大兴安岭林区火灾特征及影响因子

对1970-2006年大兴安岭林区森林火灾过火次数与过火面积及其影响因子进行分析.结果表明:春季是大兴安岭林区火灾易发季节,4-6月易引发较大等级的森林火灾;雷击是引起该地区森林火灾的主要原因,雷击火灾多集中在春季和夏季,6月为雷击火多发月;年尺度上,降水量与过火次数呈显著相关,气温与过火面积呈显著相关;月尺度上.气温与过火次数呈显著相关,风速、相对湿度与过火面积呈显著相关;日尺度上,过火次数与最高气温呈显著相关,过火面积与相对湿度呈显著相关;但复相关系数较小,表明对森林火灾的预测不能仅仅选取气象因子,更要考虑火源及可燃物的影响.     

大兴安岭森林火灾特征分析

基于大兴安岭林区1980～1999年的林火资料,运用Excel、Spss等统计分析软件,分析研究林区火发生特征,结果表明:1980～1999年,大兴安岭地区每年均有森林火灾发生,但林火发生次数随着时间发展总体呈下降趋势,进入90年代,森林火灾的总次数,特别是一般森林火灾的次数和过火面积有抬头的趋势,其原因主要人为火增多而引发的;90年代,森林火灾在春季发生的频次明显增多,火险季节始末间隔期也明显缩短。     

2000年我国森林火灾的气象特征分析

从2000年全年林火发生地区和时间分析研究入手，指出了2000年林火发生的两大重灾区。一个是东北林区（黑龙江、内蒙古大兴安岭林区），另一是长江以南大部分地区；划分出了森林火灾发生的三个高冷期，即3月中下旬到4月初、5月上中旬及6月中下旬。根据2000年林火发生地区和时间特征，分析研究了森林火灾发生的天气气候背景，森林火突出现的天气形势，结合卫星云图林火监测资料,对2000年森林火灾发生的大气环流进行了天气学模型分类。     

大兴安岭林区火灾特征及影响因子分析

对1970—2006年大兴安岭地区森林火灾过火次数与过火面积及其影响因子分析。结果表明：春季是大兴安岭地区火灾易发季节,4—6月易引发较大等级的森林火灾;雷击是引起该地区森林火灾的主要原因,雷击火灾多集中在春季和夏季, 6月份为雷击火多发月;年尺度上,降水量与过火次数显著相关,气温与过火面积显著相关;月尺度上,气温与过火次数显著相关,风速、相对湿度与过火面积显著相关;日尺度上,过火次数与最高气温显著相关,过火面积与相对湿度显著相关;但复相关系数较小,表明对森林火灾的预测不能仅仅选取气象因子,更要考虑火源及可燃物的影响。     

森林火灾分布动态与气候干湿交替变化的关系

１前言森林火灾是一个时间现象,其年际分布动态除与可燃物储量的年际变化有关外,主要取决于气候的干湿交替变化。本文利用内蒙古大兴安岭历年林火资料和临近地区气候资料,对比分析了森林火灾年际分布动态与气候干湿变化的关系,旨在揭示气候变化对森林火灾分布的影响机...     

小兴安岭伊春林区森林火灾特征及变化规律分析

基于伊春林区1953～2004年的林火资料,分析研究林区火灾发生特征,结果表明:19532004年,伊春林火发生总次数年际变化呈下降趋势,到90年代下降至最低,近年有所回升.其中重大火灾和特大火灾的次数年际变化不大.伊春森林火灾主要是由人为因素引起的.总火灾面积年际变化,以1978年为界存在明显的两个阶段,1978年以前为森林火灾受害严重阶段,1979以后为森林火灾受害轻微阶段.伊春森林火灾主要发生在4～6月和9～10月份.无论是火灾发生的次数,还是火灾发生面积,峰值均主要发生在12:00～14:00左右.     

湖北省森林火灾分析及长期趋势预报

本文主要研究森林火灾的长期预报问题,旨在为森林防火管理部门拟定森林防火规划提供科学依据.1.资料及分析本文使用1979-1989年全省及各地森林火灾发生次数及过火面积资料.资料分析表明,我省年年都有森林火灾发生,只是多与少、过火面积大与小之分.一般来说火灾次数多的年份,过火面积亦大.1979-1989年11年中,火灾次数最多且过火面积最大的年份为1986年,全省发生森林火灾1368次,过火面积为2.46万多公顷,其次是1988、1985、1987、1981、1983年,每年火灾都在260次以上,最少的为1979、1982、1984年,年火灾次数均在200次以下.根据火灾次数与过火面积的一致性,确定以年火灾次     

湖北省森林火灾图的研制

以湖北省广大丘陵山区52个(林业)县、市1987-1989年共3年平均的森林火灾次数、过火面积为基础,绘制并分析了6类森林火灾图,结合地理、植被、气候及交通、人为生产活动等于以详细解释.对全省火险等级的划分、林火发生测报、重点布防、了解我省火灾规律等等均有极为重要的指导意义.     

大兴安岭北部林区夏季林火发生的气象环境

近年来，尤其是2002年夏季，内蒙古大兴安岭林区和黑龙江省大兴安岭林区相继发生了严重的森林火灾。大兴安岭夏季发生森林火灾有其长期孕育的以气象因子为主导的火环境,长期干早少雨使林内杂草枯黄,枯枝落叶层和腐殖层含水量大大降低,可燃物大量增加且干燥,构成夏季林火环境。人们对夏季林火缺乏正确的认识，不能做到及时发现,及早扑救。近年来世界各地夏季森林火灾有上升的趋势,需引起各方的重视。     

L波段探空GFE（L）1型二次测风雷达资料在重庆大气边界层特征分析中的应用

利用1981～2004年气象和雷击火灾资料,研究气候条件对内蒙占大兴安岭林区雷击火灾发生的影响,进而分析该地区雷击火灾多发的气候原因.结果表明:①内蒙古大兴安岭林区雷击火灾发生次数有逐年增多的趋势,主要集中在5～7月,出现时间为5月12日到7月16日,多发生在每日10:00～17:00;②雷击火灾的发生与近年来气温的升高密切相关,尤其是5～7月气温和地温的升高,是引发内蒙古大兴安岭森林雷击火灾的主要因素之一;③5～7月降水量和相对湿度的逐渐减小,使干旱程度不断加剧,导致内蒙古大兴安岭地区从1999年以后,雷击火灾次数呈明显上升的趋势;④气候的变干、变暖以及极端气候事件的增多,是导致近年来内蒙古大兴安岭地区雷击火灾频繁发生的主要气候原因.     

Management alternatives to offset climate change effects on Mediterranean fire regimes in NE Spain

Fire regime is affected by climate and human settlements. In the Mediterranean, the predicted climate change is likely to exacerbate fire prone weather conditions, but the mid- to long-term impact of climate change on fire regime is not easily predictable. A negative feedback via fuel reduction, for instance, might cause a non-linear response of burned area to fire weather. Also, the number of fires escaping initial control could grow dramatically if the fire meteorology is just slightly more severe than what fire brigades are prepared for. Humans can directly influence fire regimes through ignition frequency, fire suppression and land use management. Here we use the fire regime model FIRE LADY to assess the impacts of climate change and local management options on number of fires, burned area, fraction of area burned in large fires and forest area during the twenty-first century in three regions of NE Spain. Our results show that currently fuel-humidity limited regions could suffer a drastic shift of fire regime with an up to 8 fold increase of annual burned area, due to a combination of fuel accumulation and severe fire weather, which would result in a period of unusually large fires. The impact of climate change on fire regime is predicted to be less pronounced in drier areas, with a gradual increase of burned area. Local fire prevention strategies could reduce but not totally offset climate induced changes in fire regimes. According to our model, a combination of restoring the traditional rural mosaic and classical fire prevention would be the most effective strategy, as a lower ignition frequency reduces the number of fires and the creation of agricultural fields in marginal areas reduces their extent.     

Impact of drought on wildland fires in Greece: implications of climatic change?

An increasing trend and a statistically significant positive correlation between wildfire occurrence, area burned and drought (as expressed by the Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI) have been observed all over Greece, during the period 1961?C1997. In the more humid and colder regions (Northern and Western Greece) the number of fires and area burned were positively correlated to both summer (SPI6_October) and annual drought (SPI12_September), whereas in the relatively more dry and hot regions (Southern and Central Greece) the number of fires and area burned were correlated only to summer drought. In 1978, Greece entered a period of prolonged drought, possibly as a result of the global climatic change. Data analysis of the period 1978?C1997 revealed a statistically significant increase in the mean annual number of fires, the area burned and the summer and annual drought episodes in the relatively more humid and colder regions (Northern and Western) of Greece (which in the past were characterized by less fires and area burned) compared to the more dry and hot regions (Southern and Eastern Greece), which always presented high fire activity. Additionally, analyzing the two sub-periods (1961?C1977, 1978?C1997) separately, drought was significantly correlated only to fire occurrence during the years 1961?C1977, whereas during 1978?C1997 drought was significantly correlated mainly to area burned. It became obvious that drought episodes, although they are not solely responsible for fire occurrence and area burned, they exert an increasingly significant impact on wildfire activity in Greece.     

The Impact of Climate Change on Wildfire Severity: A Regional Forecast for Northern California

We estimated the impact of climatic change on wildland fire and suppression effectiveness in northern California by linking general circulation model output to local weather and fire records and projecting fire outcomes with an initial-attack suppression model. The warmer and windier conditions corresponding to a 2 × CO₂ climate scenario produced fires that burned more intensely and spread faster in most locations. Despite enhancement of fire suppression efforts, the number of escaped fires (those exceeding initial containment limits) increased 51% in the south San Francisco Bay area, 125% in the Sierra Nevada, and did not change on the north coast. Changes in area burned by contained fires were 41%, 41% and –8%, respectively. When interpolated to most of northern California's wildlands, these results translate to an average annual increase of 114 escapes (a doubling of the current frequency) and an additional 5,000 hectares (a 50% increase) burned by contained fires. On average, the fire return intervals in grass and brush vegetation types were cut in half. The estimates reported represent a minimum expected change, or best-case forecast. In addition to the increased suppression costs and economic damages, changes in fire severity of this magnitude would have widespread impacts on vegetation distribution, forest condition, and carbon storage, and greatly increase the risk to property, natural resources and human life.     

Determining Effects of Area Burned and Fire Severity on Carbon Cycling and Emissions in Siberia

The Russian boreal forest contains about 25% of the global terrestrial biomass, and even a higher percentage of the carbon stored in litter and soils. Fire burns large areas annually, much of it in low-severity surface fires – but data on fire area and impacts or extent of varying fire severity are poor. Changes in land use, cover, and disturbance patterns such as those predicted by global climate change models, have the potential to greatly alter current fire regimes in boreal forests and to significantly impact global carbon budgets. The extent and global importance of fires in the boreal zone have often been greatly underestimated. For the 1998 fire season we estimate from remote sensing data that about 13.3 million ha burned in Siberia. This is about 5 times higher than estimates from the Russian Aerial Forest Protection Service (Avialesookhrana) for the same period. We estimate that fires in the Russian boreal forest in 1998 constituted some 14–20% of average annual global carbon emissions from forest fires. Average annual emissions from boreal zone forests may be equivalent to 23–39% of regional fossil fuel emissions in Canada and Russia, respectively. But the lack of accurate data and models introduces large potential errors into these estimates. Improved monitoring and understanding of the landscape extent and severity of fires and effects of fire on carbon storage, air chemistry, vegetation dynamics and structure, and forest health and productivity are essential to provide inputs into global and regional models of carbon cycling and atmospheric chemistry.     

Changes in Fire and Climate in the Eastern Iberian Peninsula (Mediterranean Basin)

Fire is a dominant ecological factor in Mediterranean ecosystems, and changes in the fire regime can have important consequences for the stability of our landscapes. In this framework I asked firstly, what is the trend in fire number and area burned in the eastern Iberian Peninsula, and then, to what extent is the inter-annual variability of fires determined by climatic factors. To answer these questions I analysed the meteorological data (temperature and precipitation) from 350 stations covering the eastern Iberian Peninsula (1950–2000), and the fire records for the same area (historical data, 1874–1968, and data from recent decades, 1968–2000). The results suggested a slight tendency towards decreasing summer rainfall and a clear pattern of increasing annual and summer temperatures (on average, annual temperatures increased 0.35 °C per decade from 1950 to 2000). The analysis of fire records suggested a clear increase in the annual number of fires and area burned during the last century; however, in the last three decades the number of fires also increased but the area burned did not show a clear trend. For this period the inter-annual variability in area burned was significantly related to the summer rainfall, that is, in wet summers the area burned was lower that in dry summers. Furthermore, summer rainfall was significantly cross-correlated with summer area burned for a time-lag of 2 years, suggesting that high rainfall may increase fuel loads that burn 2 years later.     

Estimating emissions from forest fires in Thailand using MODIS active fire product and country specific data

Studies on air pollution and climate change have shown that forest fires constitute one of the major sources of atmospheric trace gases and particulate matter, especially during the dry season. However, these emissions remain difficult to quantify due to uncertainty on the extent of burned areas and deficient knowledge on the forest fire behaviours in each country. This study aims to estimate emissions from forest fires in Thailand by using the combination of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for active fire products and country-specific data based on prescribed burning experiments. The results indicate that 27817 fire hotspots (FHS) associated with forest fires were detected by the MODIS during 2005–2009. These FHS mainly occurred in the northern, western, and upper north-eastern parts of Thailand. Each year, the most significant fires were observed during January–May, with a peak in March. The majority of forest FHS were detected in the afternoon. According to the prescribed burning experiments, the average area of forest burned per fire event was found to fall within the range 1.09 to 12.47 ha, depending upon the terrain slope and weather conditions. The total burned area was computed at 159309 ha corresponding to the surface biomass fuel of 541515 tons dry matter. The forest fire emissions were computed at 855593 tons of CO₂, 56318 tons of CO, 3682 tons of CH₄, 108 tons of N₂O, 4928 tons of PM_2.5, 4603 tons of PM₁₀, 357 tons of BC and 2816 tons of OC.     

Predicted changes in fire weather suggest increases in lightning fire initiation and future area burned in the mixedwood boreal forest

Forecasting future fire activity as a function of climate change is a step towards understanding the future state of the western mixedwood boreal ecosystem. We developed five annual weather indices based on the Daily Severity Rating (DSR) of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System and estimated their relationship with annual, empirical counts of lightning fire initiation for 588 landscapes in the mixedwood boreal forest in central-eastern Alberta, Canada from data collected between 1983 and 2001 using zero-inflated negative binomial regression models. Two indices contributed to a parsimonious model of initiation; these were Seasonal Severity Rating (SSR), and DSR-sequence count. We used parameter estimates from this model to predict lightning fire initiation under weather conditions predicted in 1 × CO₂ (1975–1985), 2 × CO₂ (2040–2049) and 3 × CO₂ (2080–2089) conditions simulated by the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM). We combined predicted initiation rates for these conditions with existing empirical estimates of the number of fire initiations that grow to be large fires (fire escapes) and the fire size distribution for the region, to predict the annual area burned by lightning-caused fires in each of the three climate conditions. We illustrated a 1.5-fold and 1.8-fold increase of lightning fire initiation by 2040–2049 and 2080–2089 relative to 1975–1985 conditions due to changes in fire weather predicted by the CRCM; these increases were calculated independent of changes in lightning activity. Our simulations suggested that weather-mediated increases in initiation frequency could correspond to a substantial increase in future area burned with 1.9-fold and 2.6-fold increases in area burned in 2040–2049 and 2080–2089 relative to 1975–1985 conditions, respectively. We did not include any biotic effects in these estimates, though future patterns of initiation and fire growth will be regulated not only by weather, but also by vegetation and fire management.     

Climate change impacts on forest fire potential in boreal conditions in Finland

The aim of this work was to study the forest fire potential and frequency of forest fires under the projected climate change in Finland (N 60°–N 70°). Forest fire index, generally utilized in Finland, was used as an indicator for forest fire potential due to climatological parameters. Climatic scenarios were based on the A2 emission scenario. According to the results, the forest fire potential will have increased by the end of this century; as a result of increased evaporative demand, which will increase more than the rise in precipitation and especially in southern Finland. The annual number of forest fire alarm days is expected to increase in southern Finland to 96–160 days by the end of this century, compared to the current 60–100 days. In the north, the corresponding increase was from 30 to 36 days. The expected increase in the annual frequency of forest fires over the whole country was about 20% by the end of this century compared to the present day. The greatest increase in the frequency of fires, per 1,000 km², was in the southernmost part of the country, with six to nine fires expected annually per 1,000 km² at the end of this century, meaning a 24–29% increase compared to the present day frequencies.     

Present climate trend analysis of the Etesian winds in the Aegean Sea

Wildfires are a common experience in Alaska where, on average, 3,775?km² burn annually. More than 90% of the area consumed occurs in Interior Alaska, where the summers are relatively warm and dry, and the vegetation consists predominantly of spruce, birch, and cottonwood. Summers with above normal temperatures generate an increased amount of convection, resulting in more thunderstorm development and an amplified number of lightning strikes. The resulting dry conditions facilitate the spread of wildfires started by the lightning. Working with a 55-year dataset of wildfires for Alaska, an increase in the annual area burned was observed. Due to climate change, the last three decades have shown to be warmer than the previous decades. Hence, in the first 28?years of the data, two fires were observed with an area burned greater than 10,000?km², while there were four in the last 27?years. Correlations between the Palmer Drought Severity Index and the Canadian Drought Code, against both the number of wildfires and the area burned, gave relatively low but in some cases significant correlation values. Special emphasis is given to the fire season of 2004, in which a record of 27,200?km² burned. These widespread fires were due in large part to the unusual weather situation. Owing to the anticyclonic conditions of the summer of 2004, the composite anomaly of the 500?mb geopotential height showed above normal values. The dominance of a ridge pattern during summer resulted in generally clear skies, high temperatures, and below normal precipitation. Surface observations confirmed this; the summer of 2004 was the warmest and third driest for Interior Alaska in a century of climate observations. The fires lasted throughout the summer and only the snowfalls in September terminated them (at least one regenerated in spring 2005). Smoke from the forest fires affected the air quality. This could be demonstrated by measurements of visibility, fine particle matter, transmissivity of the atmosphere, and CO concentration.     

Climate Change and People-Caused Forest Fire Occurrence in Ontario

Climate change that results from increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has the potential to increase temperature and alter rainfall patterns across the boreal forest region of Canada. Daily output from the Canadian Climate Centre coupled general circulation model (GCM) and the Hadley Centre's HadCM3 GCM provided simulated historic climate data and future climate scenarios for the forested area of the province of Ontario, Canada. These models project that in climates of increased greenhouse gases and aerosols, surface air temperatures will increase while seasonal precipitation amounts will remain relatively constant or increase slightly during the forest fire season. These projected changes in weather conditions are used to predict changes in the moisture content of forest fuel, which influences the incidence of people-caused forest fires. Poisson regression analysis methods are used to develop predictive models for the daily number of fires occurring in each of the ecoregions across the forest fire management region of Ontario. This people-caused fire prediction model, combined with GCM data, predicts the total number of people-caused fires in Ontario could increase by approximately 18% by 2020–2040 and50% by the end of the 21st century.