浙东南怀溪铜金矿床黄铁矿标型特征及其地质意义

黄铁矿标型特征在各类矿床研究中提供丰富的矿床成因信息及有效的深部找矿信息。怀溪矿床为浙东南政和-大埔大断裂和长乐-南澳大断裂间坳陷区内典型的热液脉状充填型Cu-Au多金属矿床,其黄铁矿具亏Fe和S的特点,ω(Fe)/ω(S+As)平均值为0.881,介于0.863与0.926之间,表明该矿床为中浅成中温热液矿床。黄铁矿ω(Co)/ω(Ni)比值主要介于1～5,显示怀溪Cu-Au矿床成矿流体主要为岩浆热液。黄铁矿硫同位素δ34S值为-2.14‰～+4.14‰(n=8),极差为6.28‰,平均值为+1.67‰,硫源部分来自深源岩浆。黄铁矿热电系数、微量元素综合比值Φ和As、Cu含量、As+Ag+Hg、Cu+Pb+Zn、Co+Ni微量元素组合自地表向深部均显示减小→增大→减小的变化规律。结合前人的研究成果,在深入研究黄铁矿标型特征的基础上认为该矿床深部具有一定的找矿前景。     

四川木里梭罗沟金矿黄铁矿标型特征及地质意义

木里梭罗沟金矿主要载金矿物为黄铁矿和毒砂,黄铁矿主要呈它形和五角十二面体产出,一些黄铁矿具含砷黄铁矿"边"。黄铁矿晶形不同,含金量也不同。电子探针和激光离子探针分析结果统计显示,黄铁矿亏硫或接近理论值,属变质热液成因;黄铁矿中的Co含量低、ω(Co)/ω(Ni)<1、ω(Au)/ω(Ag)>0.5,它形成于中温环境;黄铁矿ω(Fe)/ω(S+As)均值为0.845,形成环境为中深部。矿床成因属基性火山岩构造蚀变岩型,成矿流体主要来自变质热液。     

贵州遵义中南村黑色岩系黄铁矿的成分标型与成因探讨

对贵州遵义中南村黑色岩系多元素矿床黄铁矿中的Co、Ni、As、Se、Te、n(s)／n(Fe)、w(Co)／w(Ni)、w(S)／w(Se)、w(Se)／w(Te)等标型进行了研究,井将其与4个胶东热液型金矿的黄铁矿的相应数据进行了对比。通过成分标型分析,并结合黄铁矿的形态、内部结构和同位素特征以及前人的研究成果．认为此黑色岩系多元素矿床应为海底热水沉积和生物沉积混合成因。该黑色岩系黄铁矿同胶东界河金矿的黄铁矿、胶东金青顶金矿中的黄铁矿、胶东玲珑金矿西山矿区中的黄铁矿和胶东三山岛金矿床中的黄铁矿等热液金矿型黄铁矿在10000×w(Co+Ni)／w(Fe)-10000×w(As十Se十Te)／w(S)-100×(n(S)／n(Fe)-1.8)三角图上的投点明显不同,前者投点甚为分散,后者投点较集中。从成因角度分析认为：后者的物质来自花岗岩,主成矿过程受单一的温度变化范围不大的岩浆热液控制;前者物质来源复杂,受高温阶段的深部循环热水和低温阶段的海水一热水混合流体甚至生物作用的制约。由此可以初步提出以下一般判据：在10000×w(Co十Ni)／w(Fe)一10000×w(As十Se+Te)／w(S)一100x(n(S)／n(Fe)一1.8)三角图上,成因简单的黄铁矿的投点较集中,成因复杂的黄铁矿的投点较分散。     

云南勐海勐满金矿含金黄铁矿地球化学特征和矿床成因意义

黄铁矿是金矿重要的载金矿物之一,对其地球化学特征研究可以约束金矿成矿类型和成矿物质来源。本文对云南勐满金矿含金黄铁矿的化学成分及其S、Pb同位素特征进行了研究,结果显示:勐满金矿黄铁矿化学成分中的N(S)/N(Fe)值、δFe—δS及w(As)—w(Co)—w(Ni)图解等特征表明其原生矿床属于浅成低温热液型矿床。黄铁矿硫同位素为-4×10~(-3)~-2×10~(-3),数值集中;铅同位素组成~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb值,分别介于39.016~40.010、15.669~15.826和18.694~19.289。测试结果显示勐满金矿属于低硫型浅成低温热液型金矿,成矿物质主要来源于围岩地层。热液成矿阶段金主要赋存在黄铁矿中,在次生氧化阶段,金从黄铁矿中出溶并进一步富集,次生氧化阶段是形成富矿的重要阶段。     

藏南查拉普金矿床载金矿物特征与金的赋存状态

黄铁矿和毒砂是卡林型和造山型金矿床重要的载金矿物。文章通过电子探针(EPMA)分析研究了藏南查拉普金矿床不同类型黄铁矿和毒砂中Au、As、S、Fe等元素的含量变化和分布规律,发现不同阶段的黄铁矿具有不同的结构特征和元素组成特点。沉积成岩期黄铁矿(Py1)主要呈草莓状、胶状,常构成环带状黄铁矿的核心,其中金的含量最高,显示了金在沉积成岩期的大量富集。热液期早阶段黄铁矿(Py2)主要呈自形-半自形的立方体,与Py1元素(S、Fe、As)组成相近,显示了一定的继承演化关系。热液期主阶段黄铁矿(Py3)与毒砂共生,多呈自形-半自形的五角十二面体、立方体,常包裹早期的黄铁矿形成环带结构。Py3中As的含量明显升高,其增加量近似等于S的减少量,说明As主要进入黄铁矿晶格替代了S的位置。各个阶段的黄铁矿和毒砂中Au的分布在EPMA微束的分辨率下均显示是不均匀的,Au在Py1和大部分Py2中主要以纳米级自然金(Au0)的形式存在;而在Py3中主要以(Au+)的形式存在,少部分以纳米级自然金(Au0)形式存在。Py1的结构及元素组成与典型卡林型金矿和造山型金矿沉积成岩期黄铁矿的特点相似,而Py3的大量发育则符合卡林型金矿的特征。     

湘黔地区下寒武统黑色岩系中镍-钼矿床黄铁矿的成因

重点研究了贵州遵义中南村和湖南张家界三岔镍-钼多金属矿床的黄铁矿,矿床成因为热水喷流沉积型.黄铁矿样品S/Fe比值的平均值为2.0093-2.048,成分特征均属于铁亏损型,说明其形成温度低.Co/Ni变化范围为0.077~4.5,均值为2.197.据Co/Ni的比值可以判断本区的黄铁矿主要为热液成因,矿化物质来源为热水喷流体系内的热液.成分图解标型显示,黑色岩系中高ω(Co+Ni)/ω(Fe)的黄铁矿和高ω(As+Se+Te)/ω(S)的黄铁矿均大量出现,可能与热水喷流沉积的温差变化范围较大有关.而并非正常沉积的产物.S/Se比值为950.8-1059.9,说明生成环境均一程度较高,而且海水温度比较高.由中南村镍-钼矿床的Se/Te值也能判明其为热液成因.关于黄铁矿的研究对本区镍-钼矿床的寻找有重要意义.     

胶东玲珑金矿黄铁矿的化学成分标型特征及其矿床学意义

玲珑金矿作为胶东地区一个规模最大且最典型的石英脉型金矿,历经多年的开采,其保有储量已不足以支持持续生产,深部及边部找矿迫在眉睫。本文基于成因矿物学理论,通过矿物地球化学方法对矿区内的黄铁矿化学成分标型特征研究,结果表明:1)胶东玲珑金矿中黄铁矿为亏硫型,根据其N(S)/N(Fe)值变化趋势,显示其形成温度由成矿前期至成矿期最后到成矿后期逐渐降低。2)胶东玲珑金矿中黄铁矿为富As特征,可作为找矿标志之一;Fe、Cu、Pb三种元素整体上呈迁入状态,随着流体的进一步运移,热液中的HS-等组分逐渐流失,进而导致Au(HS)2-络合物失稳而分解,Fe2+、Fe3+被消耗形成黄铁矿,与此同时Au开始逐渐聚集并沉淀。3)黄铁矿的NiCo图解及As-Co-Ni三角相图显示,绝大部分黄铁矿都属于岩浆热液成因,黄铁矿w(Co)/w(Ni)均值为2.79,说明Au沉淀时的温度为中温。综上并结合区域地质、矿区地质特征及蚀变带特征,认为玲珑金矿床为"岩浆核杂岩"隆起-拆离带中的岩浆期后热液矿床。上述研究成果对玲珑金矿下一步的深部及边部找矿具一定的参考价值。     

浙江弄坑金银矿化区黄铁矿标型研究

通过对浙江武义弄坑金银矿化区黄铁矿的产状、形态、成分及其特征比值[如w(S)／w(Fe)，w(Fe)／w(S As)，w(Co)／w(Ni)，w(S)／w(Se)，w(Se)／w(Te)，n(Au)/n(Ag)]、硫、铅同位素、热电性、包裹体特征的研究，分析了黄铁矿成因标型及找矿标型，提取了大量的成因及找矿信息，为该矿化区矿化成因类型的确定提供了可靠性的矿物学依据。并首次利用黄铁矿微量元素的三角形图解对本矿化区深部矿化远景进行了预测。笔者们认为：该区金银矿化属浅成低温火山热液成因类型；在矿化区的深部地段可望找到富的金银矿化体。     

湘黔地区下寒武统黑色岩系中镍-钼矿床黄铁矿的成因

重点研究了贵州遵义中南村和湖南张家界三岔镍-钼多金属矿床的黄铁矿,矿床成因为热水喷流沉积型。黄铁矿样品S/Fe比值的平均值为2.0093~2.048,成分特征均属于铁亏损型,说明其形成温度低。Co/Ni变化范围为0.077~4.5,均值为2.197,据Co/Ni的比值可以判断本区的黄铁矿主要为热液成因,矿化物质来源为热水喷流体系内的热液。成分图解标型显示,黑色岩系中高ω(Co+Ni)/ω(Fe)的黄铁矿和高ω(As+Se+Te)/ω(S)的黄铁矿均大量出现,可能与热水喷流沉积的温差变化范围较大有关,而并非正常沉积的产物。S/Se比值为950.8~1059.9,说明生成环境均一程度较高,而且海水温度比较高。由中南村镍-钼矿床的Se/Te值也能判明其为热液成因。关于黄铁矿的研究对本区镍-钼矿床的寻找有重要意义。     

福建紫金山矿田黄铁矿标型特征研究

通过手标本及显微镜下矿相学观察,结合电子探针成分及X射线粉晶衍射分析,总结紫金山矿田各矿床的黄铁矿形态标型、结构标型及成分标型特征,发现紫金山矿田黄铁矿主要晶形为八面体、立方体、五角十二面体及其聚形,晶胞参数值的变化范围为a0=0.541 12~0.541 97nm,平均0.541 58nm。自形-半自形八面体和立方体晶形,粒度粗,淡黄色黄铁矿晶胞参数接近于正常值,其含矿性小;而他形-半自形,八面体,五角十二面体及其聚形黄铁矿,粒度细小,晶胞参数偏大,一般表现为浅铜黄色,含矿性高。w(S)、w(S)/w(Fe)、w(Co)/w(Ni)比值指示了紫金山矿田的成矿热液来源及成矿温度的变化,并对具环带结构黄铁矿的不同环带进行了电子探针成分分析。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

Composition,formation conditions,and genesis of the Talatui gold deposit,the Eastern Transbaikal Region,Russia

The mineral composition of the Talatui gold deposit has been studied with modern methods. Previously unknown minerals (ilmenite, siegenite, glaucodot, wittichenite, matildite, hessite, pilsenite, zircon, tremolite, cummingtonite, hercynite, and goethite) have been identified in the ore. A high Re content has been detected in molybdenite. The spatiotemporal separation of Au and Ag is caused by different mineral species of these elements and their diachronous precipitation during the ore-forming process. Gold crystallized along with early mineral assemblages, beginning from virtually pure gold (the fineness is 996). Silver precipitated largely at the end of the process as hessite (Ag₂Te) and matildite (AgBiS₂). The temperature of ore deposition varied from 610 to 145°C, the pressure was 3370–110 bar, and the salt concentration ranged from 56.3 to 0.4 wt % NaCl equiv. The heterogeneous state (boiling) of fluid at the early stages has been documented. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid testify to its magmatic nature and the participation of meteoric water at late stages in the ore-forming process. Thermodynamic modeling reproduces the main specific features of ore formation, including separation of Au and Ag. A physicochemical model of the gold mineralization in the Darasun ore district has been proposed. On the basis of several attributes, the Talatui deposit has been referred to the prophyry gold-copper economic type.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

藏北羌塘丁固—加措地区康托组的时代

自西藏区域地质调查大队创建康托组以来,康托组岩石地层单位广泛应用于羌塘地区,普遍认为其时代为新近纪.笔者于丁固-加措地区的康托组地层中采获古近纪轮藻化石Obtusocharat sp.,O.lanpingenis,Gyrogona qinajiangica和部分孢粉化石,并在康托组底部安山岩中获K-Ar年龄65.1～66.5Ma.上述轮藻组合与同位素年龄指示的地层时代为古新世-始新世,据此将测区康托组的时代确定为古近纪.由于测区康托组之上被唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组角度不整合覆盖,因此康托组时代的确定不仅进一步完善了测区新生代地层系统,还指示测区在康托组与唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组之间发生了一次强烈的构造运动.