土地震工程实验场.     

现有剪切波速判别方法对巴楚地震液化预测成功率分析

以2003年新疆巴楚6.8级地震砂土液化场地调查和现场波速测试为基础,研究目前国内外5种典型的以剪切波速为指标的液化判别式的可行性和适用性问题。分析表明,目前的5种剪切波速液化判别式对于新疆巴楚地区均没有给出满意的结果,成功率只在36%~64%之间。烈度法对巴楚地震液化和非液化场地判别成功率均只有40%左右,且Ⅶ度区偏于危险,Ⅸ度区又偏于保守;5种方法基准值临界线与巴楚地震实际曲线均相差很大,Ⅶ度区均完全错判;需要深入研究巴楚地区的土性特征,建立新疆地区区域性液化判别方法。     

西藏米林机场场地工程地震条件和地震砂土液化可能性评价

米林机场拟建场地位于藏东南地区雅鲁藏布江深切谷地内T1和T2阶地上,为Ⅱ类建筑场地,地震基本烈度为8度．根据地震地质灾害发生的重复性特征,未来米林机场建设场地不排除再次发生砂土液化破坏的可能．砂土颗粒级配分析以及土层剪切波速测试结果也支持这一结果．考虑到场地周围地下水埋藏特点,判断该场地砂土液化深度不会太深,主要发生部位应该在雅鲁藏布江一级阶地及其相当地貌部位。     

砂砾土动力特性的室内试验研究进展

简要回顾了国内外有关砂砾土动剪切模量和阻尼比的试验研究进展,总结了围压、固结比、颗粒形状、含砾量、颗粒破碎等因素对砂砾土动剪切模量、阻尼比及归一化动剪切模量比与阻尼比曲线特征的影响规律,发现砂砾土归一化动剪切模量比和阻尼比的曲线形状主要受围压大小的影响,其他因素的影响不明显;总结了砂砾土抗液化强度、振动孔压发展特征、液化判别方法方面的研究进展,含砾量、试样扰动、膜贯效应是影响砂砾土抗液化强度的主要因素;指出了砂砾土动力特性研究中存在的问题及今后应予以更深入关注的研究方向。     

陕西咸阳东地震砂土液化的发现及意义

地震砂土液化是研究历史地震和古地震的重要手段,其结果对评价一个地区的地震危险性有重要意义。通过对陕西咸阳黄家沟、长兴村砂土液化平面和剖面特征的调查,明确了该地区砂土液化为地震诱发产生。对上述两地砂土液化所穿过的文化层进行考古鉴定,综合分析认为砂土液化形成于明朝时期,对应的地震可能是1556年华县8?级地震、1568年西安东北6?级地震或1487年临潼6?级地震。依据在渭河盆地发现的其他砂土液化,对其有争议的公元前780年岐山≥7级地震和公元600年秦陇6~7级地震的震中和震级进行讨论,认为公元前780年地震的震级定为8级有待更多的证据,公元600年秦陇地震震中应不在西安附近。这一结论为渭河盆地几条主要活动断裂的地震危险性评价提供了新的旁证资料。     

基于减法聚类模糊神经网络的砂土液化势判别

砂土地震液化问题是岩土地震工程学的重要研究课题之一。在分析模糊神经网络原理的基础上,利用减法聚类算法对自适应模糊推理系统进行优化,并建立了砂土地震液化的模糊神经网络模型。然后,将该模型用于实际工程的砂土液化判别中,并与传统砂土液化判别方法结果进行对比。判别结果表明:文中建立的模糊神经网络模型具有较强的学习功能,用于砂土地震液化判别中是可行的和有效的。     

Gravelly soils that liquefied during 2008 Wenchuan,China earthquake, Ms=8.0

Field investigations following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (M_s=8.0) identified 118 liquefaction sites nearly all of which are underlain by gravelly sediment in the Chengdu Plain and adjacent Mianyang area. Field studies, including core drilling, dynamic penetration tests (DPT), and multiple channel analysis of surface wave velocity tests (MASW) for measurement of shear wave velocities, reveal the following: (1) Sand boils and ground fissures, indicative of liquefaction, occurred across hundreds of square kilometers affecting 120 villages, 8 schools and 5 factories. (2) The Chengdu plain is underlain by sandy gravels ranging in thickness up to 540 m; loose upper layers within the gravels beds liquefied. (3) Mean grain sizes for gravelly layers that liquefied range from 1 mm to more than 30 mm. (4) Shear wave velocities in gravels that liquefied range up to 250 m/s. (5) A 50% probability curve, developed from logistic procedures, correctly bounds all but four data points for the 47 compiled V_s data.     

Liquefaction macrophenomena in the great Wenchuan earthquake

On May 12, 2008 at 14:28, a catastrophic magnitude M 8.0 earthquake struck the Sichuan Province of China.The epicenter was located at Wenchuan (31.00°N, 103.40°E). Liquefaction macrophenomena and corresponding destruction was observed throughout a vast area of 500 km long and 200 km wide following the earthquake. This paper illustrates the geographic distribution of the liquefaction and the relationship between liquefaction behavior and seismic intensity, and summarizes the liquefaction macrophenomena, including sandboils and waterspouts, ground subsidence, ground fissures etc., and relevant liquefaction features. A brief summary of the structural damage caused by liquefaction is presented and discussed. Based on comparisons with liquefaction phenomena observed in the 1976 Tangshan and 1975 Haicheng earthquakes, preliminary analyses were performed, which revealed some new features of liquefaction behavior and associated issues arising from this event. The site investigation indicated that the spatial non-uniformity of liquefaction distribution was obvious and most of the liquefied sites were located in regions of seismic intensity Ⅷ. However, liquefaction phenomena at ten different sites in regions of seismic intensity Ⅵ were also observed for the first time in China mainland. Sandboils and waterspouts ranged from centimeters to tens of meters, with most between 1 m to 3 m. Dramatically high water/sand ejections,e.g., more than 10 m, were observed at four different sites. The sand ejections included silty sand, fine sand, medium sand,course sand and gravel, but the ejected sand amount was less than that in the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. Possible liquefaction of natural gravel soils was observed for the first time in China mainland.     

A fundamental procedure and calculation formula for evaluating gravel liquefaction

Field investigations following the 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake identified 118 liquefaction sites, most of which are underlain by gravelly sediment in the Chengdu Plain and adjacent Mianyang area, in the Sichuan Province. Gravel sediment in the Sichuan province is widely distributed; hence it is necessary to develop a method for prediction and evaluation of gravel liquefaction behavior. Based on liquefaction investigation data and in-situ testing, and with reference to existing procedures for sandy soil liquefaction evaluation, a fundamental procedure for gravel liquefaction evaluation using dynamic penetration tests (DPT) is proposed along with a corresponding model and calculation formula. The procedure contains two stages, i.e., pre-determination and re-determination. Pre-determination excludes impossible liquefiable or non-liquefiable soils, and re-determination explores a DPT-based critical N120 blows calculation model. Pre-determination includes three criteria, i.e., geological age, gravel contents, gravel sediment depths and water tables. The re-determination model consists of five parameters, i.e., DPT reference values, gravel contents, gravel sediment depths, water tables and seismic intensities. A normalization method is used for DPT reference values and an optimization method is used for the gravel sediment depth coefficient and water table coefficient. The gravel liquefaction evaluation method proposed herein is simple and takes most influencing factors on gravel sediment liquefaction into account.     

Threshold seismic energy and liquefaction distance limit during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Estimating the possible region of liquefaction occurrence during a strong earthquake is highly valuable for economy loss estimation, reconnaissance efforts and site investigations after the event. This study identified and compiled a large amount of liquefaction case histories from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China, to investigate the relationship between the attenuation of seismic wave energy and liquefaction distance limit during this earthquake. Firstly, we introduced the concept of energy absorption ratio, which is defined as the absorbed energy of soil divided by the imparted energy of seismic waves at a given site, and the relationship between the energy absorption ratio and the material damping ratio was established based on shear stress–strain loop of soil element and the seismic wave propagation process from the source to the site. Secondly, the threshold imparted seismic energy of liquefaction was obtained based on existing researches of absorbed energy required to trigger liquefaction of sandy soils and the ground motion attenuation characteristics of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, and the liquefaction distance limit of this earthquake was estimated according to the proposed magnitude–energy–distance relationship. Finally, the field liquefaction database of 209 sites of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was used to validate such an estimation, and the field observed threshold imparted seismic energy to cause liquefaction in recent major earthquakes worldwide was back-analyzed to check the predictability of the present method, and several possible mechanisms were discussed to explain the discrepancy between the field observations and the theoretical predictions. This study indicates that seismic energy attenuation and liquefaction distance limit are regional specific and earthquake dependent, and 382 J/m³ is the average level of threshold imparted seismic energy to cause liquefaction for loose saturated sandy soils, and the corresponding liquefaction distance limit is approximately 87.4 km in fault distance for a M_w?=?7.9 event in the Chengdu Plain. The proposed regional energy attenuation model and threshold imparted seismic energy may be considered as an approximate tool in evaluating the liquefaction hazard during potential earthquakes in this area.     

Distribution and characteristics of gravelly soil liquefaction in the Wenchuan <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>s</Subscript> 8.0 earthquake

In this paper,a distribution map of gravelly soil liquefaction that was caused by the Wenchuan M_s 8.0 earthquake in China is proposed based on a detailed field investigation and an analysis of geological soil profiles. The geological background of the earthquake disaster region is summarized by compiling geological cross sections and borehole logs. Meanwhile,four typical liquefied sites were selected to conduct sample drillings,dynamic penetration tests (DPT),and shear wave velocity tests,to understand the features of liquefied gravelly soil. One hundred and eighteen (118) liquefied sites were investigated shortly after the earthquake. The field investigation showed:(1) sandboils and waterspouts occurred extensively,involving thousands of miles of farmland,120 villages,eight schools and five factories,which caused damage to some rural houses,schools,manufacturing facilities and wells,etc.; (2) the Chengdu plain is covered by a gravelly soil layer with a thickness of 0 m to 541 m according to the geological cross sections; (3) there were 80 gravelly soil liquefied sites in the Chengdu plain,shaped as five belt areas that varied from 20 km to 40 km in length,and about ten gravelly soil liquefied sites distributed within Mianyang area; and (4) the grain sizes of the sampled soil were relative larger than the ejected soil on the ground,thus the type of liquefied soil cannot be determined by the ejected soil. The gravelly soil liquefied sites are helpful in enriching the global database of gravelly soil liquefaction and developing a corresponding evaluation method in further research efforts.     

Distribution and characteristics of gravelly soil liquefaction in the Wenchuan M_s 8.0 earthquake

In this paper,a distribution map of gravelly soil liquefaction that was caused by the Wenchuan M_s 8.0 earthquake in China is proposed based on a detailed field investigation and an analysis of geological soil profiles. The geological background of the earthquake disaster region is summarized by compiling geological cross sections and borehole logs. Meanwhile,four typical liquefied sites were selected to conduct sample drillings,dynamic penetration tests (DPT),and shear wave velocity tests,to understand the features of liquefied gravelly soil. One hundred and eighteen (118) liquefied sites were investigated shortly after the earthquake. The field investigation showed:(1) sandboils and waterspouts occurred extensively,involving thousands of miles of farmland,120 villages,eight schools and five factories,which caused damage to some rural houses,schools,manufacturing facilities and wells,etc.; (2) the Chengdu plain is covered by a gravelly soil layer with a thickness of 0 m to 541 m according to the geological cross sections; (3) there were 80 gravelly soil liquefied sites in the Chengdu plain,shaped as five belt areas that varied from 20 km to 40 km in length,and about ten gravelly soil liquefied sites distributed within Mianyang area; and (4) the grain sizes of the sampled soil were relative larger than the ejected soil on the ground,thus the type of liquefied soil cannot be determined by the ejected soil. The gravelly soil liquefied sites are helpful in enriching the global database of gravelly soil liquefaction and developing a corresponding evaluation method in further research efforts.     

Seismic response of adjacent dense and loose saturated sand columns

Compaction or densification of loose saturated soils has been the most popular method of reducing earthquake related liquefaction potential. Such compaction of a foundation soil is only economical when limited in extent, leading to a case of an ‘island’ of improved ground (surrounded by unimproved ground). The behavior of the densified sand surrounded by liquefied loose sand during and following earthquakes is of great importance in order to design the compacted area rationally and optimize both safety and economy. This problem is studied herein by means of dynamic centrifuge model tests. The results of three heavily-instrumented dynamic centrifuge tests on saturated models of side-by-side loose and dense sand profiles are discussed. The test results suggest the following concerns as relates to ‘islands’ of densified soil: (1) there is a potential strength degradation in the densified zone as a result of pore pressure increase due to migration of pore fluid into the island from the adjacent loose liquefied ground; (2) there is a potential for lateral deformation (sliding) within the densified island as the surrounding loose soil liquefies.     

南北地震带等地区强地震在华北中南部的“响应地震”研究

2008年5月12日T14:28汶川发生8.0级大地震,2008年5月13日T5:00江苏省发生滨海ML3.8地震。滨海地震是否是由汶川地震触发的、可指示滨海附近中短期内将发生中强地震的"诱发前震"?基于此,本文进行了如下研究:①统计南北地震带及中国台湾7.3级以上、日本7.5级以上大地震;②统计①中大震发生后3天时间(72 h)内,华北中南部地区发生的M_L 3以上地震;③统计大震发生后1年内在M_L 3地震附近地区(距震中350 km以内)发生的5级以上地震;④对上述3组地震是否存在链式关系进行统计研究,即研究特定条件下的A—F—B链式地震现象在华北中南部的预报效果。研究结果表明:根据目前所拥有的统计资料,无法确定2008年5月13日滨海M_L 3.8地震是由汶川8级地震诱发的"前兆地震"。     

某长江大桥深度超过15米的砂土层液化势的综合评价

不同抗震设计规范的砂土液化判别方法或国内外其他有代表性的液化判别方法所采用的地震动参数和土性指标及其埋藏条件是不同的,因而采用这些方法对同一工程场地进行液化势预测时其评价结果通常有一些差异,甚至会得到相反的结论。为了给重大工程建设提供较为合理、可信的地基液化势预测结果,采用多种液化判别方法进行场地液化势的综合评价是比较客观的,也是必要的。本文结合某长江大桥桥基工程,采用建筑抗震设计规范的砂土液化判别方法、国内外有代表性的液化判别方法、有限元数值分析法等多种方法逐一对该工程场地砂性土层进行液化判别,并结合室内动三轴液化试验结果,对主桥墩不考虑冲刷条件和考虑一般冲刷深度5m条件时的砂性土层进行了液化势的综合评价,并将各土层的液化势分为液化、可能液化和不液化3个等级,得到了较为合理可靠的判别结果。