一次槽后型大暴雨伴冰雹的形成机制和雷达观测分析

利用常规气象观测资料、新一代天气雷达、自动站、NCEP再分析资料等对西北气流形势下一次局地大暴雨伴多次降雹的强对流天气形成机制和对流系统结构进行了精细化分析。结果表明:(1)局地大暴雨伴冰雹发生在西北气流控制和大气层结极不稳定的形势下,14:00(北京时,下同)CAPE较08:00显著增大,为大暴雨和冰雹提供了不稳定能量;对流层低层的水汽含量大值中心为后向和前向传播新生单体的不断生成提供了充分的水汽条件;地面局地加热不均匀,午后地面温度达到对流温度临界值使地面暖气团自由上升,从而产生初始对流回波。在达到热力对流的条件下,地面中尺度辐合线和露点锋对局地大暴雨伴多次冰雹天气的发生有加强触发作用,地面中尺度低压是辐合维持和水汽集中的重要原因。(2)雷达图上,初始回波在周口附近生成、加强并向东南方向移动的过程中,其后侧和右后侧不断有中γ尺度对流单体生成,新生单体经历了积云生成加强、成熟合并、减弱消散阶段,其传播方向和移动方向近于相反,使周口附近强回波呈准静止动态平衡状态而持续存在。随后,在许昌到太康近东西向带状回波的前侧不断有中γ尺度新对流单体生成,并与周口附近后向传播的对流单体相接,排列成西北—东南向的线状多单体回波带,前向传播和后向传播分别经历了后侧减弱和前侧减弱阶段,中间回波在周口附近发展最旺盛。向前和向后两种传播形式多单体结构中的中γ尺度对流单体形成显著的"列车效应"使周口、西华出现局地大暴雨和多次降雹。在平均径向速度图上有中尺度涡旋,西北—东南向线状对流回波带在中低层有辐合—辐散—辐合相间的结构特征,在高层则与中低层相反,线状雷暴系统的形成和演变与强雷暴下沉气流抬升暖湿空气有较大关系,对流单体生成于低层辐合、高层辐散处。     

一次槽后型大暴雨伴冰雹的形成机制和雷达观测分析北大核心CSCD

利用常规气象观测资料、新一代天气雷达、自动站、NCEP再分析资料等对西北气流形势下一次局地大暴雨伴多次降雹的强对流天气形成机制和对流系统结构进行了精细化分析。结果表明:(1)局地大暴雨伴冰雹发生在西北气流控制和大气层结极不稳定的形势下,14:00(北京时,下同)CAPE较08:00显著增大,为大暴雨和冰雹提供了不稳定能量;对流层低层的水汽含量大值中心为后向和前向传播新生单体的不断生成提供了充分的水汽条件;地面局地加热不均匀,午后地面温度达到对流温度临界值使地面暖气团自由上升,从而产生初始对流回波。在达到热力对流的条件下,地面中尺度辐合线和露点锋对局地大暴雨伴多次冰雹天气的发生有加强触发作用,地面中尺度低压是辐合维持和水汽集中的重要原因。(2)雷达图上,初始回波在周口附近生成、加强并向东南方向移动的过程中,其后侧和右后侧不断有中γ尺度对流单体生成,新生单体经历了积云生成加强、成熟合并、减弱消散阶段,其传播方向和移动方向近于相反,使周口附近强回波呈准静止动态平衡状态而持续存在。随后,在许昌到太康近东西向带状回波的前侧不断有中γ尺度新对流单体生成,并与周口附近后向传播的对流单体相接,排列成西北—东南向的线状多单体回波带,前向传播和后向传播分别经历了后侧减弱和前侧减弱阶段,中间回波在周口附近发展最旺盛。向前和向后两种传播形式多单体结构中的中γ尺度对流单体形成显著的"列车效应"使周口、西华出现局地大暴雨和多次降雹。在平均径向速度图上有中尺度涡旋,西北—东南向线状对流回波带在中低层有辐合—辐散—辐合相间的结构特征,在高层则与中低层相反,线状雷暴系统的形成和演变与强雷暴下沉气流抬升暖湿空气有较大关系,对流单体生成于低层辐合、高层辐散处。     

冷涡对两类对流系统结构演变作用的个例模拟对比分析

2015年8月22日,在同一冷涡背景下,华北东北部形成了多单体风暴,而在黄淮地区出现飑线过程。本文根据观测资料给出冷涡对中尺度对流系统发生发展的动力和热力作用,并基于WRF中尺度数值模式的模拟结果,对比分析了两类对流系统的形态结构演变和运动过程的差异、差异产生的原因及冷涡的作用,主要结论如下:(1)两类对流系统均位于冷涡后部,但形态演变和运动过程差异显著,北部分散性对流受地面风辐合及地形抬升的共同影响发展形成多单体风暴,呈西北—东南排列,主要以前向传播的方式缓慢向东南偏南方向运动,带来短时强降水为主的天气;南部线状对流由山东西北部和河南北部形成的多个孤立单体合并后形成,随后在黄淮地区发展为飑线系统,在平流移动为主的作用下向东南方向快速运动,产生雷暴大风和冰雹天气。(2)北部多单体风暴在冷暖气团交界面形成,位于冷涡西南象限,低层水汽和能量充足;新对流单体在边界层被触发后,沿着低层切变线向高能区传播。(3)南部飑线系统在冷槽后的地面干暖区低压带中形成,中尺度对流系统产生的冷池和雷暴高压的出流与环境相互作用,低层水汽条件转好,使得单体不断传播和合并,发展为飑线系统。(4)中层后部入流的强度和环境水汽条件对两类对流系统组织化过程有不同影响,飑线中层后部入流的增强主要来自环境西风分量的增加,与冷涡发展演变使得环境风场增强有关;北部对流湿层深厚,所处的中层风场弱,不利于多单体风暴组织化发展;南部飑线系统位于更强的环境西风引导气流中,后部中层入流强、高层环境空气干,有利于强下沉气流形成,从而促进雷暴高压和冷池的发展,强下沉气流还使中低层的风速增加,垂直风切变增强,有利于对流单体组织化发展形成线状对流。     

青藏高原东北部一次罕见强对流天气的中小尺度系统特征分析

2016年8月17-18日青藏高原东北部出现了罕见的大冰雹、短时暴雨、雷暴大风等强对流天气。运用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、葵花静止气象卫星、多普勒天气雷达等观测资料分析了此次强对流过程的大气环境场和中小尺度对流系统的发生发展和对流传播机制。结果表明:西太平洋副热带高压北抬明显,属于低层暖平流强迫型。水汽输送主要来自南海。维持较长时间的弱冷锋是强对流的地面触发机制;对流云团逐渐演变为MCC,对流传播整体具有沿着河谷往层结不稳定区的正向和往低层入流风的反向传播的特征。河谷地形是影响对流移动和传播路径的关键;强对流风暴单体生命史均较长,强降雹单体为类超级单体和普通多单体,强降水回波属于多单体线状对流。降雹单体整体比降水单体发展得更强,变化幅度更大,尤其是垂直累积液态水含量的变化更剧烈。强对流开始前单体垂直累积液态水含量均是先增后降;几处局地雷暴大风是由雷暴云团内弱降水在较厚的环境干层蒸发而显著降温所产生的较大负浮力或由线状对流中强降水拖曳导致的强下沉辐散气流造成,雷达回波具有质心急剧下降或中层径向速度辐合特征。     

三门峡市2006年两次下击暴流天气过程诊断分析

2006年5月26日和6月25日三门峡辖区均出现了以地面大风、冰雹为主的灾害性天气.利用常规观测资料和非常规加密探测资料以及雷达、卫星云图资料对这两次灾害性天气过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:这两次灾害性天气均是由500 hPa华北冷涡后部的下滑槽或横槽转竖带动北方冷空气急剧南下造成的下击暴流引发的强对流天气.当雷达回波顶高超过10 km、强度≥50 dBz并出现回波悬垂结构的超级对流单体或多单体超级对流风暴移来时,易产生强对流天气;强回波质心在移动过程中不断下降或回波悬垂结构、低层弱回波区出现在风暴后部时,是下击暴流发生的前兆;冰雹指数、风暴跟踪信息、中气旋3个产品叠加对强对流风暴发生、发展、移向的预报具有较好的参考作用.     

2018年一次罕见早春飑线大风过程演变和机理分析

2018年3月4—5日,华南、江南等地发生了一次大范围强对流过程,发生时间早,落区范围广,多地伴有雷暴大风、冰雹、短时强降水等剧烈对流天气,尤其飑线在江西境内造成了严重大风灾害。基于大气环流和雷达回波发展演变特征,将该次过程分为初始、发展和减弱三个阶段：初始阶段西风槽前西南急流造成的低压倒槽为强对流提供大尺度触发条件;发展阶段对流活动位于槽前暖区中,飑线在江西造成极端大风;入夜后,冷锋南下,对流进入减弱阶段。环境场及对流参数诊断表明江西中北部低层高温高湿,中层干冷,温度垂直递减率大,有利于产生雷暴大风。南昌探空长时间序列分析表明温湿要素气候态异常,与历史同期比,低层明显偏暖偏湿,中层偏干,有利于极端对流天气发生。综合多源观测资料和雷达资料分析中小尺度特征,本次江西飑线过程特点及成因包括：（1）受引导气流和前向传播共同作用,飑线移动速度快。（2）自动站分析显示飑锋后雷暴高压强,与锋前暖低压作用造成强密度流,有利于产生大范围直线型大风;（3）通过对比飑线弓状回波南北段回波结构差异表明,飑线后侧中层干后向入流促使降水粒子相变,剧烈降温形成的强下沉运动(下击暴流)是导致极端大风的主要原因,后部层云区下沉气流增强雷暴高压加之动量下传作用对雷暴大风有增幅作用。     

2017年江西上高雷暴大风雷达回波特征分析

利用MICAPS天气资料、江西WebGIS雷达拼图、自动站、强天气监测和雷电监测等数据,对2017年8月江西副热带高压边缘产生的四次雷暴大风天气过程,采用数据统计、形态特征对比等方法进行分析,结果表明：江西北部A回波和南部B回波发生辐合运动时,B回波会发展的更为旺盛,形成飑线回波带。当东北～西南走向的回波带,发生转向为南～北走向时,是形成弓状回波带的前兆。副高边缘对流单体回波分布很广,江西境内大多数地方都可以产生,雷暴大风发生在个别强回波或短带回波中。回波系统在不断向东移动过程中,其东南侧不断触发产生新的对流单体,通过不断合并,不断新生单体,形成向东东南方向“传播”的发展趋势,造成回波系统向传播方向移动。回波的传播方式一方面加快了回波移动速度,另一方面改变了回波的移动方向。副高边缘雷达回波特征主要有两种：一是南北向短带回波,有时会发展为弓状回波;二是强回波单体,超级单体和复合单体回波。带状回波上,雷暴大风分布在回波带前沿,尤其是弓状回波带的头部,雷电分布则在回波带移动方向的后侧;强单体、超级单体和复合单体回波上,雷暴大风和雷电集中在强回波中心附近区域。     

冷涡背景下不同类型强对流天气的成因对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、自动站资料、卫星、雷达和NCEP再分析资料,针对2015年8月22日冷涡背景下华北东北部和黄淮地区同时出现的不同类型强对流天气,对比分析引发不同天气的两种中尺度对流系统的演变过程及冷涡背景下不同强对流天气的成因。具体结论如下:(1)同一冷涡背景下,华北东北部位于冷涡中心外围西南象限和地面冷高压前沿,触发的分散性多单体风暴位于冷涡外围的涡旋云系中,引发以短时强降水为主的强对流天气;黄淮地区位于冷涡后部和地面冷锋前,槽后晴空区的多个对流单体,合并后形成人字形飑线系统引发短时强降水、冰雹和雷暴大风天气;(2)环境热力和水汽的差异为形成不同的强对流天气提供了前提条件:华北东北部受高层暖脊影响,地面高压后部的偏东气流带来水汽输送,整层暖湿的条件利于产生强降水;黄淮地区高层有补充干冷空气,利于热力不稳定条件发展,但黄淮地区低层水汽不足,风雹天气在较干环境场中不易被触发;(3)引发不同强对流天气的对流触发机制不同,两处的初始对流均受同一地面辐合线影响,但华北东北部在地形抬升与辐合线共同作用下不断新生单体;黄淮地区的初始局地热对流形成后,其前沿的辐散出流与环境风形成新的辐合,使原辐合线断裂和转向;(4)出现不同强对流天气时垂直风切变不同,黄淮风雹区的中层垂直风切变更显著,有利于形成持续性的强风暴;强对流天气发生时,华北东北部中低层风场的演变与天气尺度系统的变化有关,黄淮地区中低层风的垂直分布与中尺度对流系统的发生发展有关。     

通辽市一次冰雹天气中尺度分析

利用常规观测资料、ERA(0.25°×0.25°)再分析资料、通辽多普勒雷达（CINRAD/CB型）探测资料和卫星云图（FY-4A）资料,对2022年6月20日通辽市冰雹天气进行成因分析。结果表明：500 hPa冷涡底部短波扰动和低层低涡切变环境中雹暴云团发展,低层适当的水汽条件、较大的对流有效位能、中高层干冷空气叠加在低层暖湿空气上形成了对流不稳定层结、较强垂直风切变和地面干线的触发作用下不稳定能量释放。对流有效位能（CAPE）、K指数、SI、总指数（TT）等参数均达到强对流天气阈值。两个尺度较小的雹暴云团均沿着环境引导气流方向自西北向东南移动。反射率因子剖面图上,呈中高层回波悬垂,低层弱回波区、回波墙、假尖顶回波等特征。移动较快的“W”形弓形回波有明显的前侧入流缺口和后侧入流缺口。前侧入流缺口有强的上升气流,有利于冰雹的增长,后侧入流缺口表明有强的下沉气流,可能引起雷暴大风。垂直累计液态水含量跃增并维持较高值。雷达产品特征均较好地反映发生冰雹天气。     

一次冰雹天气强对流(雹)云演变及超级单体结构的个例模拟研究

利用WRF中尺度数值模式,模拟了2005年5月31日发生在北京的冰雹强对流过程,成功地再现了冰雹天气发展过程中起重要作用的冷涡底部的小槽、低层暖湿舌、地形辐合线等中尺度系统;模拟的地面降水、强对流(雹)云移动路径与实况基本符合;模拟的一个长生命史强对流(雹)云的演变及单体结构与北京多普勒雷达观测的沿城市中轴线的雹云相似,具有超级单体概念模型给出回波墙-有界弱同波区(穹窿)-悬挂回波结构、对峙的倾斜上升下沉气流、分裂右移发展等特征.基于数值模拟结果,结合雷达观测,重点分析了这块雹云的演变过程,解剖了超级单体三维动力、热力及回波结构.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;