磁暴数据的多尺度分析

磁暴可能对电网、油气管线等技术系统的安全运行造成影响,分析磁暴的时频特征对研究技术系统的影响有重要意义.本研究采用多尺度小波变换,分析广东肇庆地磁台的磁暴地磁数据,将磁暴地磁分量数据分解为高频和低频,研究了磁暴地磁分量的时域特征,得到了一些有价值的结论.     

感应式磁力仪磁暴数据分析

本文对子午工程感应式磁力仪(SCM)与传统磁通门磁力仪(GM4)记录的磁暴基本特征进行对比分析,GM4记录的波形不论在磁场平静时还是在磁暴时,各个台站波形相关性很高,GM4记录到完整的磁暴变化形态,SCM记录的磁暴非常规磁暴变化形态.SCM在磁场平静时波形相关性很低,磁暴时各个台站波形相关性很高,可能是由于SCM分辨率较高,磁场平静时记录到更多的台站背景噪声.GM4和SCM磁暴时,Z分量急始方向都向上,且各个台站一致,GM4的H水平分量急始方向向上,而SCM的X分量急始方向朝下,这是因为GM4的H分量探头朝向地磁北极,而SCM探头方向朝向地理北极.磁暴时,GM4的H差分结果与SCM的X分量数据相关性很高,GM4的Z分量与SCM的Z分量差分结果相关性并不高,这可能是因为:(1)磁暴时H水平分量或者X分量表现比较明显,而Z分量虽然有变化,但是变化不如H分量剧烈,(2)GM4的三分量探头集成在一个探头盒中,且有水平泡等保证水平,正交性较好,而SCM的Z分量安装时是安装在一个垂直的坑中,而三分量是否严格正交没有经过检验,可能由于安装方法存在误差,造成GM4的Z分量差分结果与SCM相关性不高.     

高分辨率地磁场指数计算及有效性检验

正地磁活动非常复杂,为全面描述地磁场整体活动水平和地磁扰动强度,需要根据实测资料对地磁活动特征进行定性和定量的描述,并加以综合解读,于是产生了各种地磁指数。目前应用最广泛的为描述单台地磁活动水平的K指数、全球地磁活动水平K_p指数以及磁暴环电流的D_(st)指数,但K和K_p指数存在不自洽、非线性、不协调和不精细等问题。     

基于小波多分辨率分析的地磁脉动信号提取

2003年10月29日,云南通海地磁台记录到一次K=9的特大磁暴。运用本次强磁暴的数字化记录资料,探讨了用小波多分辫率分解Mallat塔式率算法在强磁暴信号水平上提取地磁脉动弱信号的方法。结果表明,该算法提取的地磁脉动信号频率成分清晰、基线平整、波型完好。     

基于空间加权法的地磁数据重构精度与D_(st)指数的关系

为了研究磁场活动水平对地磁重构数据的影响,以云南省内11个地磁台站地磁记录分数据为研究对象,利用空间加权法进行数据重构,并分析Dst指数与重构数据精度之间的关系。结果表明,Dst指数绝对值与地磁数据重构精度呈明显负相关,即Dst指数绝对值越大,数据重构精度越低。当D_(st)-30时,D分量重构数据与原始数据的绝对残差值小于0.05′的比例为97.1%, H、Z分量重构数据与原始数据的绝对残差值小于0.5 nT的比例分别为97.1%、97.9%,重构精度较高。当弱磁暴、中等磁暴发生时,D、H、Z三分量重构数据与原始数据的绝对残差值随Dst指数绝对值的增大而增大,重构精度减小。本研究成果可为因观测异常或记录缺失的地磁数据重构提供参考。     

第23太阳活动周期太阳风参数及地磁指数的统计分析

日冕物质抛射(Coronal Mass Ejection,简称CME)和共转相互作用区(Corotating Interaction Region,简称CIR)是造成日地空间行星际扰动和地磁扰动的两个主要原因,提供了地球磁暴的主要驱动力,进而显著影响地球空间环境.为深入研究太阳风活动及受其主导影响的地磁活动的时间分布特征,本文对大量太阳风参数及地磁活动指数的数据进行了详细分析.首先,采用由NASA OMNIWeb提供的太阳风参数及地磁活动指数的公开数据,通过自主编写matlab程序对第23太阳活动周期(1996-01-01—2008-12-31)的数据包括行星际磁场Bz分量、太阳风速度、太阳风质子密度、太阳风动压等重要太阳风参数及Dst指数、AE指数、Kp指数等主要的地磁指数进行统计分析,建立了包括269个CME事件和456个CIR事件列表的数据库.采用事例分析法和时间序列叠加法分别对两类太阳活动的四个重要太阳风参数(IMF Bz、太阳风速度、太阳风质子密度、太阳风动压)和三个主要地磁指数(Dst、AE、Kp)进行统计分析,并研究了其统计特征.其次,根据Dst指数最小值确定了第23太阳活动周期内的355个孤立地磁暴事件,并以Dst指数最小值为标准将这些磁暴进一步分类为145个弱磁暴、123个中等磁暴、70个强磁暴、12个剧烈磁暴和5个巨大磁暴.最后,采用时间序列叠加法对不同强度磁暴的太阳风参数和地磁指数进行统计分析.统计分析表明,对于CME事件,Nsw/Pdyn(Nsw表示太阳风质子密度,Pdyn表示太阳风动压)线性拟合斜率一般为正;对于CIR事件,Nsw/Pdyn线性拟合斜率一般为负,这可作为辨别CME和CIR事件的一种有效方法.从平均意义上讲,相较于CIR事件,CME事件有更大的南向IMF Bz分量、太阳风动压Pdyn、AE指数、Kp指数以及更小的Dstmin.一般情况下,CME事件有更大的可能性驱动极强地磁暴.总体而言,对于不同强度的地磁暴,Dst指数的变化呈现出一定的相似性,但随着地磁暴强度的增强,Dst指数衰减的速度变快.CME和CIR事件以及其各自驱动的地磁暴事件有着很多不同,因此,需要将CME事件驱动的磁暴及CIR事件驱动的磁暴分开研究.建立CME、CIR事件及地磁暴的数据库以及获取的统计分析结果,将为深入研究地球磁层等离子体片、辐射带及环电流对太阳活动的响应特征提供有利的帮助.     

新疆地磁台磁暴特征分析

统计新疆各地磁台自2009～2016年间的磁暴,对磁暴的起止时间、水平分量H、总场F初相幅度以及各分量的最大变化幅度进行对比分析。结果发现,约50%磁暴发生在劳埃德季节的E季节。磁暴发生时,不论是水平分量H、磁场强度的初相幅度,还是水平分量H、磁偏角D、垂直分量Z最大变化幅度均受纬度控制。赤道环电流体系在喀什地磁台影响较强,在喀什至乌什之间,影响迅速减弱;而在乌什、乌鲁木齐、温泉、克拉玛依之间,赤道环电流体系的强度减弱比较缓慢。     

基于离散Gabor变换的磁暴识别

以地磁秒数据为研究对象,通过离散Gabor变换将时域的地磁数据转换至二维时频面,提取Gabor变换谱图的均值和方差作为特征值,使用支持向量机实现地磁正常数据与磁暴干扰数据的自动分类识别。对5个地磁台的200组地磁秒数据进行计算分析,结果表明该方法对测试样本数据的识别率可达94%。     

FMI方法计算地磁K指数的初步研究

对使用地磁场X和Y分量计算地磁K指数的FMI方法进行修改,使其成为适合于我国地磁观测H分量K指数的计算方法——FMI—H方法。使用该方法,对肇庆数字地磁仪的分钟值数据计算了K指数,并与全国平均K指数进行比较和统计检验。结果表明,使用FMI—H方法计算的K指数,不管是在K频次分布还是逐时值,或是日总和,都与全国平均K指数有很好的一致性。该方法可应用于我国数字化地磁资料的K指数测定计算。     

基于地磁台站数据对磁暴期间环电流和场向电流的分布特征研究

磁暴的发生与环电流的变化密切相关.除了对称环电流外,部分环电流在磁暴的发展过程中也起到了重要的作用,同时部分环电流通过场向电流与极区电离层中的电流形成回路.本文应用INTERMAGNET地磁台网北半球中低纬区域地磁台站数据,对不同强度4个磁暴事件主相和恢复相期间部分环电流和场向电流的磁地方时分布进行了分析和讨论.对于每一个磁暴事件,在低纬地区（地磁纬度约0°—40°N）选用地磁经度上大致均匀的8个台站,通过坐标转换计算平行于磁偶极轴的地磁场水平分量H来分析磁暴期间环电流所引起的磁场扰动;在低纬地区8个台站的基础上增加中纬地区（地磁纬度约40°N—60°N）地磁经度上大致均匀的6个台站,计算地磁坐标系下地磁场东西分量Y来分析磁暴期间场向电流在中低纬地区引起的磁场扰动.结果表明,磁暴主相期间的部分环电流主要作用于磁地方时昏侧和夜侧扇区,并且主相和恢复相期间部分环电流引起的磁场变化随着磁暴级别的增大而增大;磁暴主相期间向下的场向电流多出现在夜侧至晨侧扇区,向上的场向电流多出现在昏侧至午后扇区,且中纬地区向下和向上场向电流的展布范围明显大于低纬地区;恢复相期间弱、中磁暴事件的场向电流呈现与部分环电流相同的减弱趋势,而强、大磁暴事件在恢复相末期场向电流引起的磁场变化明显不同于恢复相的其他时刻,这可能与高纬较强的亚暴活动有关.     

琼中地震台重力仪记录同震响应特征分析

2013年2月6-8日圣克鲁斯群岛发生6次强震,琼中地震台的重力仪记录都有同震响应出现。本文从重力仪记录的面波的延迟时间、最大变形幅度、同震持续时间3个方面研究了6次强震的同震响应特征。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.