黄土高原半干旱草地降水前后土壤的温、湿度及热力特征

本文利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(简称SACOL站）陆面过程综合观测资料,分析了强降水前后榆中黄土高原半干旱草地土壤温、湿特征的差异,讨论了水分状况对土壤热力参数及地表能量分配的影响。结果表明:水分胁迫条件下,黄土高原半干旱草地土壤在10 cm深度存在一个湿层;强降水过程可使土壤湿度受影响范围接近40 cm深度。水分胁迫条件下,感热通量是黄土高原半干旱草地生态系统能量分配过程中净辐射的最大消耗项;无水分胁迫条件下,潜热通量是能量平衡系统中净辐射分量的最大消耗项。降水改变了土壤湿度并使得土壤热传导率发生变化,土壤热传导系数和土壤热容量随土壤湿度增加而增大。     

Simulated effect of soil freeze-thaw process on surface hydrologic and thermal fluxes in frozen ground region of the Northern Hemisphere

Soil freeze-thaw process is closely related to surface energy budget,hydrological activity,and terrestrial ecosystems.In this study,two numerical experiments(including and excluding soil freeze-thaw process)were designed to examine the effect of soil freeze-thaw process on surface hydrologic and thermal fluxes in frozen ground region in the Northern Hemisphere based on the state-of-the-art Community Earth System Model version 1.0.5.Results show that in response to soil freeze-thaw process,the area averaged soil temperature in the shallow layer(0.0175?0.0451 m)decreases by 0.35℃in the TP(Tibetan Plateau),0.69℃in CES(Central and Eastern Siberia),and 0.6℃in NA(North America)during summer,and increases by 1.93℃in the TP,2.28℃in CES and 1.61℃in NA during winter,respectively.Meanwhile,in response to soil freeze-thaw process,the area averaged soil liquid water content increases in summer and decrease in winter.For surface heat flux components,the ground heat flux is most significantly affected by the freeze-thaw process in both summer and winter,followed by sensible heat flux and latent heat flux in summer.In the TP area,the ground heat flux increases by 2.82 W/m2(28.5%)in summer and decreases by 3.63 W/m2(40%)in winter.Meanwhile,in CES,the ground heat flux increases by 1.89 W/m2(11.3%)in summer and decreases by 1.41 W/m2(18.6%)in winter.The heat fluxes in the Tibetan Plateau are more susceptible to the freeze-thaw process compared with the high-latitude frozen soil regions.Soil freeze-thaw process can induce significant warming in the Tibetan Plateau in winter.Also,this process induces significant cooling in high-latitude regions in summer.The frozen ground can prevent soil liquid water from infiltrating to deep soil layers at the beginning of thawing;however,as the frozen ground thaws continuously,the infiltration of the liquid water increases and the deep soil can store water like a sponge,accompanied by decreasing surface runoff.The influence of the soil freeze-thaw process on surface hydrologic and thermal fluxes varies seasonally and spatially.     

The influence of subtropical cold fronts on the surface energy balance of a semi-arid site

The passage of subtropical cold fronts through central Australia produces the only significant mesoscale meteorological features in the region. The interaction of these cold fronts with the surface energy balance strongly affects the local weather and climate. The surface energy balance was measured at a semi-arid site in Alice Springs, central Australia, to determine how it was influenced by the passage of subtropical cold fronts. Both Bowen ratio and eddy correlation methods were used. The daytime energy balance of the site showed high net radiation that was partitioned into 75% sensible heat flux and 25% soil heat flux with little or no latent heat flux. At night there was a large net radiative loss that was balanced primarily by a loss of heat from the soil. The cold fronts predominately passed through Alice Springs at night and showed a strong surface signature. The fronts brought moister air resulting in higher water vapour pressures during their passage. The nocturnal boundary layer was often disturbed as the front passed, resulting in warm, moist air being mixed down toward the land surface. Mixing decreased the soil heat flux and increased latent heat fluxes toward the surface. Moisture that accumulated at the surface at these times was often evaporated after a return to drier conditions. During the daytime, surface signatures in soil and sensible heat fluxes were less distinct due to the strong convective mixing. Latent heat fluxes followed a similar trend to the nocturnal case.     

Estimation of ground heat flux and its impact on the surface energy budget for a semi-arid grassland

Three approaches, i.e., the harmonic analysis (HA) technique, the thermal diffusion equation and correction (TDEC) method, and the calorimetric method used to estimate ground heat flux, are evaluated by using observations from the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) in July, 2008. The calorimetric method, which involves soil heat flux measurement with an HFP01SC self-calibrating heat flux plate buried at a depth of 5 cm and heat storage in the soil between the plate and the surface, is here called the ITHP approach. The results show good linear relationships between the soil heat fluxes measured with the HFP01SC heat flux plate and those calculated with the HA technique and the TDEC method, respectively, at a depth of 5 cm. The soil heat fluxes calculated with the latter two methods well follow the phase measured with the HFP01SC heat flux plate. The magnitudes of the soil heat flux calculated with the HA technique and the TDEC method are close to each other, and they are about 2 percent and 6 percent larger than the measured soil heat flux, respectively, which mainly occur during the nighttime. Moreover, the ground heat fluxes calculated with the TDEC method and the HA technique are highly correlated with each other (R² = 0.97), and their difference is only about 1 percent. The TDEC-calculated ground heat flux also has a good linear relationship with the ITHP-calculated ground heat flux (R² = 0.99), but their difference is larger (about 9 percent). Furthermore, compared to the HFP01SC direct measurements at a depth of 5 cm, the ground heat flux calculated with the HA technique, the TDEC method, and the ITHP approach can improve the surface energy budget closure by about 6 percent, 7 percent, and 6 percent at SACOL site, respectively. Therefore, the contribution of ground heat flux to the surface energy budget is very important for the semi-arid grassland over the Loess Plateau in China. Using turbulent heat fluxes with common corrections, soil heat storage between the surface and the heat flux plate can improve the surface energy budget closure by about 6 to 7 percent, resulting in a closure of 82 to 83 percent at the SACOL site.     

土地覆被变化过程中叶面积指数与降水量对地表能量平衡的贡献——基于SiB2的模拟结果

土地覆被变化过程中,叶面积指数（LAI）是地表能量平衡重要的影响因素,且与降水等多种因素存在交互作用。以2003 年中国东北地区农田、森林和草地三种覆被类型和三种LAI月变化过程为研究对象,着重分离出土地覆被变化过程中LAI对地表能量平衡的作用,认清覆被和LAI 变化对地表能量平衡的相对作用。利用SiB2 模型研究不同降水条件下土地覆被和LAI 变化对地表能量平衡的影响。结果表明：① 覆被变化对净辐射的影响最大,年均14.5W·m^-2左右。② LAI 主要改变净辐射对潜热和显热的分配,对农田和草地而言,LAI 增加明显提高（减小）潜热（显热）分配比例;对森林而言,LAI对潜热和显热分配的影响较弱。③ 降水对净辐射的分配起重要作用,降水增加,潜热增加。④ 表层土壤水分受降水和LAI 调控,与潜热有相反的变化趋势。     

Surface energy balance of Keqicar Glacier,Tianshan Mountains,China, during ablation period

The meteorological data of ablation season in 2005 were recorded by two automatic weather stations on Keqicar Glacier, in the southwest Tianshan Mountains of China. One is operated on the glacier near the equilibrium line with an altitude of 4,265 m (Site A) and another is operated on the glacier ablation area with an altitude of 3,700 m (Site B). These data were used to analyze the meteorological conditions and the surface energy balance (SEB) of Keqicar Glacier. Net radiation was directly measured, and turbulent heat fluxes were calculated using the bulk aerodynamic approach, including stability correction. The ablation value of 0.68 m w.e. derived from four ablation stakes is in close correspondence to the modeled value of 0.71 m w.e. During the observation period, net radiation accounts for 81.4% of the total energy with its value of 63.3 W/m². The rest energy source is provided by the sensible heat flux with a value of 14.4 W/m². Energy is consumed mainly by melting and evaporation, accounting for 69.5% and 29.7% of the total energy with their values of 54.0 and 23.0 W/m², respectively. Radiative energy dominates energy exchanges at the glacier-atmosphere interface, governed by the variation in net shortwave radiation. Net short-wave radiation varies significantly due to the effects of cloudiness and the high albedo caused by solid precipitation. Wind speed influences the turbulent heat fluxes distinctively and sensible heat flux and latent heat flux are much larger in July with high wind speed.     

青藏高原北部五道梁地表热量平衡方程中各分量特征

利用青藏高原北部五道梁地区实测的太阳辐射及气象资料,计算分析了高原北部地面热量平衡方程中各分量特征,定义了一个无量纲参量土壤热平衡系数k。结果显示:五道梁地区地表净辐射及地面加热场强度表现为夏季大,冬季小,地表净辐射累年平均通量为65.5 W/m2;土壤热通量自1997年来有增大的趋势;土壤热平衡系数有增大的趋势,平均值为1.17;感热及潜热是地面热平衡方程中的大项,其中感热居首位,潜热居其次;暖季感热、潜热以相反的趋势变化,Bowen比β值有下降的趋势。     

巴丹吉林沙漠典型湖泊湖气界面水一热交换特征

利用2012年8月-2013年7月在巴丹吉林沙漠腹地典型湖泊上用涡动相关系统观测的湍流资料,分析了湍流方差统计特征、微气象特征,计算了湍流热通量和湖泊蒸发量,初步结论为：①湖面上局地环流复杂,湍流三维风速的标准差与稳定度(Z/L)之间满足1/3次律。②湖面辐射分量具有明显季节变化和日变化特征,结冰期和非结冰期能量分配不同,冬季湖泊将储存的能量向大气传递;潜热通量和感热通量季节变化存在差异,但均有明显的昼夜变化特征。③湖气界面的感热通量在不同的月份也存在差异,感热以湖泊向大气传递为主;潜热通量夏半年远大于冬半年,在一天中6:00-8:00时处于最低值,15:00-16:00时达到峰值,在冬季会出现潜热向下输送现象。感热通量和潜热通量日变化呈负相关,湖面有效能量主要分配给潜热,湖泊同周围环境以水汽交换为主。④湖面平均蒸发速率为3.97 mm/d,累计蒸发量为1450±10 mm/a,同期的蒸发量是降水量的20多倍,湖泊主要靠地下水补给。这些结论可为进一步研究巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊群的水循环及补给来源提供参考。     

热带太平洋海域感热、潜热通量的时空特征*

本文利用“中美热带西太平洋海气相互作用研究”第1-8航次海面气象观测资料,计算分析了热带太平洋感热潜热通量的时空特征.分析结果表明在赤道海域,潜热通量远远大于感热通量.潜热和感热通量是从海面向大气输送的,且具有明显的年际变化和季节变化,日变化变幅甚小.     

内蒙古半干旱草原沙尘天气对近地层微气象学特征影响分析

利用锡林浩特国家气候观象台2011年4-5月近地层微气象、地表辐射和湍流通量观测数据,对比分析了内蒙古典型半干旱草原下垫面在晴天、扬沙和沙尘暴天气下各气象要素、地表辐射分量和能量平衡的变化特征。对于半干旱草原区,地面风速越大沙尘天气越强;沙尘过程开始前地面空气较暖,开始后地面空气转为相对较冷的状态;沙尘气溶胶含量越高,5 cm地温日变化趋势越弱,在沙尘过程中5 cm地温值越小。沙尘气溶胶含量越高,太阳总辐射越弱,大气长波辐射越强;地表反射辐射与总辐射有相同的日变化特征;沙尘气溶胶白天使净辐射值减小,夜间使净辐射值增大。沙尘天气直接辐射衰减非常明显,而且散射辐射在总辐射中占很大的比重。沙尘气溶胶对紫外辐射的削弱很强,并且沙尘含量越高,对紫外辐射的削弱越强。沙尘气溶胶的辐射强迫作用对地表能量平衡产生影响,使向上的感热和潜热输送减弱,使向上的土壤热通量增强或向下的土壤热通量减弱。     

CoLM模型在高原多年冻土区的单点模拟适用性

使用CoLM模型,以青藏高原冰冻圈观测研究站设在唐古拉综合观测场的气象资料作为驱动资料,在青藏高原多年冻土区的唐古拉地区开展了单点模拟试验.通过和该站点同期实测资料对比发现:CoLM模型对高原多年冻土区的辐射通量各分量的模拟效果较好;对潜热通量的模拟误差较大,感热和地表热通量的模拟相对较好;模型能够很好地模拟活动层浅层土壤温度,但随着深度加深,模拟的温度较观测值有所低估.研究表明CoLM模型能较好地模拟多年冻土区地表与大气的能水交换过程,对其进行一些适应性改进后将能得到更好地应用.改进模型的土壤水热参数化过程尤其是添加未冻水参数化方案是将其应用到冻土区首先要解决的问题;再者扩展模型的模拟深度也十分必要.     

黄土高原不同气候区裸地水、热特征对比

为了更好地理解陆地表面水、热通量的空间差异,利用2009年和2010年1月黄土高原陆面过程观测试验（LOPEX）的陆面过程资料,对比分析了不同气候区主要地表水、热通量特征。结果表明：半干旱区的定西在近地层气象要素、土壤湿度、动量通量、地表能量及CO2通量等主要陆面特征物理量与半湿润区的平凉、庆阳差异明显;气候背景相接近的平凉、庆阳的主要陆面特征量比较接近。虽然地形、地势、海拔、下垫面影响因子也是影响陆面特征的重要因素,但是气候背景差异愈明显,陆面特征差异也愈大,即一个地区的气候背景是陆面过程特征的主要决定因子,对陆面特征产生综合影响,而地形、地貌只对一个或几个陆面物理量有影响。     

天山季节性积雪的能量平衡研究和融雪速率模拟

本文采用能量平衡法模拟计算中国西部天山山地季节性积雪的融雪速率。结果表明:在融雪期,净辐射和感热通量分别占融雪能量输入的75.3%和22.6%;用于融雪和雪面蒸发所消耗的能量分别占吸收能量的95.1%和4.9%。用能量平衡法所计算的融雪速率和实测的雪面数据吻合的较好,表明用能量平衡法估算天山山地季节性积雪的融雪速率是可行的。     

Spatial Patterns in Surface Energy Balance Components Derived from Remotely Sensed Data

A relatively simple modeling approach for estimating spatially distributed surface energy fluxes was applied to two small watersheds, one in a semi‐arid climate region and one in a sub‐humid region. This approach utilized a combination of ground‐based meteorological data and remotely sensed data to estimate ‘instantaneous’ surface energy fluxes at the time of the satellite or aircraft overpasses. The spatial resolution in the watershed grid cells, which was on the order of 100‐400 km, was selected to be compatible with ground measurements used for validation. The model estimates of surface energy fluxes compared well with ground‐based measurements of surface flux (typically within approximately 40 Wm^?2). The model accuracy may be slightly less for bare soil surfaces due to an overestimation of the soil heat flux. In addition to demonstrating the feasibility of computing spatially distributed values of surface energy fluxes, these maps were used to qualitatively infer the dominant factors controlling the energy fluxes for the time period shortly following precipitation events in the basins. For the semi‐arid watershed, values of sensible heat flux varied considerably over the watershed and displayed a pattern very similar to that of the spatially variable cumulative precipitation for at least one to eight days prior to the image acquisition. Due to the large fraction of exposed bare soil in a semi‐arid ecosystem, even very small precipitation events had a strong influence on the pattern of sensible heat fluxes observed shortly after the event (less than 24 hours). For the sub‐humid watershed, the fluxes tended to be more uniform across the watershed, and were influenced by a combination of precipitation total and land cover type.     

青藏高原西部的地面热源强度及地面热量平衡

以1997年11月至1998年10月青藏高原西部改则和狮泉河地区自动气象站(AWS)连续观测的近地层梯度资料,采用廓线-通量法计算出观测期逐日的总体输送系数,进而用总体公式得出两站逐日的地面感热和潜热通量。结果表明:在此观测期内青藏高原西部不论冬夏地面皆为热源,地面热源强度具有明显的季节变化,两站地面热源强度的年平均值分别为82.5W/m²和68.2W/m²。结合辐射和土壤热通量观测资料揭示了两站的地面热量平衡状况,用地面热量平衡方程对以上结果进行了闭合误差检验。     

Analysis about the influence on the thermal regime in permafrost regions with different underlying surfaces

In the last several decades, the underlying surface conditions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have changed dramatically, causing permafrost degradation due to climate change and human activities. This change severely influenced the cold regions environment and engineering infrastructure built above permafrost. Permafrost is a product of the interaction between the atmosphere and the ground. The formation and change of permafrost are determined by the energy exchange between earth and atmosphere system. Fieldwork was performed in order to learn how land surface change influenced the thermal regime in permafrost regions. In this article, the field data observed in the Fenghuo Mountain regions was used to analyze the thermal conditions under different underlying surfaces on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Results show that underlying surface change may alter the primary energy balance and the thermal conditions of permafrost. The thermal flux in the permafrost regions is also changed, resulting in rising upper soil temperature and thickening active layer. Vegetation could prevent solar radiation from entering the ground, cooling the ground in the warm season. Also, vegetation has heat insulation and heat preservation functions related to the ground surface and may keep the permafrost stable. Plots covered with black plastic film have higher temperatures compared with plots covered by natural vegetation. The reason is that black plastic film has a low albedo, which could increase the absorbed solar radiation, and also decrease evapotranspiration. The ＂greenhouse effect＂ of transparent plastic film might effectively reduce the emission of long-wave radiation from the surface, decreasing heat loss from the earth＇s surface, and prominently increasing ground surface temperature.     

华北平原典型农田水、热与CO2通量的测定

在中国科学院栾城农业生态试验站用波文比-能量平衡法与涡度相关技术对净辐射通量（Rn)，潜热通量（λE），感热通量（H），土壤热通量（G）与冠层CO2通量（Fco2)进行了长期定位研究，结果显示Rn大部分用于作物潜热的消耗，连续2年4个生长季λE/Rn都在70%以上，在作物生育盛期，夏玉米λE/Rn略高于冬小麦，H/Rn都在15%左右，G/Rn在5%-13%之间，且冬小麦G/Rn明显高于夏玉米。蒸发比值（EF）在不同的理想环境条件下，随着可供能量（Rn-G)的增加表现出先迅速下降，后缓慢下降，最后趋于稳定的趋势，并在冬小麦环境条件下得到了验证，直角双曲线模型可以模拟Fco2随光通量密度（PPFD）的响应过程。晴天冠层水分利用效率（WUE）不是在正午出现最高值，当PPFD达到1500μmolm^-2s^-1左右时，WUE却略有下降。     

Variation of fluxes of water vapor, sensible heat and carbon dioxide above winter wheat and maize canopies

Surface energy fluxes were measured using Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance technique (BREB) and eddy correlation system at Luancheng of Hebei Province, on the North China Plain from 1999 to 2001. Average diurnal variation of surface energy fluxes and CO2 flux for maize showed the inverse "U" type. The average peak fluxes did not appear at noon, but after noon. The average peak CO2 flux was about 1.65 mg m-2 s-1. Crop water use efficiency (WUE) increased quickly in the morning, stabilized after 10:00 and decreased quickly after 15:00 with no evident peak value. The ratio of latent heat flux (λE) to net solar radiation (Rn) was always higher than 70% during winter wheat and maize seasons. The seasonal average ratio of sensible heat flux (H) divided by Rn stayed at about 15% above the field surface; the seasonal average ratio of conductive heat flux (G) divided by Rn varied between 5% and 13%, and the average G/Rn from the wheat canopy was evidently higher than that from the maize canopy. The evaporative fraction (EF) is correlated to the Bowen ratio in a reverse function. EF for winter wheat increased quickly during that revival stage, after the stage, it gradually stabilized to 1.0, and fluctuated around 1.0. EF for maize also fluctuated around 1.0 before the later grain filling stage, and decreased after that stage.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠地表潜热时空特征分析

利用1979年3月至2004年2月月平均的NCEP/DOE再分析地表潜热资料,在分析塔克拉玛干沙漠四季潜热基本气候特征的基础上,通过EOF方法,对沙漠地表潜热异常变化的空间结构和时间演变趋势作了诊断研究。结果表明：①沙漠地区夏季潜热最大,春季和秋季次之,冬季最小;靠近山区的沙漠西部、西北部地区四季明显大于中、东部地区。②根据四季地表潜热距平场的EOF分析,该区潜热异常主要有全区一致型、南北差异型以及西北—东南差异型三种常见的分布模态。③25 a期间,塔克拉玛干沙漠地表潜热在第一空间尺度上四季都有不同程度增强的趋势;在第二空间尺度上,春季沙漠北部、西北部有减弱的趋势,南部、东南部有增强的趋势,而冬、夏、秋季变化趋势不是很大。     

Dynamic analysis of evapotranspiration based on remote sensing in Yellow River Delta

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important parameter for water resource management. Compared to the traditional ET computation and measurement methods, the ET computation method based on remote sensing has the advantages of quickness, precision, raster mapping and regional scale. SEBAL, an ET computation model using remote sensing method is based on the surface energy balance equation which is a function of net radiance flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. The former three fluxes can be computed through the parameters retrieved from remote sensing image, then the latent heat flux can be obtained to provide energy for ET. Finally we can obtain the daily ET. In this study SEBAL was applied to compute ET in the Yellow River Delta of China where water resource faces a rigorous situation. Three Landsat TM images and meteorology data of 1999 were used for ET computation, and spatial and temporal change patterns of ET in the Yellow River Delta were analysed.