印尼大地震震前次声异常信号的分析

2004年12月26日发生在印尼苏门答腊岛附近印度洋海斌的地震震级高达9．0（Mw9．0）,引起了巨大海啸．造成了几十万人的伤亡,至今全世界的人们还记忆犹新。美国地质调查局把此次地震列为百年以来全球第五大地震。时隔3个月,2005年3月29日在印尼又发生了Ms8．7地震,5月17日再次发生了7．1级地震。北京工业大学地震研究所在这几次印尼地震前都收到次声波异常信号,本文对这些异常信号进行了初步的分析与探讨。     

2005年震情述评

据我国地震台网测定，2005年全球共发生7级以上地震16次（表1），最大地震为3月29日印尼苏门答腊岛西北海域8．5级地震（图1）。与2004年相比全球地震频次和能量释放均有所降低。2005年全球7级以上地震活动有以下特点。     

2004年震情述评

据我国地震台网测定，2004年全球共发生7级以上地震19次(表1)，最大地震为12月26日印尼苏门达腊岛西北8．7级(据中国地震台网中心测定)地震。2004年全球地震活动仍维持前几年的活动格局，全球7级以上地震主要分布在环太平洋地震带西部，印度一澳大利亚板块和日本地区的强震活动显著(图1)。2004年全球7级以上地震活动有以下特点：     

印度洋大地震与海啸灾害综述

2004年12月26日8时58分,印尼苏门答腊岛附近海域发生M8.7地震（百年以来第5次大地震）,其引发的海啸波及了东南亚和南亚至少10个国家,截至2005年3月5日已造成28万人死亡和重大财产损失.这是自1964年3月以来世界上发生的最强烈地震,此次海啸是1900年以来这一地区发生的最大海啸.叙述了此次地震和海啸的破坏情况以及受灾国的应急救援工作和国际社会的反应.概述了地震海啸灾害及其研究简况.     

2004年12月26日印尼8.7级地震综述

本文给出了2004年12月26日印尼8．7级大地震的基本参数、区域构造背景、地震及海啸的损失情况及各国的应急反应,并提出了一些有益的建议。     

2004年12月26日印尼8.7级地震及其对我国大陆地震趋势的影响

本文简要介绍了2004年12月26日印尼苏门答腊西北近海8．7级地震发生背景，基于1900年以来全球8．5级以上地震活动之后我国大陆地震活动情况以及这印尼8.7级地震产生的附加应力场，分析了这次地震对我国大陆地区地震趋势的可能响，讨论了印尼爪哇海沟地区发生的7级以上地震与我国大陆7级以上地震的对应关系。     

印尼苏门答腊强烈地震

印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛附近海域当地时间2005年3月28日23时9分(北京时间29日零时9分)发生8．5级强烈地震,印度洋沿岸国家随即发出了海啸警报。本次强烈地震可能已经造成印尼近2000人死亡。     

1993年震情

1.全球地震活动 发生7级以上地震8次,释放能量65×10~(15)焦耳,属地震活动中等偏弱之年。这些强震都位于环太平洋地震带上,而且西带活动水平稍强。最大的地震是8月8日马里亚纳南端关岛地震。这次地震和1月15日日本北海道地震皆属中源地震,但因强度大,皆造成损失。连同6月8日千岛群岛的中源地震,围绕欧亚板块发生3次中源强震是近年来少有的。1993年造成生命财产巨大损失的并不是7级以上强震,而是一些中等强度、发生在大陆内部的地震,例如9月30日发生在印度中部德干高原的6.4级地震使得数万人死亡,十多万人无家可归。     

印尼8.7级地震海啸灾害及应急救援

本文介绍了2004年12月26日发生在印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛近海的8．7级地震后引发的大规模海啸对东南亚国家造成的灾难的情况、各受灾国的应急响应、国际救援及中国国际救援队前往印尼班达亚齐开展救援行动的情况。     

2004年12月26日苏门答腊—安达曼特大地震

发生在2004年12月26日（Mw=9．1～9．3级）和2005年3月28日（Mw=8．6级）的地震是过去40年中最大的两次地震，它们在欧亚大陆板块的东南部和印度-澳大利亚板块之间裂开一条长达1600km的断层。其中第一次地震引发的海啸吞噬了28．3万多人的性命。苏门答腊岛班达亚奇附近的断层滑动了15m，但是在其北边，沿着尼科巴群岛和安达曼群岛，断层快速滑动的距离则小了很多。海啸和测地学的观测表明，在50min或更长的时间范围内北部的断层发生了更多的缓慢滑动。     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.