海洋原甲藻与三角褐指藻混合培养条件下的种群生长与氮磷营养盐变化

以三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohl)和海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum mi-cans)为实验种研究了硅藻与甲藻在混合培养的环境中其各自的种群密度变化以及相应水体中氮磷营养盐变化。结果显示,在单独培养或与海洋原甲藻共同培养的条件下,三角褐指藻均表现出明显的营养盐吸收优势,种群生长迅速。相对而言,海洋原甲藻对营养盐的吸收速率明显较低,而且在与三角褐指藻共同培养的水体中一直处于竞争劣势;但有海洋原甲藻存在的水体中,三角褐指藻较单独培养时具有更高的生长速率和高的生物量,海洋原甲藻的存在可能促进三角褐指藻的生长。     

三角褐指藻与东海原甲藻间的他感作用研究

本文主要探究了东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)与三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)之间的他感作用。在实验室模拟条件下,分别研究了添加比例为10%、40%、60%、90%、100%的三角褐指藻无藻细胞滤液的培养基对东海原甲藻生长的影响,以及相同比例的东海原甲藻无藻细胞滤液培养基对三角褐指藻生长的影响。结果表明,低浓度三角褐指藻滤液对东海原甲藻(P.donghaiense)的生长表现为促进作用,高浓度则抑制其生长,因此,不同浓度的三角褐指藻藻液对东海原甲藻生长表现出两种相反的他感作用效果;而东海原甲藻滤液对三角褐指藻(P.tricornutum)的生长没有显著影响,说明东海原甲藻并未对三角褐指藻表现出他感作用。     

光质对三角褐指藻光保护过程的影响

光能一方面驱动光合作用固定二氧化碳,另一方面当光能过剩就会对光合细胞产生氧化性损伤,甚至导致细胞死亡。硅藻等光合生物通过叶绿素荧光非光化学淬灭(NPQ)把过剩的光能转化为无害的热,达到保护细胞的目的。硅藻NPQ的诱导受硅甲藻黄素循环调节,并且与众多环境因子密切相关。作者通过对海洋环境的模拟,研究了不同光质下三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)受到的影响测定并比较了红、绿、蓝3种单色光处理的三角褐指藻响应高光胁迫时的NPQ及硅甲藻黄素循环的差异。叶绿素荧光的结果显示,在相同的胁迫性强光和胁迫时间内,蓝光下处理的三角褐指藻形成的NPQ更高,而且胁迫阶段淬灭的荧光在低光阶段恢复的更快。色素测定的结果显示,3种单色光下处理的三角褐指藻的硅甲藻黄素循环的环脱氧比(DEPS)与对照组没有显著差异。实验结果表明,蓝光对三角褐指藻响应高光、形成NPQ至关重要。     

苯并[α]芘胁迫对三角褐指藻抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环活动的影响

以三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)为材料,在连续4d内,以100、400、700μg/L 3个剂量的苯并[α]芘(B[α]P)对三角褐指藻进行胁迫试验,分析苯并[α]芘对三角褐指藻的毒性效应,测定三角褐指藻的抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环非酶成分、含量及酶活性。研究表明:随着B[α]P浓度的提高和胁迫时间的延长,B[α]P对三角褐指藻的生长抑制作用逐渐增强;藻细胞内丙二醛(MDA)含量及总抗氧化能力(TAOC)显著升高,两者与胁迫强度的相关性系数分别为0.960和0.894;同时,AsA-GSH循环中的非酶成分抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量增加,相关酶谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MHAR)活性普遍增加,其中,GSH含量、GR、APX和DHAR活性与藻细胞内MDA含量相关性系数分别为0.744、0.852、0.652和0.600。结果表明:AsA-GSH循环是三角褐指藻细胞对抗苯并芘胁迫、猝灭活性氧、降低膜脂过氧化的重要方式;细胞内AsA含量、GR活性及APX活性对苯并芘胁迫响应迅速、变化显著,是潜在的生物指示物。     

温度、盐度对具齿原甲藻生长的影响及其与中肋骨条藻的比较

在无菌条件下,单种培养具齿原甲藻以研究温度和盐度对其生长的影响。实验设计了5个温度梯度和6个盐度梯度,并计算了不同培养条件下藻细胞在指数生长期的比生长率。实验结果表明：具齿原甲藻生长的最适温、盐范围分别为22℃和25～31。温度对藻类生长的影响比盐度的要明显得多,而且藻生长的最适盐度有随着温度升高向低盐度偏移的趋势。同时,实验研究了同样条件下中肋骨条藻的生长情况,并与具齿原甲藻进行了比较,以试图探讨东海大规模爆发具齿原甲藻赤潮的原因。     

三角褐指藻滤液提取物对东海原甲藻和盐藻生理特性的影响

在实验室培养条件下，利用流式细胞仪从细胞生长、细胞大小、细胞膜完整性、酯酶活性等方面分别研究了三角褐指藻（Phaeodactylum triconutum）滤液提取物对东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）和盐藻（Dunaliella salina）为期6 d生物培养过程中生理特性的影响。结果表明，三角褐指藻滤液乙酸乙酯提取物对东海原甲藻表现出强烈的生长抑制作用，荧光检测显示，其能刺激细胞体积的增大，导致部分藻体细胞膜受损，酯酶活性在短时间内增强，随后受到显著抑制。而提取物对盐藻的生长抑制并不明显，盐藻细胞体积没有受到影响，细胞膜保持了高度完整，酯酶活性在第6天时才受到抑制作用。以上分析表明，东海原甲藻对三角褐指藻滤液乙酸乙酯提取物更加敏感，特殊的细胞内部结构特征有利于化感物质进入东海原甲藻的体内，直接导致藻细胞的死亡。化感物质引起的不同的生理响应中，酯酶活性指标具有更好的敏感性，是在环境压力下生物自我保护的一种应急方式。     

6种赤潮甲藻对荧光标记藻类的吞噬行为研究

选取6种在中国沿海广泛分布的赤潮甲藻米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)、链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)、微小原甲藻(Prorocentrum minimum)和锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea),采用经5-(4,6-二氯三嗪基)氨基荧光素(DTAF)标记灭活的荧光饵料藻进行投喂,观察目标甲藻是否存在吞噬行为,研究光照、营养盐条件对目标甲藻的吞噬行为的影响。结果发现,链状亚历山大藻能吞噬旋转海链藻(Thalassiosira curviseriata),东海原甲藻能摄食球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana),但其摄食概率非常低,且不受光照和营养盐条件的影响。实验中,未观测到米氏凯伦藻、海洋原甲藻、微小原甲藻和锥状斯氏藻的吞噬行为。在黑暗中培养48-72h后,目标甲藻均出现不同程度的死亡,尤其是东海原甲藻和链状亚历山大藻。虽然东海原甲藻和链状亚历山大藻具吞噬行为属于混合营养生物,但光合自养是目标甲藻获取营养、维持生长最主要的方式。     

浮游植物对海水溶油净化作用的初步研究

本文研究了海水中溶油对骨条藻、角毛藻,三角褐指藻、金藻、甲藻、杜氏盐藻的生长影响。结果表明杜氏盐藻、三角褐指藻、甲藻等在含油海水中9天左右达到最高含量,且在17天左右仍维持最高含量,表明这些藻的耐油性较好。这些耐油藻使海水中石油含量下降3—6倍,表明它们对海水中溶油有净化作用。     

温度和光照对三角褐指藻的生长及岩藻黄素含量的影响

岩藻黄素(fucoxanthin)是一种特殊的类胡萝卜素,具有许多显著的功效和很高的应用价值。三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)是一种海洋硅藻,是一种可用于提取岩藻黄素的合适材料。作者以三角褐指藻的生物量、光合活性和岩藻黄素含量为指标,研究了不同的温度(20℃、25℃、30℃)、不同的光照强度(12800 lx、7200 lx、4000 lx)和不同光质(红光、蓝光、绿光)对三角褐指藻的生长及岩藻黄素含量的影响。实验结果表明,25℃对三角褐指藻的生长没有影响,但提高了岩藻黄素的含量,30℃对三角褐指藻的生长及岩藻黄素积累均有抑制现象;12800 lx、7200 lx的光照强度都可促进三角褐指藻的生长及岩藻黄素含量的升高,其中,7200 lx的光照强度对三角褐指藻的生长及岩藻黄素含量的提高更加显著;红光条件可促进三角褐指藻的生长和提高三角褐指藻的岩藻黄素含量,而绿光和蓝光抑制三角褐指藻的生长,并导致三角褐指藻的岩藻黄素含量降低。因此,25℃、7200 lx和红光的培养条件是三角褐指藻生长和岩藻黄素积累的最适宜条件。     

铜藻在紫外胁迫下的抗氧化应激响应

紫外辐射增强常导致藻类体内活性氧成分的产生,从而损伤藻类光合器官,引起藻类光抑制。马尾藻（Sargassum）金潮近些年在世界多地频繁暴发,金潮暴发时,漂浮于海面的藻体接受更多的紫外辐射,但金潮藻应对这种紫外胁迫的生理学机制尚不明确。本研究以中国金潮种——铜藻（Sargassum horneri）为研究对象,在实验室条件下,以太阳模拟器提供光源,设置P（光合有效辐射,Photosynthetically active radiation, PAR, 400～700 nm, 200 W/m²）、PA (PAR+UVA （紫外线A, Ultraviolet A）, 320～700 nm)和PAB (PAR+UVA+UVB （紫外线B, Ultraviolet B）, 280～700 nm),探讨了紫外辐射下铜藻的光合活性变化和抗氧化应激响应。结果显示,3种光辐射处理下,藻体光合活性均受到抑制,最大光化学量子产量（F_v/F_m）都随辐射时间延长而逐渐降低,降低幅度为PAB>PA>P。后继的240 min低光P（PAR...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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