呼和浩特市气温变化及最高、最低气温的非对称变化

采用线性倾向估计方法计算了呼和浩特站四季及年平均气温、平均最高、平均最低气温及极端最高、极端最低气温、气温日较差多年来的变化趋势,并用最优二分割方法、Mann-kendall非参数统计检验方法对平均气温、平均最高、平均最低气温进行气候阶段划分和突变检验.结果表明各个季节和年平均气温都存在显著的增高趋势,其中冬季和年平均气温增温趋势非常显著;最高、最低气温存在明显的非对称变化,增温主要发生在夜间,无论平均最低气温还是极端最低气温都存在显著的增高趋势,气温日较差都呈显著下降趋势.平均气温、平均最低气温、平均最高气温在1986年前后发生了明显突变.     

呼和浩特市气温变化及最高、最低气温的非对称变化

采用线性倾向估计方法计算了呼和浩特站四季及年平均气温、平均最高、平均最低气温及极端最高、极端最低气温、气温日较差多年来的变化趋势，并用最优二分割方法、Mann-kendall非参数统计检验方法对平均气温、平均最高、平均最低气温进行气候阶段划分和突变检验。结果表明：各个季节和年平均气温都存在显著的增高趋势，其中冬季和年平均气温增温趋势非常显著；最高、最低气温存在明显的非对称变化，增温主要发生在夜间，无论平均最低气温还是极端最低气温都存在显著的增高趋势，气温日较差都呈显著下降趋势。平均气温、平均最低气温、平均最高气温在1986年前后发生了明显突变。     

近56a新疆塔里木盆地非对称性增温变化特征分析

基于塔里木盆地25个气象台站1960—2015年的气温数据,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验等方法分析了年、季平均气温、最高气温、最低气温及日较差的时空变化特征。结果表明:56 a来,研究区年平均最高、最低气温在时间变化上呈非对称性增长,年平均最低气温变率为年平均最高气温变率的1.5倍。区域间的变暖幅度大致随纬度差异由北向南递增。不同季节增温幅度亦表现出非对称性,冬季平均气温、最低气温增幅均为全年最高,夏季最低,秋季最高气温增幅最高,夏季最小。四季平均气温的升高主要与最低气温的显著升高关系密切。年平均气温日较差呈显著下降趋势,气候倾向率为-0.19℃/10 a。平均气温和最高气温的气候突变年份基本都发生在1993年前后。     

1960～2010年四川最高、最低气温的非对称性变化特征

本文利用四川138个气象站点1960~2010年的气温资料,分析了四川地区年均最高、最低气温及日较差的时空变化特征。结果表明:1960~2010年四川年均最高、最低气温在时间变化上呈非对称性升温,年均最高气温和最低气温的气候倾向率分别为0.131℃/10a和0.185℃/10a,后者增温幅度约为前者的1.4倍。年均最高、最低气温气候倾向率在空间分布上多数地区也呈非对称现象,年均最高、最低气温在西部高原地区升温较快,但最低气温的升温速率明显高于最高气温,这导致气温日较差在高原西部地区下降幅度较大。年均最高气温在1980年代最低,2000年代达到最高;年均最低气温在1960年代最低,2000年代最高;年均气温日较差在1960年代最大,1980年代最小。年均最高、最低气温分别在1996年和1993年发生转变,年均气温日较差分别在1973年和2005年发生了转变,年均最高、最低气温气候倾向率的不同及转变年的不一致导致气温日较差在转变年上的不一致。      

SRES A1B情景下中国区域21世纪最高、最低气温及日较差变化的模拟分析

利用区域气候系统模式PRECIS(Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies)分析A1B情景下中国区域21世纪3个时段2011~2040年、2041~2070年、2071~2100年最高、最低气温及日较差相对于气候基准时段(1961~1990年)的变化。结果表明:中国区域未来3个时段平均最高、最低气温呈逐渐增大趋势,日较差呈逐渐减小趋势;最高气温增幅分别为1.7、3.2、3.9°C,最低气温增幅分别为1.9、3.6、4.7°C,最低气温增幅与最高气温增幅相比可达1.1倍以上。未来最高、最低气温冬季增幅最大、春季最小,日较差则表现为冬季减小幅度最大、夏季减小不明显。最高、最低气温及日较差变化的空间分布显示,最高气温在东北地区升幅最大,在西北、黄土高原和四川盆地亦有较大幅度的上升,但在青藏高原北部和华南地区升幅较小;最低气温在西北地区升幅最大,在东北和青藏高原北部升幅较大,而四川盆地和华南地区升幅较小;日较差在中国北方地区普遍减小,在青藏高原北部减小最为明显,但在四川盆地与云贵高原东部地区日较差则呈增大趋势。     

华中区域1960～2005年平均最高、最低气温及气温日较差的变化特征

利用华中区域(河南、湖北、湖南3省)42站1960～2005年逐月平均最高、最低气温资料,计算并详细分析了该区域年(季、月)平均最高、最低气温和气温日较差的线性变化趋势、突变性及周期性特征。结果发现:1)华中区域年平均最高、最低气温均呈现上升趋势,年平均气温日较差呈减小趋势,其中年平均最低气温变化最显著。2)平均最高气温在春、秋、冬均呈上升趋势;平均最低气温四季均呈上升趋势,其中春、冬季变化显著;平均气温日较差在夏、冬季下降趋势较为明显,其中以冬季降幅最大。3)全年有4个月平均最高气温呈下降趋势,其中8月最为显著;平均最低气温在冬、春季为明显上升趋势,其他月变化趋势不显著;平均气温日较差在冬、夏季呈明显下降趋势,其中1月最为显著。4)年平均最高、最低气温在20世纪90年代经历了一次由冷变暖的明显突变;四季中,平均最高气温春、冬季突变显著,平均最低气温春、夏季突变显著。5)年平均最高、最低气温存在显著的2～4a周期变化。     

青藏高原冬季NDVI与西南地区夏季气温的滞后关系

该文利用EOF分解得到的1982—2001年西南地区夏季平均、最高和最低气温的时空特征显示, 西南地区夏季平均、最高气温的时空变化具有很好的一致性, 尤其是川渝地区20世纪80年代为气温负距平, 90年代开始有明显升温。利用GIMMS NDVI和西南4省市96个台站的气温资料进行了相关分析、合成分析以及SVD分析, 得到前期冬季青藏高原植被影响该区夏季气温的滞后关系以及影响较大的区域。结果表明:西南地区夏季平均气温、最高气温对青藏高原冬季植被变化较敏感, 其中青藏高原西部NDVI与西南地区夏季气温的相关强于东部; 青藏高原NDVI异常偏高对应西南地区夏季气温偏高, 其中最高气温升高较明显, 增温最大值出现在7月, 位于西南地区北部; 青藏高原冬季植被变化与西南地区平均气温、最高气温和最低气温的最佳耦合模态中影响程度及关键区域略有差异, 青藏高原冬季NDVI与夏季平均气温关系最密切, 其中青藏高原东北大部分地区和南部 (包括拉萨及林芝东部地区) 的影响最大, 气温对前期青藏高原NDVI变化反应的敏感区主要位于四川盆地及其附近地区。     

近50年宝鸡气温变化趋势及规律

利用1960—2011年宝鸡11个县区气象站的观测资料,研究了宝鸡市最高、最低、平均气温的变化趋势及时空分布特征。结果表明:宝鸡地区平均最高气温、最低气温、平均气温分别为17.5oC、6.6oC和11.5oC,三者均呈现出明显的上升趋势,上升率分别为0.30oC/10 a、0.26oC/10 a和0.19oC/10 a;最高气温、最低气温、平均气温都发生了突变,突变点分别在1994年、1990年和1997年;最高气温在春季升温幅度最大,最低、平均气温在冬季升幅最大;年代际变化显示,最高、最低、平均气温在1990年代以前均为负距平,从1990年代以后为正距平;最高、最低、平均气温在空间分布上均表现出了川道高于塬区,塬区高于山区的特征,最低气温表现出城市热岛效应;宝鸡地区年平均日较差平均值为10.9oC,变化趋势表现为略有增大。     

巴彦淖尔市近47年气温变化特征分析

选取1974—2020年巴彦淖尔市9个气象观测站逐月的平均气温、平均气温日较差、平均最高气温、平均最低气温资料,采用线性倾向趋势分析法、滑动平均法、M-K检验法、Morlet小波分析法、反距离权重插值法对气温变化特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）近47年,巴彦淖尔市年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温呈升温趋势,春季对升温的贡献最大。年平均气温日较差为减小趋势,春季对日较差减小的贡献最大;4月最大,11、12月最小;空间分布为西北部低东南部高。（2）年平均气温、年平均气温日较差、年平均最高气温分别在1991—1992、1983—1984、1993—1994年出现突变。（3）年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温主要的震荡周期均为14年,平均气温日较差为31年。     

菏泽市最高和最低气温变化特征分析

利用菏泽1998—2017年20a逐日平均气温和最高、最低气温数据,统计分析平均气温和平均最高、最低气温的月、旬变化特征,以每2℃为一个区间,按月统计分析逐日最高、最低气温以及当日与翌日最高、最低气温的变幅在各区间的样本及出现频率。结果表明:夏、冬季日最高、最低气温及气温日较差分布区间跨度小,气温变化较稳定;春、秋季日最高、最低气温及气温日较差分布区间跨度大,气温变化不稳定。各月最高、最低气温及气温日较差出现频率在均值附近最大,随后向两侧递减;近年冬季有缩短的倾向,严寒天气减少,夏季酷暑天气增多;春季到夏季、秋季到冬季各有两次气温快速升降期。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.