用镜质体反射率R0反演古地温的最优化法

本文在假定研究区的热流符合某一函数模型的基础上，借用现今镜质体反射率实测值Ｒ０并采用最优化法反演古热流和古地温。对于受热过程不复杂而又年轻的地区，可用线性函数模型；在经历过高热的地区可用指数函数模型。所提出的方法在四川盆地采用指数函数模型进行了应用试验，并以女基作为例作了介绍，效果令人满意。     

海拉尔盆地热演化史研究

海拉尔盆地现今为中地温场,中低大地热流特征,镜质体反射率随埋深增大而逐渐增大.不同层位、不同凹陷烃源岩热演化程度不同,乌尔逊、贝尔凹陷镜质体反射率值最大,热演化程度高.应用镜质体反射率法恢复了古地温及古地温梯度.海拉尔盆地古地温高于今地温,南屯组沉积前具有较高的地温梯度,可达(4.0～5.8)×10-2℃/m.乌尔逊、贝尔凹陷古地温梯度高,生油门限浅,有利于油气的生成.而另外一些凹陷生油门限较深,不利于油气的生成.     

镜质体、海相镜质体和镜质体反射率及其研究实例

镜质体是一种由高等植物木质素经过生物化学降解作用和凝胶化作用形成的胶状体,在煤和炭质泥页岩中含量高,仅出现在志留纪及其以后的地层中。此外,还有一种海相镜质体,主要由海洋低等生物(藻类、菌类及某些海洋低等动物)经腐殖化作用而形成,主要存在于早古生代及晚古生代页岩和碳酸盐岩地层中。研究表明,海相镜质体反射率(R~o_m)可作为成熟度指标加以应用。海相镜质体成熟作用轨迹不同于镜质体,二者存在一定的相关关系,使用时需把海相镜质体反射率换算为镜质体反射率(R_o)。镜质体反射率是一个寻找隐伏岩体的好方法,作者采用镜质体反射率方法对铜陵地区开展了研究,初步结果表明,铜陵地区全部数值均超过地热增温率理论曲线,说明铜陵地区深部可能有较大的隐伏岩体,深度大约在4~5 km左右。此外,在ZK113号钻孔深度200~260 m处R_o很高(2%~3%),可能预示钻孔旁侧有规模较小的隐伏侵入体,推测距钻孔距离不超过100 m,但具体方位不详。上述研究表明采用镜质体反射率方法寻找隐伏岩体是可行的,它的最大优点是解释的唯一性,R_o数值仅与温度有关,不受其他因素的干扰。     

准噶尔盆地北部燕山中期古地温梯度恢复

运用磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)法和镜质体反射率(Ro)法恢复了准噶尔盆地北部燕山中期的古地温梯度。研究结果显示,磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)恢复的古地温梯度分布在3.5~3.9℃/hm;镜质体反射率(Ro)恢复的古地温梯度接近4.0℃/hm;平均接近3.7℃/hm,明显高于2.3℃/hm的现今地温梯度。准噶尔盆地北部燕山中期较高古地温场背景不仅对烃源岩热演化研究具有重要意义,同时也指示了准噶尔盆地北部存在一次燕山中期构造热事件。     

沉积盆地热史模拟方法及其在山东沾化凹陷中的应用

本文根据区内钻井测温和镜质体反射率(Ro%)资料,采用岩石圈和盆地尺度相结合的分段线性热演化模型,提出了对沉积盆地热史模拟的方法.山东沾化凹陷的研究表明该方法可以将岩石圈尺度与盆地尺度、正演技术与反演技术有机结合起来,且可由作为古地温标的镜质体反射率(Ro)数据来约束模拟结果,对持续沉降型的沉积盆地较为适用.     

苏北盆地金湖凹陷热史与成藏期判识

在镜质体反射率和磷灰石裂变径迹系统测试分析的基础上,对金湖凹陷西斜坡和卞闵杨构造带进行古地温梯度计算和热史恢复.根据镜质体反射率计算出西斜坡的古地温范围介于45.6～128.4℃,古地温梯度为45.5℃/km;卞闵杨构造带古地温为26.4～120.3℃,古地温梯度为42.7℃/km.根据磷灰石裂变径迹计算出西斜坡古地温...     

鄂尔多斯盆地热演化史及其对油气的控制作用

鄂尔多斯盆地为大型含油气盆地,是我国重要的能源基地。盆地现今地温梯度为2.8℃/100m,属于中温型盆地。根据现今地层测温及地温梯度,编制了盆地3个重要烃源岩发育层位延长组长7段、石炭二叠系、奥陶系顶面现今地温分布图,分析了3个界面现今地温分布特征。根据收集及实测的奥陶系沥青反射率资料,编制了奥陶系顶面镜质体反射率等值线平面分布图。盆地不同层位的镜质体反射率值随着深度增加或层位变老,镜质体反射率值逐渐增高,在各地层分界面处不存在镜质体反射率(Ro)明显的错断。各构造单元镜质体反射率(Ro)与深度关系曲线图差异主要表现为曲线斜率的差异及曲线接近地表起始值的差异,这两项差异反映了地温梯度及后期剥蚀厚度的差异。不同层位的镜质体反射率的高值区均位于盆地南部的庆阳—富县—延安—吴旗一带,盆地南部不同层位镜质体反射率高值区的存在表明盆地南部热演化程度高,存在热异常。盆地热演化史恢复表明早白垩世鄂尔多斯盆地发生过一期构造热事件,地层在早白垩世末达到最大古地温。早白垩世以后,鄂尔多斯盆地整体大幅度抬升剥蚀,地温梯度减小,地层冷却降温。现今地层温度远小于在早白垩世末达到的最大古地温,油气的生成主要受古地温控制。早白垩世的构造热事件控制了上、下古生界、中生界3套主要烃源岩油气的主要生成、成藏期。     

沉积盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩地区热历史恢复方法探索

古温标是目前恢复沉积盆地热历史最常用方法之一,但在下古生界高过成熟碳酸盐岩由于没有合适的成熟度标定参数(古温标),对其经受的热历史和成烃史的恢复一直是困扰中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探的问题。目前常用的沥青反射率、牙形石色变指数、镜状体反射率等各类古温标,在用于早古生代碳酸盐岩地区的热历史恢复时都是借助于它们各自与镜质体反射率之间的关系,再利用现有的镜质体反射率模拟热历史方法来恢复热历史,因而存在不同的缺陷。重点介绍了利用有机质自由基浓度作为碳酸盐岩地区古温标的可能性。通过不同时间和温度下的热模拟得到的有机质自由基浓度数据,初步建立了三种类型有机质的自由基浓度(N)与时间-温度指数(TTI)的定量模型。这种有机质自由基浓度与TTI的关系式为碳酸盐岩地区古地温的恢复提供了新的方法。     

鄂尔多斯盆地黄陵、东胜地区地温场对比

鄂尔多斯盆地黄陵、东胜铀矿区分别处于盆地南部渭北隆起的北侧边缘和盆地北部伊盟隆起的东部,赋矿层位都是中侏罗统直罗组。盆地南、北铀矿区在现今地温场及古地温场都存在明显差异,南部现今大地热值及热演化程度明显高于北部。对于下侏罗统延安组和石炭—二叠系煤层,黄陵地区镜质体反射率都高于东胜地区。通过镜质体反射率资料得出同一埋深的一套地层经历的最大古地温和对应的古地温梯度也有南部高于北部的现象。由于早白垩世后期盆地普遍整体抬升使得现今地温相对古地温降低,南部黄陵地区抬升剥蚀量大于北部东胜地区,导致古、今地温差异也大于后者。盆地南部庆阳—富县一带局部构造热运动,导致南部异常地温场的形成,使得南部热演化程度高于北部。     

沉积盆地热史恢复的一种优化方法

沉积盆地的热史恢复可在岩石圈和盆地两个尺度上进行。在盆地尺度上可利用地层中的镜质体反射率、磷灰石裂变径迹、氢指数、矿物或流体包裹体等各种古温标来反演地层热历史和盆地热流史。利用古温标进行热史恢复可分为正演和反演两种途径 ,在实际工作中通常采用正演的方法进行计算 (Ｊ .Ｊ .Ｓｗｅｅｎｅｙ和Ａ .Ｋ .Ｂｕｒｎｈａｍ ,1990 ;Ｉ.Ｒ .Ｄｕｄｄｙｅｔａｌ.,1991;胡圣标等 ,1998,1999)。本文提出的正反演相结合最优化方法则首先建立反映古温标计算值与实测值差异的目标函数 ,然后以现今大地热流 (或地温梯度 )与地表温度为初始条…     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with