岩石高边坡开挖卸荷松弛准则研究与工程应用

基于对卸荷松弛过程和机制的定性分析,提出了以岩石极限拉应变作为卸荷松弛的判别准则。通过对岩石极限拉应变室内试验资料与其抗拉强度之间关系的分析,并结合小湾工程卸荷松弛分析的成功实践经验,提出了极限拉应变值的取值原则,并明确了岩石边坡开挖后实际拉应变的计算方法。运用三维弹黏塑性加锚节理岩体流变模型,将该准则和计算方法应用于锦屏一级拱坝建基面开挖卸荷松弛的数值分析中,通过与实际开挖揭示和声波测试资料的对比,结果表明分析结果较为合理,为工程建设提供了有益的指导     

高地应力硬脆性围岩开挖损伤区时效性扩展案例分析——特征与机制

硬脆性围岩在开挖完成后，其强度在高应力的影响下具有明显的时间效应，这导致围岩开挖损伤区的发展也呈现出与时间相关的特征。在岩石强度时效性演化模型的基础上，以锦屏二级水电站试验洞钻孔摄像、声波、变形监测等开挖损伤区实测结果为目标函数，采用正交设计方法、最小二乘支持向量机模型、粒子群优化算法等方法，建立了考虑时间效应的LSSVM-PSO智能反演分析方法，并以锦屏二级水电站试验洞为例，研究了开挖完成后的25 d里，围岩强度在高地应力条件下的时效性演化特征，进而获得这一时段内开挖损伤区扩展过程。研究结果表明：（1）高应力地区，隧洞开挖后，围岩损伤区的主要扩展方向受地应力控制，且最大扩展方向为最小主应力方向，且破坏区（破坏接近度FAI≥2）也集中于该方向； （2）开挖损伤区面积随时间近似呈S形曲线变化，表明开挖损伤区初始发展较为缓慢，随着时间推移呈现线性增加的趋势，最后又逐渐趋于稳定；（3）开挖后第3～10 d为开挖损伤区快速增长阶段。该研究成果对高应力地区硬脆性围岩开挖损伤区时效性演化研究具有指导意义。     

地下洞室开挖爆破围岩松动圈的数值分析计算

根据数值计算提出了在地下洞室开挖爆破中,确定围岩松动圈的方法。给出了地下洞室开挖爆破的三维弹塑性损伤有限元计算方法。该方法论述了爆破荷载、重力荷载和开挖荷载的计算、施加以及迭代的方法,可以合理反应爆破对围岩稳定的影响和锚固支护施加的效果;结合岩石松动圈的实测方法,推导了判定围岩开始松动的损伤系数阈值公式,可以结合数值计算得到的洞周围岩损伤系数分布,确定在开挖爆破作用下围岩松动圈的范围。对实际工程的分析计算表明,根据数值计算判定的围岩松动范围与实测松动范围的规律基本一致,量值吻合较好,其结果为地下洞室开挖爆破的围岩松动圈的确定提供了有效的方法。     

考虑空间效应的地下洞室爆破开挖松动区参数场位移反分析

将地下洞室爆破开挖松动区视为一个随开挖过程演变的非均匀、非稳定三维扰动场,松动区内岩体力学参数则是一个具有时空演化特性的参数场。考虑爆破开挖扰动空间效应和岩体真实变形响应,提出了真实工作状态下开挖松动区岩体参数场辨识的位移反分析方法。基于局部监测变形空间插补得到的空间位移场,通过分析洞室爆破开挖围岩变形扰动机制,建立了开挖松动区岩体变形模量参数场数值演化模型,并进行了模型适用性和参数敏感性分析。在此基础上,以变形模量参数为例,结合围岩实测位移信息,提出了开挖松动区参数场位移反分析的动态实现过程。将该方法应用于溪洛渡地下洞室群施工期参数场反演和围岩稳定动态反馈评价及预测,结果表明,该方法合理有效,在大型地下洞群施工开挖与快速监测反馈方面具有显著的工程适用性及实用性。     

高地应力条件下大型地下厂房松动区变化规律及参数反演

松动区是控制地下洞室围岩变形及失稳的重要因素。以锦屏一级水电站为例,结合声波测试及多点位移计监测成果,对高地应力和低强度应力比条件下大型地下厂房围岩松动区的分布及变化特征进行分析,并采用BP网络和遗传算法对围岩参数进行反演。研究表明,声波测试的围岩松弛深度与多点位移计监测得到的围岩主要变形深度具有一致性,围岩松弛深度变化趋势与岩壁位移变化也存在对应关系,两者结合可以对围岩松动区的变化规律进行连续的分析。高地应力和低强度应力比条件下的松动区深度远大于一般应力条件,由于围岩应力状态调整、岩体破坏所导致的卸荷松弛成为围岩松弛的主要因素。开挖过程中,由于围岩应力状态的逐步调整,导致围岩的破坏和松弛的渐进发展,其中松弛深度在水平向的扩展较为明显。反演得到的松动区岩体变形模量及黏聚力较未松动岩体有明显降低,而摩擦角降低较少。因此,对松动区岩体进行灌浆加固,将有助于提高松动区岩体的变形模量和粘聚力,从而增强围岩的稳定性。     

A method for assessment of excavation damaged zone (EDZ) of a rock mass and its application to a dam foundation case

Excavation of slope is an unloading process, and also an energy releasing process when the stress in the rock mass is unloaded, leading to the rebounding deformation towards the free face. And then a zone, namely excavation damaged zone (EDZ), will be formed near the excavation boundary, where the rock is damaged or disturbed and its physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties are greatly changed. This paper is to put forward a new method to quantify the extent and damage degree of the EDZ according to the unloading strain energy which is released in the process of excavation. A simple relationship between unloading strain ε and accumulative opening displacement T of cracks, , is proposed to describe the damage degree of rock mass in the EDZ, where h is the depth variable in normal direction of the open cracks.This method is used to assess the EDZ of the dam foundation at Xiaowan hydropower station in southwestern China by the accumulative opening displacement curves of cracks along boreholes based on boreholes camera photos. We find that the EDZ can be naturally divided into two sub-zones, i.e. the excavation heavily disturbed sub-zone (EHDZ) and excavation slightly disturbed sub-zone (ESDZ), according to the variation of unloading strain ε. Two inflexions of the accumulative opening displacement curve indicate the lower limits of EHDZ and ESDZ respectively.     

基于开挖卸荷劣化的边坡岩体宏观力学参数USMR分析评价方法及验证

为研究锦屏某边坡岩体在开挖卸荷条件下的岩体宏观力学参数,对该区砂岩进行室内卸荷试验研究,结果表明：相对于加载试验,卸荷过程中岩样的强度及变形参数发生了劣化,低、高围压下岩石变形及破裂形式也有所不同。为此,在对SMR及CSMR修正的基础上,提出了考虑开挖方式、边坡形态及卸荷损伤的边坡卸荷岩体的评价体系USMR法。基于USMR法对研究区边坡开挖岩体宏观参数（变形模量Em、岩体抗压强度 、岩体抗拉强度 、岩体抗剪强度参数cm和 ）进行了动态分析,并分别考虑了不同围压 及卸荷损伤De条件下岩体参数的劣化规律。分析表明：开挖卸荷过程中岩体宏观参数发生了不同程度的劣化,拉应力区、低应力区和高应力区岩体参数的劣化规律有所不同,拉应力区及低应力区岩体力学参数对开挖卸荷更加敏感。研究结果对边坡开挖卸荷岩体的稳定性分析与评价具有一定指导意义。     

淮河大堤老应段土体蠕变特性研究及工程应用

本文依据工程需要, 采取淮河大堤老应段的原状和扰动土样, 在室内对堤体及堤基土的剪切蠕变和拉伸蠕变特性进行了试验研究。粘土的蠕变剪切强度远低于瞬时剪切强度, Ｃ值仅是Ｃ值的４０％左右;相同含水条件下粘土的长时抗拉强度大于瞬时抗拉强度, 长时拉伸应变量远大于瞬时拉伸应变量, 约为２倍。     

Experimental study of the influence of loading rate on tensile mechanical behavior of sandstone damaged by blasting

The drill and blast method (D&B) is perhaps the most common excavation method for rock mass, and intense blasting vibrations would induce an excavation damage zone (EDZ) around the excavated space. The tensile failure of rock mass in EDZ at diverse rupture velocities results in various geological disasters in engineering practices. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of blasting on the tensile strength of sandstone rock and the influence of loading rate on the disk specimens affected by blasting. We firstly performed a D&B exercise on a sandstone block with a size of 600 mm × 600 mm × 120 mm. Then, a total number of 49 standard disk specimens were prepared from large fragments of this blasting sandstone block and an undamaged block. A series of Brazilian split tests was carried out using these specimens to determine their indirect tensile strength, and to assess the effects of the distance from the blasting source and loading rate (varying from 1.67 × 10^?5 to 8.33 × 10^?2 mm s^?1). The results show that the tensile strength of specimens exhibits an upward trend with increasing distance from the blasting source, to approach that of undamaged rock, following a power function with a positive exponent (0~1). The loading rate affects the tensile mechanical behaviors of disks, in terms of the convergence of microscopic defects, the main load-bearing area, and the absorbed energy at the fracture moment of specimens. Both the tensile strength and absorbed energy have positive linear correlations with the natural logarithm of the loading rate. In addition, the fragmentation degree of disk specimens also increases due to an increasing brittleness of sandstone with the loading rate.     

Characterizing Excavation Damaged Zone and Stability of Pressurized Lined Rock Caverns for Underground Compressed Air Energy Storage

In this paper, we investigate the influence of the excavation damaged zone (EDZ) on the geomechanical performance of compressed air energy storage (CAES) in lined rock caverns. We conducted a detailed characterization of the EDZ in rock caverns that have been excavated for a Korean pilot test program on CAES in (concrete) lined rock caverns at shallow depth. The EDZ was characterized by measurements of P- and S-wave velocities and permeability across the EDZ and into undisturbed host rock. Moreover, we constructed an in situ concrete lining model and conducted permeability measurements in boreholes penetrating the concrete, through the EDZ and into the undisturbed host rock. Using the site-specific conditions and the results of the EDZ characterization, we carried out a model simulation to investigate the influence of the EDZ on the CAES performance, in particular related to geomechanical responses and stability. We used a modeling approach including coupled thermodynamic multiphase flow and geomechanics, which was proven to be useful in previous generic CAES studies. Our modeling results showed that the potential for inducing tensile fractures and air leakage through the concrete lining could be substantially reduced if the EDZ around the cavern could be minimized. Moreover, the results showed that the most favorable design for reducing the potential for tensile failure in the lining would be a relatively compliant concrete lining with a tight inner seal, and a relatively stiff (uncompliant) host rock with a minimized EDZ. Because EDZ compliance depends on its compressibility (or modulus) and thickness, care should be taken during drill and blast operations to minimize the damage to the cavern walls.     

Numerical Modelling of the Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour of Opalinus Clay at the Laboratory-Scale Using FEM/DEM

The Opalinus Clay (OPA) is an argillaceous rock formation selected to host a deep geologic repository for high-level nuclear waste in Switzerland. It has been shown that the excavation damaged zone (EDZ) in this formation is heavily affected by the anisotropic mechanical response of the material related to the presence of bedding planes. In this context, the purpose of this study is twofold: (i) to illustrate the new developments that have been introduced into the combined finite-discrete element method (FEM/DEM) to model layered materials and (ii) to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new modelling approach in simulating the short-term mechanical response of OPA at the laboratory-scale. A transversely isotropic elastic constitutive law is implemented to account for the anisotropic elastic modulus, while a procedure to incorporate a distribution of preferentially oriented defects is devised to capture the anisotropic strength. Laboratory results of indirect tensile tests and uniaxial compression tests are used to calibrate the numerical model. Emergent strength and deformation properties, together with the simulated damage mechanisms, are shown to be in strong agreement with experimental observations. Subsequently, the calibrated model is validated by investigating the effect of confinement and the influence of the loading angle with respect to the specimen anisotropy. Simulated fracture patterns are discussed in the context of the theory of brittle rock failure and analyzed with reference to the EDZ formation mechanisms observed at the Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory.     

声波测试法在判别地下厂房EDZ中的应用

洞室开挖不可避免地会损伤岩体, 对于规模巨大、布置异常复杂的水电地下厂房围岩尤甚, 合理地确定开控损伤区(EDZ)分布成为地下洞室的信息化设计、施工和安全运营的关键性问题.在引入EDZ概念及强EDZ、弱EDZ和基本未损区分区的基础上, 提出采用声波测试方法来确定强EDZ和弱EDZ的分布.将声波波速-深度曲线划分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型等3种曲线类型, 根据曲线特征点, 对EDZ进行定性、半定量的初判.根据波速计算得出的损伤因子D, 对强、弱EDZ和基本未损区进行定量的判别.首次提出的基于声波测试法, 定性、半定量和定量相结合的综合研判法具有创新性, 为客观评价地下洞室EDZ提供了科学的方法.      

峰前卸荷对节理岩体力学特性影响试验研究

实际工程中,岩体的应力变化状态非常复杂,并不只是简单的加载或者卸荷,如水利工程中的大坝,当坝基开挖时其力学条件主要表现为开挖方向的卸荷(其他方向有可能卸荷,也有可能加载),而坝体修筑以后,力学条件又主要表现为加载。因此,对卸荷损伤后的岩体再次加载时的力学性质进行研究具有十分重要的工程意义。通过三轴卸荷及卸荷损伤后加载破坏试验,研究了不同围压下,含断续预制节理岩体经过不同程度卸荷损伤后再次加载时的力学特性。研究结果表明:围压对于含断续节理岩体变形模量影响不明显,岩体弹性模量与围压没有明显关系,相同围压下节理岩体弹性模量和变形模量均显著低于完整岩体:节理岩样峰值应变随着围压的增大线性增大,二者之间有较好的相关性,相比于完整岩样,节理岩体峰值应变随围压增大增长更快:围压越低,卸荷对岩体强度的影响越大,随着围压增加,卸荷量不同造成岩样的损伤差异逐渐减小。     

Coupled THM processes in EDZ of crystalline rocks using an elasto-plastic cellular automaton

This paper aims at a numerical study of coupled thermal, hydrological and mechanical processes in the excavation disturbed zones (EDZ) around nuclear waste emplacement drifts in fractured crystalline rocks. The study was conducted for two model domains close to an emplacement tunnel; (1) a near-field domain and (2) a smaller wall-block domain. Goodman element and weak element were used to represent the fractures in the rock mass and the rock matrix was represented as elasto-visco-plastic material. Mohr–Coulomb criterion and a non-associated plastic flow rule were adopted to consider the viscoplastic deformation in the EDZ. A relation between volumetric strain and permeability was established. Using a self-developed EPCA^2D code, the elastic, elasto-plastic and creep analyses to study the evolution of stress and deformations, as well as failure and permeability evolution in the EDZ were conducted. Results indicate a strong impact of fractures, plastic deformation and time effects on the behavior of EDZ especially the evolution of permeability around the drift.     

Engineering geological assessment of the proposed Uru Dam, Turkey

This paper describes the results of the engineering geological investigations and rock mechanics studies carried out at the proposed Uru Dam site. Analyses were carried out in terms of rock mass classifications for diversion tunnel, kinematic analysis of excavation slopes, permeability of the dam foundation and determination of rock mass strength parameters.Uru Dam is a rock-filled dam with upstream concrete slab. The dam will be built on the Suveri River in the central part of Turkey. The foundation rocks are volcanic rocks, which consist of andesite, basalt and tuff of Neogene Age. Studies were carried out both at the field and the laboratory. Field studies include engineering geological mapping, intensive discontinuity surveying, core drilling, pressurized water tests and sampling for laboratory testing.Uniaxial, triaxial and tensile strength tests were performed and deformation parameters, unit weight and porosity were determined on the intact rock specimens in the laboratory. Rock mass strength and modulus of elasticity of rock mass are determined using the Hoek–Brown empirical strength criterion. Rock mass classifications have been performed according to RMR and Q systems for the diversion tunnel.Engineering geological assessment of the proposed dam and reservoir area indicated that there will be no foundation stability problems. Detailed geotechnical investigations are required for the final design of the dam.     

开挖卸荷状态下深基坑变形特性研究

深基坑开挖时因为卸荷作用会引起土体强度一定程度的降低,土体强度的降低会引起支护结构上土压力的变化,利用卸荷前土体强度指标进行土压力计算势必会小于实际情况,从而导致土体及支护结构变形计算值与实测值有一定的偏差。在深基坑开挖时,仅采用施工监测等手段进行事中控制是不够的,必须预先对变形值的发展规律做出模拟和预测。为探索深基坑开挖时,卸荷作用对基底土体和侧向土体强度特性和变形特性的影响规律,结合天津富力响锣湾大型基坑开挖,对开挖过程中土体基底回弹情况、支护结构以及周边土体的变形情况进行了全过程监测,利用试验结果数据计算出天津市富力响锣湾大型基坑开挖项目的卸荷强度参数,为后续数值模拟计算参数的选取提供了依据;利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了三维数值模型,分别采用原状土的强度参数和卸荷参数对开挖过程中土体基底回弹、支护结构以及周边土体的变形情况进行了模拟,研究了两种情况下土体基底回弹、支护结构以及周边土体的变形规律,并将有限元模拟结果与监测结果进行了对比。研究发现,本工程土体卸荷后的扰动区在基底以下3～4 m范围,强度折减可达到20%～35%,根据卸荷比确定了周边土体强度折减为10%～15%;有限元模拟结果与实测值基本一致。通过分析可以看到,考虑基坑开挖卸荷作用是符合工程实际情况的,因此,建议在深基坑开挖设计时考虑土体的卸荷效应。该分析方法可为同类深基坑设计提供参考。     

西南某电站河床坝基开挖卸荷条件下变形破坏的数值分析

西南某电站河床坝基开挖过程中,在河床底部出现大量表征岩体卸荷的变形破坏现象。开挖卸荷深度与卸荷强度成为大坝建设及其长期稳定性的关键问题。采用三维有限差分程序FLAC3D,分析开挖卸荷条件下坝基岩体变形破坏特征。结合现场卸荷裂隙现象调查资料,综合确定出所研究的河床坝基开挖卸荷影响深度及强度。为坝基综合治理提供必要的参考信息,也为今后此类中等地应力边坡开挖卸荷分析储备可以借鉴的资料。     

Characterising and modelling the excavation damaged zone in crystalline rock in the context of radioactive waste disposal

This paper describes current knowledge about the nature of and potential for thermo–hydro–mechanical–chemical modelling of the excavation damaged zone (EDZ) around the excavations for an underground radioactive waste repository. In the first part of the paper, the disturbances associated with excavation are explained, together with reviews of Workshops that have been held on the subject. In the second part of the paper, the results of a DECOVALEX [DEmonstration of COupled models and their VALidation against EXperiment: research funded by an international consortium of radioactive waste regulators and implementers (http://www.decovalex.com)] research programme on modelling the EDZ are presented. Four research teams used four different models to simulate the complete stress–strain curve for Avro granite from the Swedish Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory. Subsequent research extended the work to computer simulation of the evolution of the repository using a ‘wall-block model’ and a ‘near-field model’. This included assessing the evolution of stress, failure and permeability and time-dependent effects during repository evolution. As discussed, all the computer models are well suited to sensitivity studies for evaluating the influence of their respective supporting parameters on the complete stress–strain curve for rock and for modelling the EDZ.     

改进切线模量的非线性弹性模型

为了更好的反映基坑开挖后土体的变形非线性特性,采用幂函数描述土体剪切过程中切线模量随主应力差值增大而衰减的过程。积分得到主应力差值和应变的数学表达式,其反映的数学规律符合一般土力学模型的要求。对应于不同的幂指数,该表达式可以很好拟合三轴试验应力-应变曲线。基于Duncan-Chang模型参数确定的方法,提出了本文模型参数的确定方法。在通用有限元软件基础上二次开发了模型的计算程序。应用于某基坑变形的计算结果表明,本文提出的模型比Duncan-Chang模型能更好的预测围护结构的变形。      

鲤鱼潭大坝在集集地震中的变形分析

鲤鱼潭黏土心墙堆石坝在台湾“9•21”集集地震中有一定的变形损伤。为了研究大坝的地震破坏机制,分析了大坝的永久位移分布规律,同时采用有限元数据平滑方法,对大坝位移监测数据进行处理,得到了大坝的永久应变场。结果表明,大坝在强震作用下永久变形指向坝内,坝体体积整体收缩;由于反滤料孔隙水压力上升,有效应力降低,在上游坝体在反滤层附近出现拉应变;在两岸坝肩与基岩交界部位存在拉应变,易造成拉伸裂缝。