地震的水文前兆：评论

本评论总结了作为地震前兆的地下水、石油或气体流量或压力异常的各种报告。在距震中数百公里的地方，曾观测到压力，流量的增加或降低，前兆持续时间从不到一天至一年以上。虽然在许多已发表的水文异常报告中没有记载排除非构造影响后的信息，一些最新研究明确地评价了大气压力，降雨量和地下水及石油的开发可能带来的影响。在中国1976年唐山地震和日本1978年伊豆大岛地震之前出现的一些异常，在本文中专门作了详细介绍，有必要作进一步检验。地下承压含水层的承压水位变化是定量表征地壳应变变化最有说服力的一种水文前兆。因承压水位 对固体潮汐的响应可测定了承压水位与地壳应变间的比例系数。该系数将控制着流体压力对任何地壳应力场的响应，流体流动的储集层是否完全处于这个地壳应力场中无关紧要。地下水位的变化对一些独立构造事件的反映，例如地震和非地震的断层蠕动，证明根据固体潮做出的校正值，可用于构造成因的地壳应变。地震产生的几种模式，可预测未来破裂平面上某一部分的加速稳定滑动。假若前兆滑动力矩低于或等于临震的力矩，那么震时体积应变就是前兆体积应变的上限。虽然地壳应变从多数承压水位异常报告中作出的只能是一种粗略的估算，但许多异常都出现在距震中150公里范围内的事实似乎与上述应变界限一致。与此相反，水位异常出现的震中距范围要比上述界限大几个数量级。显然，尽管水位监测能够提供地震产生过程的信息，但是要深入发展则取决于对数据的进一步积累与处理。     

地壳介质微形变异常与强震短临前兆

什么是形变观测中可靠的地震前兆 ?虽然目前有很多不同的认识 ,但都还是认为应从地球力学和形变应变的变化信息中获取地震前兆 ,形变观测的地震前兆应是由于地震孕育到破裂过程中地壳介质产生形变应变等力学变化的信息 .当然 ,地震前兆存在场兆和源兆之分 ,如构造块体活动产生的区域应力场变化 .场兆与地震的发生是一种间接关系 ,是大范围内的异常现象 ,而源兆则主要是震源区及近源区出现的效应 .显然 ,源兆的捕捉对地震的预报是极为有利的 .微形变观测主要包括倾斜、应变和重力观测 .与 GPS、大地形变测量和流动形变测量相比 ,微形变(倾…     

地壳形变与地下水动态异常特征研究进展

地壳变形与地下流体之间既相互联系又相互影响。地壳形变异常是地壳构造活动最直接的表现,是物理含义最为明确的地震前兆之一;地下流体异常能够提供多种型式的构造活动过程(包括地震)的前兆信息。两类异常以不同的方式和特点反映出地震孕育过程中伴随的前兆信息,从而成为地震预报的重要手段。本文综述了有关地壳形变与地下水动态异常特征方面的研究成果,从机理和前兆特征方面归纳了两种异常的相互关系。     

张家口-渤海地震构造带的地壳形变研究

华北北部地区的张家口-渤海断裂带是控制现代强震的一条地震构造带。新近纪以来,在区域NEE向主压应力的作用下,新发育了一系列的NE向构造活动带,与张家口-渤海断裂带组成1组共轭的剪切破裂系统,控制了近代强震的发生。文中主要探讨了这条断裂带的地壳形变特征。长趋势GPS地壳形变图像反映了这条活动断裂带相对完整的左旋走滑活动。分期的地壳形变图像揭示了在中强地震前,沿该断裂带出现一系列的NE向梯度异常带,分别指示了唐山-河间、三河-涞水以及延怀-山西地震构造活动带的活动,表明了沿张家口-渤海断裂带出现了中强地震的中期前兆。研究认为,强震前地壳形变揭示的是深部蕴震层的应变活动信息,而强震之后比较杂乱的图像特征体现了盖层的调整运动     

地壳变形与地应力变化关系的研究

地震地质研究表明，地壳变形与地应力变化直接相关，它们之间存在着比较复杂的关系。本文在分析甘肃东南部地区地应力及地壳变形观测资料的基础上，结合其它前兆物理现象的对比，用数值模拟方法，研究了地应力变化与地壳形变、地震活动性以及区域构造活动之间的关系。其方法和结果拓宽了不同观测资料横向综合分析的路子，使其在地壳动力学、地震地质研究和地震预报中得到更广泛、更进一步的应用。     

张北6.2级地震前的地壳形变特征

介绍了１９９８年１月１０日张北６．２级地震前华北地区,主要是首都圈地区的地壳形变特征。分析了ＧＰＳ结果、跨断层形变观测以及定点台站观测的异常信息。认为张北地震前的地壳形变异常大部分是“场兆”异常;张北震中区在震前至少半年是处于形变闭锁阶段;地壳形变的前兆发展在总体上存在由东南向西北迁移特征。     

利用远震接收函数研究辽宁地区的地壳厚度及泊松比

文中利用辽宁省数字地震遥测台网15个台站记录的远震P波波形资料,用频率域反褶积方法提取接收函数,由H-Kappa叠加方法得到了各台站下方的地壳厚度和泊松比。研究结果表明,辽宁地区的地壳泊松比在0.25～0.29之间,地壳厚度介于31～36km之间,东部褶隆带的地壳厚度从北向南由31km增至35km。松辽构造盆地地壳厚度变化不大,平均厚度为31km。辽西褶隆带与东部褶隆带的地壳厚度均比哈尔滨构造盆地厚约2～4km     

基于GPS技术的2016年呼图壁M_S6.2地震形变特征研究

利用2013~2017年3期GPS观测资料,通过结合区域构造背景分析呼图壁MS6.2地震震中及附近区域水平运动速率、主应变率、面膨胀率及最大剪应变率动态变化特征。结果表明,呼图壁地震前发震构造南部区域地壳速率高于北部区域运动速率,造成发震构造两盘运动速率不同,地壳能量积蓄。呼图壁地震释放了区域积蓄的应变能量,由于区域构造因素,影响范围较小。震前震中附近区域处于压缩环境,易于聚集应变能量;震时震中区出现面膨胀等值线密集高梯度带,是地壳应变能量交换和释放剧烈区域。震中区最大剪应变变化不大,反映呼图壁地震逆冲性质,最大剪应变高值区对地震危险性有预示作用。     

地壳应变主体单元模型及其与中强地震关系研究

讨论了目前利用GPS观测结果研究块体及其边界带应变状态的研究进展,阐明了与地震相关的块体边界活动构造附近是地壳应变主体区域的认识. 利用Scholz断层能量动态平衡过程,建立了断层周边应变累积与断层面构造力的一般物理关系,据此提出以断裂带为主体的地壳应变主体单元模型. 并利用GPS基准站连续观测资料讨论了模型力学状态演化与2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级地震过程的关系. 结果表明,强烈压剪背景中出现的相对松弛变化,可能有利于触发型中等强度地震的发生.      

内蒙古赤峰市金厂沟梁镇中学水温上升变化的调查分析

井水温度观测是一项重要的地震前兆观测手段,旨在捕捉地震孕育过程中的应力-应变信息。井水温度的同震响应就是很好的例子,因此水温作为地壳应力-应变信息的真实反应和地震前兆判断依据,具有重要的研究意义。通过内蒙古赤峰市金厂沟梁镇中学水温升高事件调查与研究,简单分析该事件与地壳应力变化的关系。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...