南黄海前新生代地震采集技术研究

根据南黄海区域地质特征、南黄海海相中一古生代碳酸盐岩地层构造与地球物理特征，在分析了前期的地震成果和经验的基础上，进行了采集参数的研究，设计了适用于前新生代地震勘探目标层的地震采集参数，进行了地震资料采集，取得了品质良好的地震资料。     

南黄海盆地油气地质研究进展

青岛海洋地质研究所近年来广泛收集了国内外在南黄海海域的地质与地球物理资料 ,对南黄海盆地的石油地质特征进行了系统的研究 ,并应用海洋“863”高科技成果软件——《海上油气资源综合快速评价系统》进行了盆地模拟和资源评价 ,取得了多项创新性的进展。( 1 )广泛应用国内外在南黄海海域及邻区的重磁资料和地震资料 (包括新采集的多道地震资料 ) ,采用综合地球物理解释技术 ,首次编制了全盆地 1∶ 50万的基底构造图、深度构造图、厚度图及沉积相图 ,对盆地的构造区划进行了重新划分 ,为南黄海油气勘查部署打下了良好基础。( 2 )在南黄海北…     

南黄海OBS 2013海陆联合深地震探测初步成果

为了研究渤海—山东半岛—南黄海一线的深部构造特征,利用海区气枪震源和陆区爆破震源探测,于2013年在胶东、渤海和南黄海布设了一条海陆联合深部地震探测剖面。海陆联测剖面包括渤海和南黄海两条海底地震仪(Ocean Bottom Seismometer,OBS)测线和一条陆上地震测线,是首次在南黄海地区布设的OBS深地震测线。文章对南黄海段测线上的海底地震仪数据进行了数据预处理,其中包括地震数据解编处理、截裁处理等,结果表明,此次实验海底地震仪记录质量良好,可以清晰地识别出Ps、Pg、Pm P等多组震相,还首次观察到了来自千里岩隆起带上的P波震相,说明数据处理流程是可行的;再结合地质地球物理资料,初步分析了南黄海不同构造单元的震相特征,为下一步地壳速度结构的模拟及解释工作奠定了良好的基础。     

南黄海NHH01孔周边地震地层学北大核心CSCD

以南黄海中部泥质区采集的高分辨率的反射地震剖面为资料,结合NHH01钻孔的数据,对南黄海中部NHH01钻孔周边地层进行了沉积与构造分析。在剖面可识别的深度范围内划分出10套地震层序,对地层进行了地质年代标定,发现地层旋回与深海氧同位素曲线相比在中更新世以来缺少了十余个旋回,反映了深海氧同位素曲线在陆架区应用的局限性;在剖面上识别了大量的断层,其中大部分断层的构造活动一直持续到中更新世,揭示南黄海最新一期构造活动一直持续到晚更新世之前;通过分析NHH01钻孔周边的构造,对胶黄铁矿的形成环境在构造方面进行了探讨。     

南黄海新构造运动

定义了南黄海新构造运动的概念;提出了南黄海新构造运动的研究方法;阐明了南黄海新构造运动的机理,即受滨西太平洋构造域控制,是在老构造基础上的继承和发展;描述了南黄海新构造运动的基本特征;总结了南黄海新构造运动的研究意义。     

南黄海盆地海相中—古生界构造区划

南黄海盆地属于下扬子地块海域部分,是我国海相中—古生界发育最齐全,保存相对较完整的地区之一。该区具双层基底结构及复杂的深部构造体系,经历了多旋回的盆地成生、改造及叠加过程。海相中—古生界则经历了印支、燕山、喜山等构造运动的改造,以往由于缺少深部地震资料,无法对海相中—古生界进行构造区划。通过该区沉积盆地原型的分析,结合深部地震资料的解释划分了南黄海盆地海相中—古生界的构造格局。     

南黄海NHH01孔周边地震地层学

以南黄海中部泥质区采集的高分辨率的反射地震剖面为资料,结合NHH01钻孔的数据,对南黄海中部NHH01钻孔周边地层进行了沉积与构造分析。在剖面可识别的深度范围内划分出10套地震层序,对地层进行了地质年代标定,发现地层旋回与深海氧同位素曲线相比在中更新世以来缺少了十余个旋回,反映了深海氧同位素曲线在陆架区应用的局限性;在剖面上识别了大量的断层,其中大部分断层的构造活动一直持续到中更新世,揭示南黄海最新一期构造活动一直持续到晚更新世之前;通过分析NHH01钻孔周边的构造,对胶黄铁矿的形成环境在构造方面进行了探讨。     

南黄海崂山隆起石炭系-下二叠统海相碳酸盐岩叠前三参数反演储层预测

崂山隆起为南黄海盆地的构造稳定区,中-古生代海相地层存在较好的油气前景,但其构造复杂,地震资料信噪比低等缘故制约了油气勘探进程。该文采用类比方法,运用相同沉积演化历史环境的四川盆地测井和地震资料作为研究样本,分析碳酸盐岩储层测井和地震响应特征,建立南黄海古生界海相碳酸盐岩地震相和储层分布特征。根据简化的Zoeppritz方程引入岩石弹性模量,对南黄海崂山隆起地震测线进行叠前三参数反演,获得相对密度、体积模量和剪切模量数据体,沿着研究目的层提取以上3种属性参数进行3D聚类分析,再反投到地震剖面上获得地震相,在地震相的控制下再次进行聚类交互,分别获得各地震相下有利储层的空间分布情况。通过分析,南黄海崂山隆起下二叠世和石炭纪时期主要发育局限台地相、开阔台地相、台地边缘浅滩相和台地边缘生物礁相4种沉积相,相应发育岩溶型白云储层和礁、滩相储层,储层受沉积环境影响较大,但后期的构造运动对储层孔隙也有一定的改造作用。     

从华北看扬子渤海湾与南黄海海相地层部分特征比较

中国东部华北与扬子准地台经历的主要构造运动是一致的．特别是印支运动之前．均为陆表海为主的海相沉积和海陆交互相沉积。海相以碳酸盐岩为主。海陆交互相以含有煤层的碎屑岩为主，华北古生界在许多油田通过钻井证实．并且通过VSP或合成地震记录建立起了古生界与地震响应之间的联系。针对海域井筒地质资料少。主要以地球物理资料为主的特点，建议结合陆上已为钻井证实的地质地球物理响应．合理推论。本文尝试从华北古生界地震响应规律的角度，结合南黄海的构造演化及层序持征进行的地震地质解释。分析认为南黄海古生界及早三叠海相地层北厚南薄。后期构造改造较少。是海相地层勘探较有潜力的地方。     

南黄海西北部与深大断裂相关的活动断层特征

南黄海海域位于欧亚板块与太平洋板块两大板块相互作用的关键区域,新生代构造活动活跃,研究其活动断裂特征进而分析新构造运动规律对防震减灾具有重大意义。针对深大断层控制活动断层的特点,通过多道地震成像处理剖面,结合最新的钻探成果,准确标定了第四系底界地震反射层位,在此基础上解释获得了南黄海盆地西北部与深大断层相关的第四纪活动断层的分布特征。对活动断层的动力学机制分析认为,更新世以来,南黄海区域上受控于菲律宾海板块、印度洋板块与欧亚板块在该区域所营造的近EW向的挤压应力场,活动断层的属性与展布特征与该动力学机制具有较好的一致性。这些大地构造运动力的综合作用,对南黄海地区活动断层发育和地震活动起重要作用。     

南黄海西南部的活动断裂

中更新世以来,南黄海西南部的活动断裂比较发育。活动断裂的方向主要有NNW、NW向,次为NEE和EW向。活动断裂的特点为:①在平面上,主要分布于南黄海南部盆地的中南部。②活动性明显,它们控制了岸线和水下深槽的方向,在浅层反射地震剖面上具有晚更新世的断层;地震频繁,1910年以来,平均每7.6年发生一次破坏性地震。③本区NNE向断裂不发育,尚未获得NNE向断裂的活动证据,这一点与邻近陆地和东海不同。区内的NNW向沿岸大断裂十分重要,它是华东、华北一系列NNW向活动大断裂中的一个。     

珠江三角洲的活动断裂与区域稳定性分析

珠江三角洲的活动断裂主要为弱活动断裂,分别属于NW,NE和EW向三组断裂,活动断裂是控制该三角洲断块运动和地震活动的关键。珠江三角洲主要为区域稳定性中等地区。     

Deformation patterns in the southwestern part of the Mediterranean Ridge (South Matapan Trench,Western Greece)

Seismic reflection data and bathymetry analyses, together with geological information, are combined in the present work to identify seabed structural deformation and crustal structure in the Western Mediterranean Ridge (the backstop and the South Matapan Trench). As a first step, we apply bathymetric data and state of art methods of pattern recognition to automatically detect seabed lineaments, which are possibly related to the presence of tectonic structures (faults). The resulting pattern is tied to seismic reflection data, further assisting in the construction of a stratigraphic and structural model for this part of the Mediterranean Ridge. Structural elements and stratigraphic units in the final model are estimated based on: (a) the detected lineaments on the seabed, (b) the distribution of the interval velocities and the presence of velocity inversions, (c) the continuity and the amplitudes of the seismic reflections, the seismic structure of the units and (d) well and stratigraphic data as well as the main tectonic structures from the nearest onshore areas. Seabed morphology in the study area is probably related with the past and recent tectonics movements that result from African and European plates’ convergence. Backthrusts and reverse faults, flower structures and deep normal faults are among the most important extensional/compressional structures interpreted in the study area.     

Structural patterns of the Lake Erçek Basin,eastern Anatolia (Turkey): evidence from single-channel seismic interpretation

This study presents an analysis of the single-channel high-resolution shallow seismic reflection data from Lake Erçek, eastern Anatolia, to provide key information on the deformational elements, on the fault patterns and on the overall tectonic structure of the Lake Erçek Basin. High-resolution seismic data reveal major structural and deformational features, including N–S trending normal faults and W–E trending reverse faults bounding the Lake Erçek Basin, basement highs and folded structures along the marginal sections of the lake. The N–S trending normal faults asymmetrically control the steep western margin and the gentle eastern deltaic section, while the W–E trending reverse faults appear at the northern and southern margins. The N–S trending normal faults, half-graben structure, and the gradual thickening of sediments in the Erçek Basin toward the fault scarps strongly suggest an extensional tectonic regime resulting from an N–S compression. The Erçek Basin is an extension-controlled depocenter; it is a relatively undeformed and flat-lying deep Basin, forming a typical example of the half-graben structure. The N–S trending normal faults appear to be currently active and control the lake center and the E-delta section, resulting in subsidence in the lake floor. In the N- and S-margins of the lake, there is evidence of folding, faulting and accompanying block uplifting, suggesting a significant N–S compressional regime that results in the reverse faulting and basement highs along the marginal sections. The folding and faulting caused strong uplift of the basement blocks in the N- and S- margins, subsequently exposing the shelf and slope areas. The exposed areas are evident in the erosional unconformity of the surface of the basement highs and thinned sediments. The tilted basement strata and subsequent erosion over the basement block highs suggest prominent structural inversion, probably long before the formation of the lake. New high-resolution seismic data reveal the fault patterns and structural lineaments of the Lake Erçek and provide strong evidence for an ongoing extension and subsidence. The present study provides new structural insights that will support future tectonic and sedimentary studies and the development of strategies related to active earthquake faults and major seismic events in the region of Lake Erçek.     

华北地区NNW向断裂的现代活动性特征

本文根据华北地区NNW向断裂对海岸线方向，地貌现象，温泉地热异常和微震震中的控制作用，特别是根据NNW向断裂在华北地区地震活动中的表现，阐述了华北地区NNW向断裂的现代活动性特征，并且认为地震监测中NNW向断裂是一组应予以重视的现代活动性断裂。     

High <Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>-wave attenuation anomalies and ringlike seismogenic structures in the lithosphere beneath Altai: Possible precursors of large earthquakes

This paper addresses inhomogeneities in the short-period S-wave attenuation field in the lithosphere beneath Altai. A technique based on the analysis of the amplitude ratios of Sn and Pn waves is used. High S-wave attenuation areas are identified in the West Altai, which are related to the source zones of recent large earthquakes, viz., the 1990 Zaisan earthquake and the 2003 Chuya earthquake. Associated with the Chuya earthquake, a large ringlike seismogenic structure had been formed since 1976. It is also found that ringlike seismogenic structures are confined to high S-wave attenuation areas unrelated to large historical earthquakes. It is supposed that processes paving the way for strong earthquakes are taking place in these areas. The magnitudes of probable earthquakes are estimated using the earlier derived correlation dependences of the sizes of ringlike seismogenic structures and the threshold values of magnitudes on the energy of principal earthquakes with prevailing focal mechanisms taken into consideration. The sources of some earthquakes are likely to occur near to the planned gas pipeline route from Western Siberia to China, which should be taken into account. The relationship of anomalies in the S-wave attenuation field and the ringlike seismogenic structures to a high content of deep-seated fluids in the lithosphere is discussed.     

Characterization of earthquake sources in the Gulf of Alaska

Abstract

The characterization of earthquake sources in the Gulf of Alaska and the relative significance of earthquake sources for establishing seismic design inputs at a typical site for engineering purposes are discussed. Earthquake sources in the complex tectonic environment can be divided into two groups: (a) a subduction zone that underlies the entire region (maximum magnitude M = 8.5); and (b) individual thrust and strike‐slip faults associated with the plate motions (maximum magnitude M = 6 to 7.5). The sources of either group and individual earthquake events can be represented as planar surfaces for consistency with the physical process and a mathematically tractable computational scheme.

Although the area is very active seismically, the degree of activity of individual sources varies significantly. Therefore, even for sources with the same maximum earthquakes, different magnitudes may apply for a selected design return period. The area is considered to be a “seismic gap.”; No great earthquakes have occurred in nearly 80 years. Estimates based on a temporally varying seismic function such as the semi‐Markov model indicate that the probability of occurrence of a great earthquake in the near future is significantly higher than the average probability inferred from a statistical analysis of historical seismicity data of the entire region.

Separate attenuation relationships should be used for calculating ground motions due to earthquakes on the dipping subduction zone in the northern portion of the gulf. The dominant earthquake source for almost the entire Gulf of Alaska region is the subduction zone that contributes over 80 percent of the seismic exposure at a typical site. The dominant magnitude range is M_s = 6.5 to 7.5. “Gap filling”; earthquakes (M_s = 7.5 to 8.25) contribute a little over a third of the seismic exposure at a typical site. Deterministic assessments of ground motion values using the maximum earthquake on the subduction zone at the closest distance yield values significantly higher than those calculated for even 500‐year return periods. Estimated 100‐year return period accelerations in the area range from 180 to 340 cm/sec².     

Preliminary Analysis of Seismic Risk in Taiwan Strait and Study on Feasibility of Construction of Tunnel Across the Strait

The collision between Eurasian and Pacific plates along the eastern margin of the Asian continent resulted in formation of a series of island-arcs, one of which is the Taiwan Island-arc, and the Taiwan Straits is a foreland basin in the continent-arc collision zone. The Quaternary fine-grained sediments occur evenly in the upper part of the basin, and the Pliocene deposits in the lower part. The stepped faults run in the deposits, indicating that the tectonic movement tended to weaken after the Pliocene. Strong seismic zones of Taiwan Island released large amount of plate overthrust-collision compressive stress and have their screen and prevention roles for the straits. Only the intersections between offshore NW-trending transform-like faults and seashore NE-trending faults on the southern and northern terminations of the Island are prone to strong earthquakes. The possibility of occurrence of M?≥?6 earthquake should be very low in the area for the planned future tunnel. Moreover, the seismic intensity is rapidly attenuated from the surface downward. Thus, the seismic intensity for the tunnel under the seabed will be much lower. In seismotectonic view, the construction of tunnel is feasible.     

Preliminary Analysis of Seismic Risk in Taiwan Strait and Study on Feasibility of Construction of Tunnel Across the Strait

The collision between Eurasian and Pacific plates along the eastern margin of the Asian continent resulted in formation of a series of island-arcs, one of which is the Taiwan Island-arc, and the Taiwan Straits is a foreland basin in the continent-arc collision zone. The Quaternary fine-grained sediments occur evenly in the upper part of the basin, and the Pliocene deposits in the lower part. The stepped faults run in the deposits, indicating that the tectonic movement tended to weaken after the Pliocene. Strong seismic zones of Taiwan Island released large amount of plate overthrust-collision compressive stress and have their screen and prevention roles for the straits. Only the intersections between offshore NW-trending transform-like faults and seashore NE-trending faults on the southern and northern terminations of the Island are prone to strong earthquakes. The possibility of occurrence of M ≥ 6 earthquake should be very low in the area for the planned future tunnel. Moreover, the seismic intensity is rapidly attenuated from the surface downward. Thus, the seismic intensity for the tunnel under the seabed will be much lower. In seismotectonic view, the construction of tunnel is feasible.     

Jurassic to Early Cretaceous basin configuration(s) in the Fingerdjupet Subbasin,SW Barents Sea

The Fingerdjupet Subbasin in the southwestern Barents Sea sits in a key tectonic location between deep rifts in the west and more stable platform areas in the east. Its evolution is characterized by extensional reactivation of N-S and NNE-SSW faults with an older history of Late Permian and likely Carboniferous activity superimposed on Caledonian fabrics. Reactivations in the listric NNE-SSW Terningen Fault Complex accommodated a semi-regional rollover structure where the Fingerdjupet Subbasin developed in the hangingwall. In parallel, the Randi Fault Set developed from outer-arc extension and collapse of the rollover anticline.N-S to NNE-SSW faults and the presence of other fault trends indicate changes in the stress regime relating to tectonic activity in the North Atlantic and Arctic regions. A latest Triassic to Middle Jurassic extensional faulting event with E-W striking faults is linked to activity in the Hammerfest Basin. Cessation of extensional tectonics before the Late Jurassic in the Fingerdjupet Subbasin, however, suggests rifting became localized to the Hammerfest Basin. The Late Jurassic was a period of tectonic quiescence in the Fingerdjupet Subbasin before latest Jurassic to Hauterivian extensional faulting, which reactivated N-S and NNE-SSW faults. Barremian SE-prograding clinoforms filled the relief generated during this event before reaching the Bjarmeland Platform. High-angle NW-prograding clinoforms on the western Bjarmeland Platform are linked to Early Barremian uplift of the Loppa High. The Terningen Fault Complex and Randi Fault Set were again reactivated in the Aptian along with other major fault complexes in the SW Barents Sea, leading to subaerial exposure of local highs. This activity ceased by early Albian. Post-upper Albian strata were removed by late Cenozoic uplift and erosion, but later tectonic activity has both reactivated E-W and N-S/NNE-SSW faults and also established a NW-SE trend.