大地电场观测深埋铅电极测量系统试验

为使用铅电极替代不极化电极,以解决滨海地区大地电场观测系统稳定性差的问题,先后开展了浅埋的铅电极与不极化电极的大地电场对比观测,以及深埋铅电极与浅埋铅电极的对比观测试验。结果表明:铅电极与固体不极化电极的观测数据在短期内有较好的一致性;深埋铅电极的大地电场观测资料在长期稳定性上优于固体不极化电极;而观测数据的内在观测质量也高于浅埋铅电极。     

国内外关于不极化电极研究的概况与进展

综述了国内外关于不极化电极研究的情况与进展;重点介绍了我国新研制成功的固体不极化电极的性能特点,技术指标及其应用效果。     

地电场双电极测量方法研究

目前,地电场台站均采用单电极测量方法,当电极出现不稳定或故障时,无法快速准确判断电极问题,更不能及时更换电极,从而影响地电场观测质量,可信度降低。洛阳地震台采用固体不极化和铅两种电极观测,可有效解决上述问题,保证地电场观测资料的连续、可靠及真实性。     

垂直地电场观测新技术的数据研究——基于坪城观测点的分析

结合同台观测的水平地电场数据,研究坪城垂直地电场观测数据,结果表明:(1)采用固体不极化电极进行垂直地电场观测,同一极距的观测结果基本一致,而铅板电极与固体不极化电极之间存在较大的电位差;(2)垂直地电场日变化形态清晰,长极距测道(A1C1、A2C1和A3C1测道)日变幅为5.85 mV/km左右,短极距(B1C1、B2C1和B3C1测道)日变幅为10.02 mV/km左右;(3)垂直向观测的地电场日变化优势周期在12 h和24 h。     

电极极化电位对地电场观测影响研究

在分析地电场测量电极的极化电位产生机理的基础上,通过同类电极组合试验和不同类电极对比试验,对极化电位在地电场观测中的影响形成几点认识：①由于电极和土壤介质之间的接触电位和扩散电位的影响,极化电位的存在具有普遍性;②当工作状态稳定后,电极极化电位可能使得观测结果产生固定偏差,但在误差允许的范围内;③正常情况下,电极极化电位的存在不影响对地电场变化特性的观测。     

Pb-PbCl_2不极化电极的设计与实现

长周期大地电磁测深需要观测最长周期为几万秒的大地电磁场信号,这要求用于测量电场信号的不极化电极具有很小的极差,以及至少长达1—2个月的稳定时间,普通的不极化电极不能满足要求。通过改进电极电解质配方和电极结构,试制出铅-氯化铅不极化电极。测量结果表明,该电极具有极差小、稳定时间长、使用寿命长、维护简单等优良特性。在山东菏泽等地的野外实验表明,该类不极化电极能够很好地观测几万秒的长周期信号。同等条件下,其性能优于国外同类产品,达到预期目标。     

一种Pb-PbCl2不极化电极试验研究

在分析不极化电极基本实现原理的基础上,研究和讨论影响地电场测量电极工作稳定性的主要技术因素,采用Pb-PbCl2技术方案和可螺旋拆解的分体式结构,完成一种不极化电极的研究和试验。结果表明：①该电极的主要技术性能不低于目前国内外在该领域的指标要求;②在性能试验期间,极化电位的一致性和稳定性均较高;③应用研究过程中,较好记录了地电场日变化和地电暴等背景变化。     

地电场不同电极的对比实验研究

经过对不同形式的电极:铅电极、不极化电极、圆柱形电极、板状电极等进行对比观测试验,对观测试验的数据信息进行处理及相关系数分析.分析研究实验结果,探讨不同情况下的电极性能及优缺点,得出在不同要求、不同场地、不同条件下电极的选择和使用情况的认识.     

固体不极化电极现场实验研究

本实验是针对以下两个问题进行的:一是深度实验.在同一位置,将电极埋于不同的深度,观察电极埋设在不同深度时,对电场的观测基本没有影响;二是灌水实验.利用自来水和饱和食盐溶液直接灌入电极坑内,观察得知,电极长时间浸泡在水中或盐水中,对电极无明显影响.本实验得出的结论是:在电极埋设完成后,一定要灌水,第一次灌水对电极的影响很大,以后的灌水对电极的影响比较小;给一对电极中的一个电极灌水,对电位差有较大影响;同时给一对电极灌水,对电位差则无明显影响;在一对电极之间灌水,对电位差亦无明显影响.     

深井电极与地表电极的自然电场对比研究

通过对半无限空间和全无限空间电流密度的分布理论进行讨论,得出电流密度随电极埋设深度的增大而减小。因此,在电法观测中,当供电电极深埋后,人工电场和自然电场可减少地表各种噪声的干扰,提高视电阻率ρｓ和自然电位Ｖｓｐ的灵敏度,从而更好地捕捉地城常信息。从北京平谷台６年多来的观测结果分析认为,深井电极相对地表电极能降低诸如人为供电、雷击短路、冰冻期影响等各种干扰,经过宁河６．９级、６．５级和５．６级及离     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.