美国城市郊区化及对策对中国城市节约增长的启示

城市的空间发展中一直同时存在着向心集聚和离心扩散两个过程,郊区化是城市中心区离心扩散力量超过向心集聚力量的一种空间表现形式,能有效缓解大城市因规模扩大而带来的人口密集、交通拥挤等现象;但同时也会产生土地资源浪费、生态环境破坏、阶层分化隔离以及内城衰退等负面影响。美国的城市郊区化现象最为典型,在应对郊区化问题,如怎样有序的建设和管理以及处理好建设和保护的关系等方面积累了丰富的经验。然而,由于土地所有制和城市化阶段的不同,中国与西方发达国家的郊区化呈现出不同特点。中国目前正处于快速城市化时期,由于GDP导向下的城市空间跨越式发展使得一些大城市已出现郊区化现象,导致"外溢—回波"效应突出等问题。通过对中﹑美城市郊区化现象进行比较分析,同时借鉴美国在有效发挥郊区化作用和解决郊区化造成的问题方面的先进经验,并基于城市节约增长的视角,研究如何提高城市空间增长的效率,希望在先进理念、管理技术以及协调政府和市场职能作用方面对城市发展做出有效的把握和引导。     

新经济时代中国大都市的郊区化机制探讨--兼与美国郊区化的比较

中国大都市的郊区化是在新经济、全球化的背景下进行的，传统的经典郊区化因素和新经济因素都在起作用，新经济对郊区化的作用愈来愈显著。文章结合与美国郊区化的比较，对新经济下中国的大都市郊区化机制进行了探讨，认为在新经济等多重因素推动下，中国大都市郊区化的推力增强，推动了郊区化加速发展，需要政府部门高度关注这一问题，并对出现的问题采取有力的应对措施。     

高铁驱动中国城市郊区化的特征与机制研究——以京沪高铁为例

国际理论与实践表明高铁的建设能够推动城市郊区化的发展。现阶段中国高铁大规模建设,与快速城市化同步推进,使得这一影响更为深刻和复杂。在高铁新城形成的过程中,高铁站点发挥了一个"放大器"的功能,推动了以高铁新城为主体的城市郊区化进程。以京沪高铁为例,定性与定量相结合分析了以高铁新城为代表的郊区化模式特征:①大城市相对主动的郊区化;②规划建设的规模与定位偏高;③迅速改变城市原有空间格局等。从政府、市场和社会三者的角度,利用城市政体理论分析了高铁驱动城市郊区化的内在机制。最后指出高铁对于城市郊区化的带动效应存在着选择性和不确定性,应从区域层面对高铁沿线及周边城市的定位及关系进行协调,将高铁新城的选址、规划、开发和建设纳入到城市整体空间发展的脉络之中,同时应加强高铁新城规划的公众参与,从而更好的利用高铁驱动中国城市郊区化的可持续发展。     

对我国城市化研究的再考察

本文通过对当前我国城市化研究领域中一些观点的重新考察,以务实的态度提出有关我国城市化进程,城市规模,城市化转移空间,郊区化等问题的探讨性看法,指出城市化既要遵循经济规律,又要发挥政府的适当调控,不拘于西方模式与简单的现象分析,追求城市实质性的健康,有序,持续发展,才是城市化的主旨。     

台湾西部城市地带的形成与发展

本文论述台湾经济空间演变与城市化发展过程，并对该过程中经济增长与城市发展的关系，都市连绵区的形成与发展、港口对工业区与城市的影响等方面作探讨，最后讨论了海峡两岸经济联系的加强对我国东南沿海城市发展可能产生的影响。     

城市化与城市旅游发展因果关系的判定及生成机理研究——张家界案例

城市化与城市旅游发展之间到底存在相互影响关系还是单向影响关系,学术界一直存在很大争论,但这个问题的回答对快速城市化进程中中国城市旅游如何因应这种关系而采取对应的资源配置方式具有重要意义。以典型旅游城市张家界市为案例,将城市化率和旅游总收入占城市GDP的百分比作为衡量城市化水平和旅游发展水平的变量指标,采用Eviews软件,在对这两项指标1988-2011年时间序列数据先后进行平稳性检验、协整性检验的基础上,构建向量自回归模型,确定了城市化水平与旅游发展水平两个变量关系的滞后阶数,并进行了格兰杰因果关系检验。结果显示,张家界城市化与其旅游发展水平之间存在长期稳定的"均衡"关系,二者在滞后阶数为1的情况下可以获得最为理想的向量自回归模型,且张家界城市化水平与其城市旅游发展之间同时存在长期和短期的单向格兰杰因果关系。说明张家界的城市旅游发展影响其城市化进程,但城市化进程并不影响其城市旅游发展。从城市化和城市旅游发展过程入手,认为旅游发展水平提高使旅游从业机会增多,在旅游业附加值大于农业附加值的作用下,农业人口迅速转化为城镇人口,是城市旅游发展推动城市化水平提高这一因果关系生成的内在机理。而城市化以当地农村居民转化为主,所形成的旅游收入小于GDP增长的特征是导致城市化与旅游发展之间没有形成因果关系的原因。该文最后提出了张家界市在城市发展过程中应紧紧依托旅游产业构建新型城镇化的思路。     

中国与西方国家郊区化比较研究综述

郊区化是城市化发展到一定阶段的产物。中国与西方发达国家的国情不同,因而在对郊区化研究的过程中出现了众多的争议。利用比较的方法,在对国内学者郊区化研究成果综述的基础上,从郊区化出现的时间与背景、发展的阶段、特点、动力机制、影响及对策等若干方面,对中国与西方国家的郊区化进行了较为系统的比较,以期为中国的城市建设提供某些方面的参考。     

重庆城市化的区域差异与协调发展

受区域发展不平衡规律的影响，重庆直辖市城市化发展区域差异十分明显，城市化水平由都市经济区向东、西递降特征十分明显。三大经济区域城市化的差异主要表现在城市化率、城镇密度、城镇规模结构、城市经济水平、城市现代化水平等诸多方面。区位交通、历史基础、资源开发与产业布局、体制与制度安排等因素是造成城市化区域差异的主要原因，三大经济区域应在采取不同的城市化发展模式基础上联动发展，共同构筑协调的重庆城市发展新格局。     

略论美国小都市区

在美国预算与管理总署于2000年推出的核心基础统计区（CBSA）里,首次出现了小都市统计区概念,成为与大都市统计区概念并列的的一个新城市化发展衡量标尺。小都市区概念能够扩充人们对非大都市区内在多样性的认识,增强对美国整体城市化水平的了解,其应用到实际,就是美国本土都市区地域面积首次超过农村地区,标志着美国城市化已进入全方位发展阶段。     

中美城市郊区化发展比较研究

20世纪美国城市经历了普遍的郊区化过程,深刻地重构了美国经济和社会结构。分析美国郊区化的发展历程、原因和影响;在探讨中国城市郊区化的特征和机制基础上,与美国郊区化进行比较。美国郊区化主要从20世纪20年代开始产生,经历了4个发展阶段,其动力机制主要是收入的提高、交通技术进步、小汽车的广泛使用、公共政策、电信技术的发展等,美国郊区化促进了美国都市区的发展,并造就了美国战后经济高速发展的同时,但也带来了一系列的社会问题,如空间不匹配、内城衰败等问题;中国城市郊区化开始发生于20世纪80年代,至今可以分为两个发展阶段,中国城市郊区化是在全球化、市场化、分权化的转型背景下发生和发展的,在具有郊区化一般规律的同时,与美国郊区化在发生背景、动力机制、影响等方面不同。未来中国城市郊区化将加速发展,应该吸取美国郊区化的经验教训,促进中国城市合理发展。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

Assessment of GIAHS in Shizuoka: The Traditional Tea-grass Integrated System

<正>1 Introduction In 2013,Chagusaba,which is traditional tea-grass integrated system in Shizuoka,were accepted as new world heritage site of agriculture.Shizuoka prefecture occupies a variety of elevations,from 0 to 3000m or more above sea level.Because of the diversity of land features and climates,this area produces 167 agricultural commodities.In addition,a lot of traditional agriculture and over200 local native varieties of crops have been conserved in Shizuoka     

ERAHS: A New Platform for the Exchange of Regional Information and Experience on Agricultural Heritage Systems

<正>There are more than 10000 years of agricultural development history in the world that has provided very fruitful and ingenious traditional knowledge and experiences reflecting the evolution of humanity and the nature.In2002,the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)initiated an international partnership initiative of"Conservation and Adaptive Management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The City in Cultural Context . John Agnew, John Mercer, David Sopher, eds. Soils and Geomorphology Peter W. Birkeland. Urbanization and Settlement Systems, International Perspectives . L. S. Bourne, R. Sinclair, and K. Dziewoński. eds. An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography . Harold Carter. Overshoot, The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change . William J. Catton, Jr. Rivers of the World . Eberhard Czaya. Jewish Communities in Frontier Societies: Argentina, Australia and South Africa . Daniel J. Elazar with Peter Medding. Color in Public Spaces: Toward a Communication-Based Theory of the Urban Built Environment. Kenneth E. Foote. Spatial Statistics and Models. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds. Mega-Geomorphology. Rita Gardner and Helen Scoging, eds. Technological Change and Regional Development. Gillespie, ed. The Arid Lands: Their Use and Abuse. R. L. Heathcote. The Location of Industry in Britain. A. G. Hoare. Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent . R. G. LaFleur, ed. Rural Public Services: International Comparisons. Richard E. Lonsdale and Gyorgy Enyedi, eds. Saving Water in a Desert City. William E. Martin, Helen M. Ingram, Nancy K. Laney, and Adrian H. Griffin. Water Resources: Distribution, Use and Management. John R. Mather. Transnationals and the Third World: The Struggle for Culture. Armand Mattelart. South Hadley, MA: USGS Digital Cartographic Data Standards. R. B. McEwen, R. E. Witmer, and B. S. Ramey, eds. The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder, CO: Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor. June Nash and Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, eds. Nuclear Power: Assessing and Managing Hazardous Technology. Martin J. Pasqualetti and K. David Pijawka, eds. Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science 1815-1840. Elizabeth Chalmers Patterson. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. John Pethick. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States , Vol. 1, The Late Pleistocene. Stephen C. Porter, ed. Planning and Ecology. R. D. Roberts and T. M. Roberts, eds. Regionalism and the Pacific Northwest. William G. Robbins, Robert J. Frank, and Richard E. Ross, eds. Environment and Health. Anthony J. Rowland and Paul Cooper. Sunbelt/Snowbelt: Urban Development and Regional Restructuring. Larry Sawers and William K. Tabb, eds. The Bad Earth. Environmental Degradation in China. Vaclav Smil. Armonk, NY: Voyage into Substance: Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel Account, 1760–1840. Barbara Maria Stafford. The Institute of British Geographers: The First Fifty Years. Robert W. Steel. Visions of the Past. Christopher Taylor and Richard Muir. Glacial Lake Agassiz. J. T. Teller and Lee Clayton, eds. The Tule Breakers: The Story of the California Dredge. John Thompson and Edward A. Dutra. The Balkan City 1400–1900. Nikolai Todorov. Explanation, Prediction and Planning: the Lowry model. Michael J. Webber. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Rio Grande Region. Victor Westphall. The World Atlas of Revolutions. Andrew J. M. Wheatcroft. The West European City, A Social Geography. Paul White. Urban Elites and Mass Transportation. J. Allen Whitt. Princeton, NJ: Urban Life In Contemporary China. Martin King Whyte and William L. Parish. The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. David Wilson. London and Canberra: Rethinking Geographical Inquiry. J. David Wood, ed.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Journal of Resources and Ecology Total Contents of Volume 5, 2014

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