基于性能的既有钢筋混凝土建筑结构抗震评估与加固技术研究

根据我国现行的建筑结构抗震规范,无论是新建建筑结构的抗震设计还是既有建筑结构的抗震评估与加固,均通过小震弹性承载力计算 抗震延性构造措施来达到"小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒"的抗震设防目标(对于不规则且具有明显薄弱部位的建筑结构还需要进行罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性层间变形验算)。对于抗震延性构造措施不满足现行规范的既有建筑结构的评估、改建、扩建,如果仅通过小震弹性的承载力计算,显然无法达到"大震不倒"的目标。本文通过引入国际上先进的基于性能的结构抗震思想,以结构层间位移和结构构件变形作为性能目标,从定量上解决了既有钢筋混凝土建筑结构的抗震评估与加固问题。     

《建筑抗震设计规范》若干问题的探讨

《建筑抗震设计规范》是确保全国地震区各类建筑具有合理抗震可靠度的关键性技术文件。本文结合工程抗震设计经验,对多遇地震结构承载力验算、抗震设防烈度地震作用、抗震性态设计、乙类建筑抗震设防标准、竖向地震作用进行探讨。指出:建筑的抗震设防目标是地震基本烈度,应采用基本烈度地震作用进行结构承载力和变形的抗震验算。建筑抗震性能化设计应按设防分类控制建筑震害、分类规定设计地震加速度、抗震构造措施不能降低。乙类建筑抗震承载力应适当增强。竖向地震作用应按设防烈度确定。     

金属阻尼器在高烈度区学校建筑的应用研究

提高学校公共建筑在地震作用下的抗震能力是自汶川地震后一直备受关注的研究课题。高烈度地区对地震设防烈度要求较高,该类建筑的结构抗震设计难度较大。通过对常规框架结构方案及增设金属阻尼器的消能减震方案进行对比分析,发现在地震作用下阻尼器发生剪切变形,小震工况即屈服耗能,能够提供1%的附加阻尼比。相比于传统框架结构,消能减震方案能够有效减小结构构件的尺寸,进而满足学校建筑对于净高的要求。在罕遇地震作用下,该结构体系满足"强柱弱梁"的设计准则,结构位移角满足规范要求,抗震性能较纯框架结构好。研究结论可为金属阻尼器的设计和进一步研究提供参考。     

黏滞阻尼器减震框架结构保持正常使用功能的设计要求探讨

《建设工程抗震管理条例》要求两区八类建筑需采用减隔震技术,并保证设防地震时能够满足正常使用要求。目前针对减震结构满足正常使用功能的设计方法尚未达成共识。RISN-TG 046—2023《基于保持建筑正常使用功能的抗震技术导则》等新编标准针对减震结构提出了系统的基于性能的设计要求。基于一个8层RC框架采用黏滞阻尼器的减震结构案例,按照该标准及其他现行标准的不同要求进行了减震设计,对比了不同设计方案的土建成本及地震响应,并对减震结构的剪力、位移角和构件损伤进行了讨论,结果表明,在进行减震结构设计时,建议按照RISN-TG 046—2023《基于保持建筑正常使用功能的抗震技术导则》要求控制设防地震下的层间位移角,可按照DGJ 08-9—2013《建筑抗震设计规程》或JGJ 3—2010《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》或GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》)控制承载力,为减震结构保持设防地震下正常使用功能的设计提供参考。     

某型钢混凝土框架核心筒消能减震结构的弹塑性分析

某工程位于昆明市,主体结构高153.1m,为型钢混凝土框架-剪力墙核心筒体系。建筑总高度超过了《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》中规定的B级高度,为提高结构的抗震性能,该工程采用消能减震技术控制结构的地震反应,对消能减震结构进行了设计,确定了消能器附加给结构的阻尼比值。为给结构设计提供可靠的参考依据,采用PERFORM-3D软件,对设有非线性粘滞阻尼器的该结构进行罕遇地震作用下动力弹塑性时程分析,评估该结构的整体性能及其构件的屈服情况,结果表明该消能减震结构基本能达到预期抗震性能目标。     

七层钢筋混凝土异型柱支撑框架结构模型振动台试验研究

七层钢筋混凝土异型柱支撑框架结构体系的模型，缩尺比为１：３，在振动台上进行了模拟地震动试验，结果表明：该体系的抗震性能较好，可使斜杆在预估地震强度的作用下先开裂并继续工作，从而减轻主体结构的地震破坏。并指出，该体系应进一步实现抗裂抗倒双重设防准则与其设计方法，研究发挥支撑的消能减震作用。这种抗震结构体系，已在天津市的轻质节能建筑中采用。     

消能减震的基本原理和实际应用

本文结合《建筑抗震设计规范》中新增的隔震和消能减震设计的内容，介绍了消能减震的原理和在抗震设计中的应用，并通过高层建筑应用实例显示其减震效果。从而为该技术的应用和发展提供参考。     

某教学楼框架结构的黏滞阻尼器减震加固设计

介绍了位于抗震设防烈度Ⅶ度区的某中学6层教学楼所采用的黏滞流体阻尼器的消能减震加固的计算和设计。该教学楼为现浇混凝土框架结构,考虑到其建筑使用功能和抗震要求,在1~6层优化布置了52套黏滞流体阻尼器,时程分析结果表明:黏滞流体阻尼器可大量耗散地震动能量,显著降低了结构的地震响应。     

扇形铅黏弹性消能器设计参数对加固框架抗震性能影响分析

为研究扇形铅黏弹性消能器设计参数对加固框架抗震性能的影响,使用ABAQUS软件建立加固框架试件的精细化有限元模型,并基于试验结果验证其合理性,在此基础上,研究了扇形有效半径、黏弹性层宽度、铅芯直径3个关键设计参数对扇形铅黏弹性消能器加固框架结构抗震性能的影响及规律。分析结果表明,增加扇形铅黏弹性消能器的扇形有效半径、黏弹性层宽度、铅芯直径均可以提高加固框架的初始刚度、屈服荷载和峰值荷载;增加消能器的扇形有效半径可以显著提高加固框架的抗震性能;为避免消能器扇形有效半径过大导致梁柱局部应力集中,在既有结构加固中,扇形铅黏弹性消能器应避免选取过大的扇形有效半径;消能器的铅芯大小对加固框架的后期承载力影响不大。     

安装被动耗能装置的结构的抗震设计方法

依据现行抗震设防的目标和思想,从经济、实用的角度提出了安装被动耗能装置的结构的抗震设计方法,即结构件在地震作用适当降低的基础上独立进行截面设计,然后在结构上安装被动耗能装置后进行与设防烈度对应的多遇地震弹性变形验算和罕遇弹塑性变形验算。     

Seismic steel jacketing of rectangular RC bridge columns for the mitigation of lap‐splice failures

This paper investigated the use of external steel jacketing for seismic retrofit of non‐ductile reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns to prevent lap‐splice failure. Three 1/2.5‐scale specimens were tested under cyclic loads. The effectiveness of two types of steel jackets for improving the ductility and strength of specimens using inadequate transverse reinforcing and lap‐splice details were examined. An octagonal steel jacketing scheme for the seismic retrofitting of rectangular RC bridge columns was proposed. In addition, the methods for seismic retrofitting rectangular columns using elliptical steel jacketing were also critically tested. The test results indicated that the octagonal steel jackets can effectively provide confinement thereby mitigating failures as a result of inadequate transverse reinforcing and inadequate lap‐splices. Tests also confirmed that the ductility performance and the energy dissipation capacity of the specimens can be significantly improved by the octagonal steel jacket. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Self-centering seismic retrofit scheme for reinforced concrete frame structures: SDOF system study

This paper presents the results of a parametric study of self-centering seismic retrofit schemes for reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings. The self-centering retrofit system features flag-shaped hysteresis and minimal residual deformation. For comparison purpose,an alternate seismic retrofit scheme that uses a bilinear-hysteresis retrofit system such as buckling-restrained braces (BRB) is also considered in this paper. The parametric study was carried out in a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system framework since a multi-story building structure may be idealized as an equivalent SDOF system and investigation of the performance of this equivalent SDOF system can provide insight into the seismic response of the multi-story building. A peak-oriented hysteresis model which can consider the strength and stiffness degradation is used to describe the hysteretic behavior of RC structures. The parametric study involves two key parameters -the strength ratio and elastic stiffness ratio between the seismic retrofit system and the original RC frame. An ensemble of 172 earthquake ground motion records scaled to the design basis earthquake in California with a probability of exceedance of 10% in 50 years was constructed for the simulation-based parametric study. The effectiveness of the two seismic retrofit schemes considered in this study is evaluated in terms of peak displacement ratio,peak acceleration ratio,energy dissipation demand ratio and residual displacement ratio between the SDOF systems with and without retrofit. It is found from this parametric study that RC structures retrofitted with the self-centering retrofit scheme (SCRS) can achieve a seismic performance level comparable to the bilinear-hysteresis retrofit scheme (BHRS) in terms of peak displacement and energy dissipation demand ratio while having negligible residual displacement after earthquake.     

Simplified design procedure for frame buildings with viscoelastic or elastomeric structural dampers

A simplified design procedure (SDP) for preliminary seismic design of frame buildings with structural dampers is presented. The SDP uses elastic‐static analysis and is applicable to structural dampers made from viscoelastic (VE) or high‐damping elastomeric materials. The behaviour of typical VE materials and high‐damping elastomeric materials is often non‐linear, and the SDP idealizes these materials as linear VE materials. With this idealization, structures with VE or high‐damping elastomeric dampers can be designed and analysed using methods based on linear VE theory. As an example, a retrofit design for a typical non‐ductile reinforced concrete (RC) frame building using high‐damping elastomeric dampers is developed using the SDP. To validate the SDP, results from non‐linear dynamic time history analyses (NDTHA) are presented. Results from NDTHA demonstrate that the SDP estimates the seismic response with sufficient accuracy for design. It is shown that a non‐ductile RC frame building can be retrofit with high‐damping elastomeric dampers to remain essentially elastic under the design basis earthquake (DBE). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

填充墙RC框架结构加固方法的研究现状及展望

综述了用于提高填充墙钢筋混凝土(RC)框架结构抗震性能和改善结构损伤模式的几类加固措施,从工艺、加固效果和破坏形式3个角度进行了分析。在建筑结构设计过程中,填充墙通常被视为一种典型的脆性非均质非结构构件,忽视了填充墙与RC框架之间的相互作用。地震调查报告表明,在结构遭受地震作用时,填充墙通常先于钢筋混凝土框架发生破坏,未经合理设计的填充墙RC框架结构将在地震作用下产生严重不良后果。试验结果和数值模拟分析结果证明,砌块的强度越低、砂浆的强度越高,结构的承载能力和刚度退化越慢、耗能能力越好。文中根据目前已有的建筑材料改性试验结果,从改性机理出发,分析了一系列有利于提高结构抗震性能的新型材料,并对结构的设计方案进行了探讨。     

Seismic analysis of diagrid structural frames with shear-link fuse devices

This paper presents a new concept for enhancing the seismic ductility and damping capacity of diagrid structural frames by using shear-link fuse devices and its seismic performance is assessed through nonlinear static and dynamic analysis.The architectural elegancy of the diagrid structure attributed to its triangular leaning member configuration and high structural redundancy make this system a desirable choice for tall building design.However,forming a stable energy dissipation mechanism in diagrid framing remains to be investigated to expand its use in regions with high seismicity.To address this issue,a diagrid framing design is proposed here which provides a competitive design option in highly seismic regions through its increased ductility and improved energy dissipation capacity provided by replaceable shear links interconnecting the diagonal members at their ends.The structural characteristics and seismic behavior(capacity,stiffness,energy dissipation,ductility) of the diagrid structural frame are demonstrated with a 21-story building diagrid frame subjected to nonlinear static and dynamic analysis.The findings from the nonlinear time history analysis verify that satisfactory seismic performance can be achieved by the proposed diagrid frame subjected to design basis earthquakes in California.In particular,one appealing feature of the proposed diagrid building is its reduced residual displacement after strong earthquakes.     

采用耗能减震装置修复震后有损伤钢筋混凝土框架的试验研究

本文通过地震模拟振动台试验研究用耗能减震装置修复后震后有损伤钢筋混凝土框架的效果和可行性，文中制作了两层和三层两座钢筋混凝土剪切型框架，首先进行了地震损伤模拟试验，其次提出了震后有损伤结构的参数识别方法，修复准则和修复用耗能减震装置的设计准则；在此基础上，采用了软钢屈服型耗能器驿两座试验框架在地震损伤后进行修复，并再次对修复后的框架模型进行地震模拟试验，证实了采用这种修复措施可以恢复震后有损伤结构     

振戎中学食堂楼耗能减震分析与设计（Ⅱ）—能力谱法与地震损伤性能控制设计

本文针对云南洱源县振戎中学食堂钢钢筋混凝土耗能减振体系，首先建立了耗能减振结构构件的恢复力模型，其次，结合文献[10]提出的“三水准”地震损伤性能目标和文献[11]中的简化设计方法以及ＡＴＣ－４０报告中的能力谱法，对此结构在大震下的地震损伤性能进行了分析和设计验算，最后考察了耗能关振装置对结构损伤性能的控制效果。     

体育场震后修复再建中混凝土结构消能减震设计研究

以往是用高层建筑防屈曲支撑的混凝土减震加固方法,以加固震后体育场混凝土结构的防屈曲支撑力为重点,存在的问题是未考虑结构不同部位节点的防屈曲消能减震支撑性能,加固效果差,需要深入研究混凝土结构建筑加固措施,提高震后体育场修复质量。研究采用基于性能和需求的消能减震设计方法,合理布置混凝土的消能支撑结构,在混凝土结构中底层节点设置防屈曲消能减震支撑,其他节点设置黏滞阻尼器,获取最佳阻尼器设置方案,提高结构减震加固效果。仿真实验说明,EL-Centro(NS)地震波和Newhall地震波情况下,所研究方法设计的消能减震新结构平均顶点侧移值分别比原结构小62 mm和110 mm;在不同震级的情况下,节点间位移角新结构小于原结构,说明该方法设计的体育场修复中混凝土结构减震稳定性强,是一种有效的减震加固方法。     

Optimal seismic retrofit model for steel moment resisting frames with brittle connections

Based on performance-based seismic engineering, this paper proposes an optimal seismic retrofit model for steel moment resisting frames (SMRFs) to generate a retrofit scheme at minimal cost. To satisfy the acceptance criteria for the Basic Safety Objective (BSO) specified in FEMA 356, the minimum number of upgraded connections and their locations in an SMRF with brittle connections are determined by evolutionary computation. The performance of the proposed optimal retrofitting model is evaluated on the basis of the energy dissipation capacities, peak roof drift ratios, and maximum interstory drift ratios of structures before and after retrofitting. In addition, a retrofit efficiency index, which is defined as the ratio of the increment in seismic performance to the required retrofitting cost, is proposed to examine the efficiencies of the retrofit schemes derived from the model. The optimal seismic retrofit model is applied to the SAC benchmark examples for threestory and nine-story SMRFs with brittle connections. Using the retrofit efficiency index proposed in this study, the optimal retrofit schemes obtained from the model are found to be efficient for both examples in terms of energy dissipation capacity, roof drift ratio, and maximum inter-story drift ratio.