西湖凹陷反转构造样式与迁移规律

在典型二维地震剖面解释的基础上,系统总结了西湖凹陷不同构造区带的反转构造样式。结果表明,西湖凹陷西部斜坡带反转强度较弱,发育少量反转断层,在斜坡带北段可见T30微角度不整合界面之下发育的滑覆背斜构造;中央洼陷反转构造带反转强度较大,褶皱强烈,地层抬升剥蚀显著,发育简单后冲、正"Y"、反"Y"字型等构造样式,反转构造整体具有北强南弱的特征;东部断阶带反转构造以T20、T12角度不整合界面为代表,其中,T20期(渐新世末花港运动)反转强度大于T12期(中新世中晚期龙井运动)。同时,系统梳理了反转构造在时间和空间尺度的迁移规律,认为西湖凹陷反转构造的形成、演化与区域应力场的调整、演变密切相关,是对太平洋板块与欧亚板块、印度板块与欧亚板块之间俯冲速率和方向变化的叠加响应。     

东海陆架盆地构造反转特征及成因机制探讨

通过对东海陆架盆地各二级构造单元内反转构造的梳理与分析,认为盆内新生代反转构造以形态各异的背斜为主,伴有逆断层发育。主要存在瓯江运动(T80)、玉泉运动(T30)、花港运动(T20)和龙井运动(T12)4期构造反转,在时间和空间上具有明显的差异性。在时间演变上：西部坳陷带构造反转从瓯江运动(T80)到花港运动(T20)有相对减弱的趋势,龙井运动(T12)特征不明显;东部坳陷带构造反转从玉泉运动(T30)、花港运动(T20)到龙井运动(T12)有相对增强的趋势。在空间演变上：东部坳陷带西湖凹陷和钓北凹陷龙井运动(T12)构造反转具有显著的自北向南减弱的趋势。东海陆架盆地新生代构造反转强弱分布、迁移演化是太平洋板块与欧亚板块、印度板块与欧亚板块之间汇聚俯冲速率和方向的变化在盆内叠加的局部响应。     

苏北泰兴黄桥地区剥蚀厚度恢复及其意义

苏北泰兴黄桥地区的二叠系孤峰组灰黑色页岩和龙潭组黑色泥岩与煤层是一套重要的海相—海陆过渡相生烃层系,受印支期挤压造山、燕山期断陷、喜马拉雅早期断陷等构造运动影响,它们经历了复杂的埋藏和生烃作用。虽然在北部深陷区埋深达万米以上,可能发生了持续的生烃,但其他大部分凸起构造上的现今埋深只有200～2000m,凹陷和斜坡构造上埋深2000～5000m,不同构造部位的生烃强度与剥蚀厚度和埋藏史有关。根据井点最大厚度估算的该区印支期的最大剥蚀厚度为2256m。钻井泥岩声波时差法和地震剖面上地层趋势外推法恢复的该区燕山期和喜马拉雅早期最大剥蚀厚度分别为900m和550m,主要剥蚀区位于东、南、西次凸斜坡带,随时间推移较大剥蚀厚度位置向东、西方向扩展。根据恢复的剥蚀厚度和埋藏—构造热演化分析得知,北部和西部凹陷主体区的二叠系烃源岩在燕山期末至今达到了主生烃期,斜坡和次级凸起区处于低成熟—未成熟阶段。     

准噶尔盆地车莫古隆起侏罗系剥蚀厚度恢复

车莫古隆起位于准噶尔盆地腹部，为一个南西-北东走向的燕山期古隆起，现今构造为由北向南倾斜的单斜。该区侏罗纪经历了多期构造运动，发育多个削蚀和上超不整合面，是地层岩性油气藏勘探的有利地区。通过地层剥蚀厚度恢复主要方法与相关条件的分析,根据研究区实际地震资料特征，采用地震剖面直接追踪法、参考层厚度变化率法和邻层厚度比值法，对车莫古隆起区侏罗系头屯河组、西山窑组、三工河组的剥蚀厚度进行了恢复，其最大剥蚀量均分布在奎屯-莫索湾一带，各层最大剥蚀厚度为260 m、340 m和140 m。其中古隆起高部位的西山窑组剥蚀量可能是由两期构造运动造成的，三工河组剥蚀量的产生可能来自后期构造运动。通过分析剥蚀厚度平面分布特征与古隆起形成、演化之间的关系,指出早侏罗世末期是车莫古隆起的雏形期，西山窑组沉积期是车莫古隆起的逐渐发育时期，侏罗纪末期是车莫古隆起快速发育时期。大量剥蚀产物的搬运为古隆起翼部斜坡区地层岩性圈闭的形成创造了条件，车莫古隆起南部斜坡区是油气聚集的有利地区。     

中国西北地区早—中侏罗世盆地原型分布

在塔里木盆地构造特征分析及地层研究的基础上 ,利用沉积盆地波动过程分析的原理和方法 ,建立了塔里木盆地典型井的剖面波动方程。研究表明 ,S/AnS ,D3/AnD3,T/AnT及J/AnJ是塔里木盆地重要的不整合 ,它们对盆地内的油气生成、运移、以及聚集、保存起控制作用。志留系与下伏地层的不整合发生在奥陶纪末 ,隆起剥蚀主要分布在塔中—巴楚及塔北地区。塔中地区剥蚀较大 ,塔中 18至塔中 5一带剥蚀量达 80 0～ 110 0m ,向南北两侧剥蚀量变小。三叠系与下伏地层的不整合发生在早二叠世末期 ,这次构造运动在塔里木盆地北部表现明显。不整合剥蚀量在塔北及塔东地区等值线近北西—南东向分布 ,由北东向南西逐渐减小 ,由提 1、草 2井区的 2 0 0 0m减至学参 1至塔中 32井区的 10 0m。巴楚地区为 10 0～ 60 0m ,从东南向北西剥蚀量增大。侏罗系与下伏地层的不整合是印支运动的结果 ,剥蚀量具有由塔中向塔东地区逐渐增大 (由 2 0 0m增加到 2 50 0m以上 ) ,巴楚隆起由南东向北西方向增大。塔北隆起大部分地区剥蚀量为 50 0～ 10 0 0m。     

沁水盆地地层剥蚀量研究

[摘 要]沁水盆地自晚三叠世以来不断抬升,遭受了多次剥蚀,但其累积剥蚀量一直悬而未决,对盆地模拟和资源评价产生了不良影响。本文在沁水盆地沉积-构造演化史、热演化史研究的基础上,根据野外露头和钻井资料,以镜质体反射率反演方法为主,辅以声波时差法和构造剖面法,较为准确地确定了沁水盆地中新生代以来的累积地层剥蚀量。研究表明,沁水盆地石炭-二叠系煤层在燕山运动时期遭受最高地温,其后回返抬升并伴有地温梯度下降。参照济阳坳陷连续沉积剖面建立了镜质体反射率与深度关系,经地温梯度校正后,计算出了沁水盆地石炭-二叠系最大埋深,从而得到其此后抬升过程中的累积剥蚀量,经与声波时差法、构造剖面法计算结果对比,三者计算结果较为符合。研究结果表明,晚三叠世以来沁水盆地累积地层剥蚀量在1400～3300m之间,其中盆地中部剥蚀量较少,一般小于2500m,盆地边缘剥蚀量较大,可达3000m以上。主要剥蚀时期为晚白垩世至新近纪,地层剥蚀量可达2000m以上;其次为晚三叠世至早侏罗世,地层剥蚀量一般小于1000m。     

东濮凹陷东营组地层剥蚀厚度估算及其意义

判断能否运用声波时差法进行地层剥蚀厚度估算的标准应该是依据抬升剥蚀前地层的压实效应是否被后来的沉积地层所改造;在适当的条件下,声波时差法也可能适用于地层沉积厚度过补偿的情况.综合利用镜质体反射率和声波时差测井资料对东濮凹陷单井的东营组地层剥蚀厚度进行了计算.通过对多口井的东营组残余地层厚度与地层剥蚀厚度之间的关系分析,绘制了东濮凹陷东营组地层剥蚀厚度等值线图.结果表明,构造部位不同,东营组地层剥蚀厚度也不同:从凸起(或边缘隆起)-斜坡-凹陷中心,地层剥蚀厚度顺次减小;洼陷中心及斜坡部位,新近纪以来沉积过补偿厚度较大,沙四上亚段-沙三中亚段烃源岩自新近纪以来发生了二次生烃过程,二次生烃和晚期成藏的油气就近发生聚集,并得以有效地保存,预示着东濮凹陷环洼斜坡深层仍具有较大的油气勘探潜力.     

沁水盆地地层剥蚀量研究

沁水盆地自晚三叠世以来不断抬升,遭受了多次剥蚀,但其累积剥蚀量一直悬而未决,不利于盆地模拟和资源评价。本文在沁水盆地沉积-构造演化史、热演化史研究的基础上,根据野外露头和钻井资料,以镜质体反射率反演方法为主,辅以声波时差法和构造剖面法,较为准确地确定了沁水盆地中新生代以来的累积地层剥蚀量。研究表明,沁水盆地石炭-二叠系煤层在燕山运动时期遭受最高地温,其后回返抬升并伴有地温梯度下降。参照济阳坳陷连续沉积剖面建立了镜质体反射率与深度的关系,经地温梯度校正后,计算出了沁水盆地石炭-二叠系最大埋深,从而得到其此后抬升过程中的累积剥蚀量,经与声波时差法、构造剖面法计算结果对比,三者计算结果较为符合。研究结果表明,晚三叠世以来沁水盆地累积地层剥蚀量在1400～3300m之间,其中盆地中部剥蚀量较少,一般小于2500m,盆地边缘剥蚀量较大,可达3000m以上。主要剥蚀时期为晚白垩世至新近纪,地层剥蚀量可达2000m以上;其次为晚三叠世至早侏罗世,地层剥蚀量一般小于1000m。     

乍得Bongor盆地反转构造特征及形成机制：来自地震剖面及沙箱模拟实验的证据

结合区域地震剖面解析和沙箱模拟实验,探讨分析了乍得Bongor盆地反转构造特征及其形成机制。结果表明：（1） Bongor盆地中发育三种典型的反转构造类型：挤压反转单斜构造、挤压反转向斜构造和挤压反转背斜构造。该类反转构造 一部分具有反转断层相关褶皱样式,主要沿高角度边界断层和基底地垒边界断面发育,形成演化与断裂活动息息相关,另 一部分呈散花状背斜构造样式,属于地层纵弯上拱褶皱,主要发育于斜坡断阶带之间;（2） 区域剥蚀作用对盆地反转构造 演化具有重要的影响,其对盆地内深部地层反转褶皱发育具有促进作用,为深部构造圈闭形成提供条件,而对浅部地层的 反转褶皱发育则表现出阻碍或破坏作用,不利于浅层构造圈闭的形成。     

二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷剥蚀量恢复及其对油气藏的影响

吉尔嘎朗图凹陷是二连盆地重要的产油基地之一,早白垩世腾格尔组和赛罕塔拉组沉积末期经历了两次强烈的抬升 剥蚀,沉积地层剥蚀量的恢复对油气成藏评价有重要意义。文章基于钻井泥岩声波时差和镜质组反射率数据对二连盆地吉 尔嘎朗图凹陷腾格尔组和赛罕塔拉组的剥蚀量进行了计算,恢复了其原始沉积厚度及埋藏过程。研究结果表明：研究区腾 格尔组和赛罕塔拉组沉积后受构造反转的控制都经历了不同程度的剥蚀,腾格尔组的剥蚀厚度约为243~1933 m,赛罕塔拉 组的剥蚀厚度约为95~290 m。剥蚀量厚度展布明显受不同方向、不同尺度断层在构造反转期的差异活动性影响,靠近西北 边界断层的罕尼构造带剥蚀量相对较大,向东南缓坡带逐渐减小。区内不同构造部位剥蚀量的差异对油气成藏有直接影 响,断陷区及后期反转控制的大沉积、强烈剥蚀区,烃源岩层生烃时间长。而构造反转形成的与构造走向一致的隆升带的 剥蚀卸压有利于促使油气沿NE断裂面发生垂向和侧向运移,并在断裂面两侧有利的圈闭位置成藏。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the