降水气候强迫下非均匀地表区域平均径流的一种参数化方案

将任一中尺度区域的平均瞬间径流率考虑为区域平均降水量和地表土壤层水分渗透垦的余项.根据降水量在地理空间上分布的实测资料拟合其空间概率密度函数(PDF),并结合土壤入渗物理过程的数学描述及其经验公式,精确估计出地表土壤渗透率及其空间分布,由此建立区域地表径流率的统计-动力学估计方案.换言之,区域内地表产流率可视为区域平均降水量与区域平均的土壤下渗量之差值,而区域内土壤的平均下渗量又町分为非饱和区和饱和区两部分的下渗量来分别计算.就陆面水分循环的物理过程而言,地表入渗现象是在一定的下垫面特性基础上,由一定的水分供应源而形成的.根据大气降水向地表层输送水分的物理过程,在满足植被表层覆盖需水(截流水)和地表层土壤人渗水基础上,多余的降水量才会形成地表径流.凶此,推求地表产流率的主要关键在于地表土壤层需水量.为此奉文根据土壤水分通量方程推导出水分入渗公式.又从描述土壤水分和降水的空间PDF出发,推导出非均匀土壤含水量及降水气候强迫所形成的次网格尺度区域平均径流率计算公式.利用长江三角洲地区1996年降水量和土壤特性等实测资料建立区域平均地表径流率的估计公式,并对其影响凶素进行敏感性试验.结果表明,该方法与用Mosaic方法计算的区域径流率(或产流率)结果十分接近.由此可见,该文提出的降水气候强迫下非均匀地表区域平均径流的这种统计-动力参数化方案,具有相当的可靠性与可行性.     

基于概念模型的麦田土壤水分动态模拟研究

农田土壤水分模拟是农业用水管理的重要依据。以根区土体水量平衡方程为依据,考虑根区下界面水分通量,构建了农田土壤水分变化模拟模型,该模型由作物蒸散量模型、根区下界面水分通量模型以及水量平衡方程等组成。采用山西水利职业技术学院试验基地2007年和2008年2个年度冬小麦试验资料,确定了模型参数。结果表明,土壤储水量模拟计算值与实测值有较好的一致性,其相关系数达到0.9555;F检验结果达到极显著水平,所建立的麦田土壤水分动态模型可用于作物蒸散量、根区下界面水分通量和田间土壤水分的模拟计算;计算精度平均达到3%～11%。表明该模型可较好地描述农田士壤水分转化过程。     

高寒草原不同量级降水对干旱解除的影响

基于2017年3月1日至10月31日逐日每10 min降水量和土壤体积含水率试验数据,分析不同降水量级不同处理对土壤体积含水率的影响,结果表明:(1)小雨仅能提高0～10 cm土壤墒情,且在遮挡率超过30%时,效果明显减弱,同时地表植被覆盖能在一定程度上提高降水利用率。(2)在土壤底墒较差条件下,中雨能改善对照区、遮挡率20%和30%处理下0～10 cm土壤体积含水率;在土壤底墒较好条件下,中雨能有效补充对照区、遮挡率20%、30%和40%处理下0～30 cm土壤水分。(3)大雨条件下,在对照区、遮挡率20%、30%、40%和60%处理下,0～20 cm土壤体积含水率均有明显增加,在20～30 cm土壤层对照区、遮挡率20%、30%、40%处理下增加亦比较明显,大雨能完全解除0～30 cm土壤干旱。(4)短时强降水对土壤水分的补偿十分有限。暴雨对提高0～20 cm土壤体积含水率非常明显,但对提高20～30 cm土壤水分含量不及大雨效果明显。(5)在对照区,0～10 cm、10～20 cm和20～30 cm土层有效降水量阈值分别为2. 5、7. 0和10. 0 mm。(6)特旱、重旱、中旱和轻旱条件下,0～10 cm土层干旱解除所需的最小降水量分别为21. 5、11. 7、5. 0、1. 4 mm,10～20 cm土层所需的最小降水量分别为32. 9、18. 6、8. 6、2. 7 mm。     

土壤有效水分与气象条件的关系

在自然条件下,土壤水分主要受环境条件制约。为探索作物耕作层(0—30cm土层)内土壤有效水分含量的变化与气象条件的关系,对土壤有效含水量与气温、降水量、日照以及空气湿度等的关系进行初步分析。 1.土壤有效含水量与气温及降水的关系 自然条件下降水是土壤水分的最主要的来源,     

黑土区土壤水分含量对大豆产量构成因素的影响

本研究旨在分析黑土区（黑龙江）土壤有效水分贮存量对大豆产量构成因素的影响,以期为大豆生产防灾减灾提供科学依据。利用1994—2017年黑龙江省大豆主产区的发育期、土壤水分、产量结构资料分析了大豆不同发育阶段土壤有效水分贮存量的时空分布规律、基于土壤相对湿度指数（R_sm）的干旱等级划分规律及有效水分贮存量对大豆不同发育阶段产量结构各因素的影响。结果表明：1994—2017年研究区各发育阶段平均有效水分贮存量在14—18 mm之间变化,共发生干旱82站次,其中轻旱77站次,中旱5站次,没有发生重旱和特旱,其中开花—结荚期、结荚—鼓粒期发生干旱频次较高,且1994—2017年研究区域发生干旱的频次是逐年降低的。大豆的气象产量、株结实粒数、株籽粒重与不同发育期的各层次的土壤有效水分贮存量相关性不大;百粒重与三叶至开花期的20—50 cm土层、结荚—鼓粒期的0—20 cm土壤有效水分贮存量相关性较大;茎秆重与播种至出苗期的30—50 cm土壤有效水分贮存量呈显著正相关;播种至开花期土壤中的有效水分贮存量尤其是深层土壤在一定范围内越多,株荚数越多;空秕荚率与播种至出苗期的0—20 cm和30—40 cm、出苗至三叶期的30—40 cm土壤有效水分贮存量相关性较大。     

黄土高原典型塬区土壤热性质变化特征研究

利用2014年7月至2015年1月黄土高原地区土壤含水量和土壤热性质观测资料,分析了该区域土壤热性质及其变化特征,并讨论了降水对土壤热性质的影响,结果显示:(1)除10 cm外,各层土壤热扩散率整体上呈现夏季下降,秋季平稳,冬季上升三个阶段,土壤体积比热容和土壤导热率表现为夏季上升,秋季平稳,冬季下降的趋势;100 cm处的土壤热扩散率始终高于40 cm,土壤热扩散率不随土壤深度增加而线性增加。(2)5 cm与10 cm层的土壤热性质均有明显日变化特征,且振幅较大,40 cm与100 cm处的日变化振幅逐渐变小。由于10 cm层土壤含水量的波动最大,该层的土壤热性质变化波动也最大。(3)土壤温度与土壤热扩散率随降水增加而下降,土壤热扩散率下降主要是土壤含水量较高时,土壤导热率与土壤体积比热容变化的幅度不一致所致;土壤体积比热容与土壤导热率随降水量增加而上升,降水主要通过土壤含水量的变化影响土壤热性质。     

烘干称重法测定土壤水分取样误差分析

利用2007年河南省30个农业气象基本观测站每旬的土壤水分测定记录,对不同地段、不同土壤层次的取样误差进行了初步分析,结果表明:固定地段土壤水分样本的年平均相对误差为5.32%,比作物地段高0.38%;固定地段和作物地段满足相对误差＜50%的取样比例分别为61.50%和66.20%;不同地段0-50 cm相对误差随土壤深度增加均呈先减小后增大的趋势,郑州和南阳两个测站50-100 cm水分测定值较为稳定,误差随深度波动不大.     

灌溉小麦的水分利用和碳同化的季节变化

在作物封行到生理成熟的73天内,对新南威尔士的格里费斯地区灌溉小麦的蒸发和净同化率进行了测定.水汽和CO_2通量密度的微气象确定以能量平衡或鲍恩比方法为依据.包括称重蒸散计、土壤水分含量和植物干物质等的补充测定表明,利用这些通量的一系列逐时值可以解释作物水分利用和生长.在研究期间日蒸发率约增加3倍,达到每天10毫米,最后20天以前,可能蒸发的估算值一直低于实测值,这以后土壤水分下降和作物开始衰老,使蒸发率减小.在开花前,白天CO_2的净同化率接近常数,其逐日变化比蒸发率逐日变化小一个量级.灌溉条件下的净同化率的日值和峰值一般高于澳大利亚南部的旱地小麦,但与灌溉的向日葵的相应值不相上下,在开花后,观测到CO_2净同化速率逐渐下降.开始的下降是由作物倒伏造成的,而后期的减小可以认为是由于土壤水分消耗和作物衰老的综合影响造成的.根据在接近开花和生理成熟时期未倒伏作物的收获量确定出从开花前到开花后水分利用效率降低24%.逐时蒸发和净同化的比值与水汽压亏缺为正相关,部分地解释了随着逐渐进入生殖生长阶段由于相对湿度的下降实测的CO_2净同化率降低.在这个阶段,作物的倒伏和衰老是水分利用效率降低的附加因素.增进对水分利用效率动力学的了解需要进一步改善植物和土壤之间气体交换的各通量的分别测定.     

旱作农业土壤水分动态分析

对旱作农业来说,农作物所需的水分主要是通过土壤接纳的自然降水而获得的。除供当年农作物生长外,土壤中的剩余水分还可在供水季节起到调节和再分配作用。因此在评价一地的自然降水对农业生产作用时,必须研究土壤水分随降水的变化关系,以及土壤水分随季节、深度的动态特征。本文在     

根据分光反射特性估计日本九州的土壤表层水分

日本九州地区旱田作物约有22万公顷,是该地区的主要作物。旱田作物的生长与土壤水分有很大关系,迅速准确地把握土壤水分状况对于确定灌溉时间及灌水量等是非常必要的。测定土壤水分,有普通的烘干法,张力计法,热传导系数法,电阻法,中子射线法等,但是,这些方法都是在接触和破坏土壤的情况下估计土壤水分的方法,因此,需要开发出一种用非接触和非破坏性的估计土壤水分的测量技术。研究表明,土壤的分光反射特性与土壤的组成及土壤的水分状态有明显的关系。近年来,又利用人造卫星和飞机观测的可见光、近红外资料作过估计表层土壤水分的试     

北半球50 hPa平均环流场的气候特征及其与我国夏季降水关系的初步分析

通过分析北半球５０ｈＰａ平均环流场及其月际差、方差分布,得出５０ｈＰａ平均环流场以季节变化最显著,同时计算了我国东部华北、淮河、长江中下游、江南和华南等５个区夏季降水指数与前期冬季１２～２月、春季３～５月、同期６～８月北半球５０ｈＰａ环流的相关,其中以屯前期春季３～５月５０ｈＰａ平均环流的关系最显著。     

气候因子与云南粮食生产的关系

该文分析了云南近50年气候生产力变化特征以及气候变化对农业生产的影响.重点对气温、降水与小麦、水稻产量形成的关系进行了研究, 结果表明12月至翌年2月的降水是小麦增减产的关键因子, ≥10 ℃的积温比降水更有利于水稻生产.同时针对制约农业增产的重要气象灾害发生时期进行诊断, 发现小春作物的主要气象灾害是1~2月的冬旱和2~4月的倒春寒, 大春作物的主要气象灾害是5月干旱和7~8月的低温冷害.     

播撒金属丝对雷暴云电结构影响模拟研究

利用积云动力一起电二维轴对称模式,模拟分析了雷暴不同发展阶段在云中上升气流速度最大区播撒金属丝对雷暴云电结构的总体影响。通过与未播撒模拟结果相比较,发现各种降水粒子的荷电率及电场强度都有所减小,这种减小在雷暴发展的成熟阶段尤为明显,雷暴云内的扩散、电导和感应起电机制作用减弱。通过不同播撒位置和播撒率的敏感性试验得到,在云中强上升所泫区播撒对垂直电场的抑制效果比在云底和云顶更好,不同的播撒率引起的电     

应用二维冰雹云模式做冰雹预报

应用二维冰雹云模式,模拟分析了渭干河灌区一次冰雹云过程的流场结构和云中含水量等宏微物理量的分布及其演变,并用１９９５年７～８月的探空资料,进行冰雹预报试验。结果表明：本模式可以真实地模拟出适合于冰雹云生长的环境流场、温度场、湿度场的分布及其演变过程,还可模拟出多单体雹云的发生、发展演变过程。根据大气层结稳定度,选择不同的热扰动强度,可使空报次数明显减少,预报准确率提高到６９．３％。     

对华北一次特大台风暴雨过程的位涡诊断分析

通过对９６０８号台风低压及其外围暴雨位和等熵面上物理量场的分析,揭示了台风低压北上诱发暴雨过程的位涡场的结构及冷空气对暴雨增幅的作用,给出此次暴雨增幅过程的图像。分析表明：对流层低层中高纬度冷空气（高位涡）扩散南下在台风低压环流区附近的“侵入”作用是此次特大暴雨过程的最重要的原因之一;等熵面位涡的分析进一步说明了中高纬地区冷空气的活动状况;对流层高层或平流层低层位涡的下传有利于位势不稳定能量的释放     

拉萨地区1998年夏季臭氧总量及垂直廓线的观测研究

该文根据1998年6~10月上旬在拉萨地区进行的臭氧总量及臭氧垂直廓线的观测结果, 并结合同期同纬度其他两个臭氧站数据资料, 证实了以拉萨地区为代表的青藏高原在夏季存在“臭氧低谷”的现象.分析表明, 地基和卫星观测的臭氧总量有一定误差. Umkehr观测反演结果表明夏季拉萨地区平流层臭氧分布和同纬度其他地区相比略有不同; 在对流层, 探空资料显示了该地区对流层臭氧有低值分布的特征.     

Long-term changes in heat and moisture related to corn production on the Canadian Prairies

Long-term (approximately 80?years) daily climate records at 12 weather stations across the agricultural production region of the Canadian Prairies were assessed to evaluate trends in seasonal heat units and moisture characteristics for corn (Zea mays). Crop water demand (CWD) and crop water deficit were modelled at each station. Growing season accumulation of these as well as corn heat units (CHU) and rainfall were tested for long-term trends using linear regression. Significant positive trends in CHU were present in the southernmost stations while the northern stations displayed no trend or significant negative trends. Growing season precipitation showed a significant increase on average and most stations showed a positive trend but only one station showed a significant positive trend. CWD declined at most stations with significant negative trends at seven stations. Crop water deficient also declined with significant negative trends at six stations. The spatial variation in these results and those reported in other studies in the region underscores the difficulty involved in forecasting future trends in agroclimatic conditions.     

Possible Impacts of Climate Change on Soil Moisture Availability in the Southeast Anatolia Development Project Region (GAP): An Analysis from an Agricultural Drought Perspective

This paper presents probable effects of climate change on soil moisture availability in the Southeast Anatolia Development Project (GAP) region of Turkey. A series of hypothetical climate change scenarios and GCM-generated IPCC Business-as-Usual scenario estimates of temperature and precipitation changes were used to examine implications of climate change for seasonal changes in actual evapotranspiration, soil moisture deficit, and soil moisture surplus in 13 subregions of the GAP. Of particular importance are predicted patterns of enhancement in summer soil moisture deficit that are consistent across the region in all scenarios. Least effect of the projected warming on the soil moisture deficit enhancement is observed with the IPCC estimates. The projected temperature changes would be responsible for a great portion of the enhancement in summer deficits in the GAP region. The increase in precipitation had less effect on depletion rate of soil moisture when the temperatures increase. Particularly southern and southeastern parts of the region will suffer severe moisture shortages during summer. Winter surplus decreased in scenarios with increased temperature and decreased precipitation in most cases. Even when precipitation was not changed, total annual surplus decreased by 4 percent to 43 percent for a 2°C warming and by 8 percent to 91 percent for a 4°C warming. These hydrologic results may have significant implications for water availability in the GAP as the present project evaluations lack climate change analysis. Adaptation strategies – such as changes in crop varieties, applying more advanced dry farming methods, improved water management, developing more efficient irrigation systems, and changes in planting – will be important in limiting adverse effects and taking advantage of beneficial changes in climate.     

High resolution simulations of January and July climate over the western Alpine region with a nested Regional Modeling system

Summary High resolution January and July present day climatologies over the central-western Alpine region are simulated with a Regional Climate Model (RegCM) nested within a General Circulation Model (GCM). The RegCM was developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and is run at 20 km grid point spacing. The model is driven by output from a present day climate simulation performed with the GCM ECHAM3 of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI) at T106 resolution (~ 120 km). Five January and July simulations are conducted with the nested RegCM and the results for surface air temperature and precipitation are compared with a gridded observed dataset and a dataset from 99 observing stations throughout the Swiss territory. The driving ECHAM3 simulation reproduces well the position of the northeastern Atlantic jet, but underestimates the jet intensity over the Mediterranean. Precipitation over the Alpine region in the ECHAM3 simulation is close to observed in January but lower than observed in July. Compared to the driving GCM, the nested RegCM produces more precipitation in both seasons, mostly as a result of the stronger model orographic forcing. Average RegCM temperature over the Swiss region is 2–3 degrees higher than observed, while average precipitation is within 30% of observed values. The spatial distribution of precipitation is in general agreement with available gridded observations and the model reproduces the observed elevation dependency of precipitation in the summer. In the winter the simulated elevation of maximum precipitation amounts is lower than observed. Precipitation frequencies are overestimated, while precipitation intensities show a reasonable agreement with observations, especially in the winter. Sensitivity experiments with different cumulus parameterizations, soil moisture initialization and model topography are discussed. Overall, the model performance at the high resolution used here did not deteriorate compared to previous lower resolution experiments.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.With 11 Figures     

Factors influencing ammonia volatilization from urea in soils of the shortgrass steppe

The effects of soil moisture, temperature, and humidity treatments on urea hydrolysis and NH₃ volatilization were assessed in the laboratory. Field studies were conducted to determine seasonal NH₃ losses from simulated urine patches applied to contrasting soils of a representative hillslope of the shortgrass steppe region in the North American Great Plains.Losses of NH₃–N were most influenced by soil moisture. The effects of temperature and humidity on total, or temporal, losses of NH₃ were dependent on soil moisture. Losses ranged from 18.5% under conditions of low-temperature/high-humidity/wet soil to 7.7% under conditions of high-temperature/low-humidity/dry soil. In contrast, urea hydrolysis was not affected by soil moisture.Losses of NH₃–N from simulated urine applied to field plots ranged from 1.5% on footslope soils in summer to 14.1% on backslope (midslope) soils in summer, whereas losses were 8.1% on back-slope soils in winter. Factors such as soil texture, microbial activity, and plant productivity along a toposequence had larger effects than climatic variables on variation in the volatile losses of NH₃–N from this grassland.This paper is a report on the work presented at the international symposium Influence of marine and terrestrial biosphere on the chemical composition of the atmosphere, held in Mainz, F.R.G., on 16–22 March 1986.