滇东南建水普雄铌稀土矿床矿物学和元素地球化学特征

普雄铌稀土矿床位于滇东南建水县,是新发现赋存于长岭岗碱性岩体风化壳中的一个超大型富铌稀土矿床。目前,该矿床探获稀土矿石量3. 6亿t,稀土氧化物量47万t,铌金属量5. 7万t,以轻稀土元素富集为特征。本文通过对具有代表性的15号勘探线60号钻孔20件各种类型铌稀土矿石样品进行分析测试,初步查明了该矿床的矿物学和元素地球化学特征。显微镜下鉴定和XRD、SEM分析结果显示,该矿床Ⅰ号和Ⅱ号矿体残留造岩矿物主要有正长石、斜长石、霞石、云母和磁铁矿等,次生矿物主要为高岭石、三水铝石和蒙脱石等,主要稀土矿物及含稀土矿物为独居石、氟碳铈矿、铅锰铈矿和方钍石等。稀土矿物和含稀土矿物主要呈他形粒状、针状和板状等分布于高岭石、云母和正长石的裂隙和解理中,部分独立分布。ICP MS分析结果显示,稀土元素含量变化范围较大,但相对球粒陨石均有不同程度富集,总体表现为Ⅰ号矿体样品∑REE(766×10 -6 ~8942×10 -6 )高于Ⅱ号矿体(1029×10 -6 ~6043×10 -6 )。全部样品轻稀土(∑LREE)总量(748×10 -6 ~8841×10 -6 )明显高于重稀土(∑HREE)总量(14×10 -6 ~101×10 -6 ),∑LREE/∑HREE=42~114,(La/Yb) N =92~1001,且轻稀土内部分异((La/Sm) N =21~52)较重稀土内部分异((Gd/Yb) N =2~11)更明显。全部样品均具有Eu负异常特征,其 δ Eu值为0. 44~0. 72。不同类型样品的Ce异常特征不同,Ⅰ号矿体样品具有明显的负Ce异常( δ Ce=0. 02~0. 52,仅ZK15 60 02样品的 δ Ce=1. 34),Ⅱ号矿体样品具有弱的负Ce异常( δ Ce=0. 41~0. 85,仅ZK15 60 18样品的 δ Ce=1. 97);全部样品中微量元素含量也均有较大变化范围,与上地壳元素平均含量相比,Li、Zn、Ga、Zr、Nb、Cd、Sb、Cs、Tl、Pb、Th和U等有不同程度富集,Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu和Sn等有不同程度亏损。综合研究表明,内生成岩作用和外生成矿作用共同导致了该矿床轻、重稀土的分异与富集,内生成岩作用为矿床提供物质来源,外生成矿作用导致铌稀土元素进一步富集。     

西藏尕尔勤铜矿床花岗闪长斑岩地球化学特征及成矿作用研究

对尕尔勤铜矿床花岗闪长斑岩及其锆石的稀土元素进行了分析,并对其成矿作用进行了研究。结果表明,花岗闪长斑岩稀土元素总含量变化范围不大（ΣREE=48.64×10-6~78.12×10-6）,LREE/HREE=8.67~11.68,所有样品都呈轻稀土元素相对富集、重稀土元素亏损的右倾型分配模式;δEu由弱负异常→弱正异常演化,这是因为地幔底辟作用引发地壳部分重熔形成长英质岩浆的过程中,逐步消弱了结晶分异导致的负Eu异常进而出现弱的正Eu异常。锆石具有典型的振荡环带,稀土总量较高（ΣREE=735.78×10-6~6792.10×10-6）,相对亏损轻稀土,富集重稀土,正Ce异常明显,并呈现弱的负Eu异常,这是因为在地幔流体作用下,重稀土元素及Ce较其它轻稀土元素更容易进入锆石晶格所致,Eu呈弱的负异常则是成岩后期岩体受氧化淋滤所致。综合分析,揭示出地幔流体作用导致花岗闪长斑岩具有壳幔混染甚至成矿特征,同时还能透过岩浆与围岩发生物质和能量的交换,导致变质砂岩成矿的成因机制。      

贵州织金磷块岩型稀土矿含矿岩系REE地球化学特征与稀土富集

贵州织金下寒武统戈仲武组(?1gz)磷矿富集大量稀土,但是磷块岩中REE富集机制问题尚不清楚。本文对贵州织金不同稀土含量区间(262×10~(-6)、262×10~(-6)～527×10~(-6)、527×10~(-6)～761×10~(-6)、761×10~(-6))的磷块岩的研究表明,磷块岩的稀土配分均显示出Ce负异常、Eu无明显异常、MREE富集以及富集重稀土元素Y的特征。(La/Sm)N-δCe及δPr-δCe图解显示织金磷块岩Ce异常为真实的Ce异常,代表磷块岩形成在氧化环境。但当时海水的氧化环境并不是控制MREE富集的决定因素。(La/Sm)N-SmN、(Gd/Yb)N-YbN散点图显示MREE富集是稀土在富集过程中稀土发生分异的结果。(Dy/Sm)N-δEu散点图以及Eu无明显异常说明织金磷块岩形成过程中可能无热水作用的参与。地史时期"老磷块岩"普遍存在重稀土亏损的特征。     

重庆高燕锰矿床含锰碳酸盐岩稀土元素特征

重庆城口高燕锰矿属于大型碳酸盐锰矿床。文章在系统野外地质调查及样品采集基础上,结合前人研究工作,采用等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析了高燕矿区师家沟、板相沟及750平硐样品的稀土元素含量。分析结果显示,其稀土元素总量范围49.79×10~(-6)~281.24×10~(-6),平均含量125.92×10~(-6);轻重稀土比值范围1.79~3.58,显示轻稀土元素富集,且轻稀土元素之间的分馏程度高于重稀土元素;w(La)/w(Ce)=0.36~0.93,δEu=1.13~2.96,呈现弱正铕异常;δCe=2.09~5.84,有强的正铈异常。认为含锰碳酸盐岩形成于强还原的碱性环境沉积过程中,且有热水参与,成岩成矿的温度小于250℃,锰富集阶段处于滨岸的高能环境中。CeS10在本区具有示矿作用。     

河南大庄铌稀土矿床褐钇铌矿的发现及其地质意义

大庄铌稀土矿床赋存于双山碱性岩体中。岩石地球化学分析结果表明,岩体中SiO_2含量53.68%～57.80%,Al_2O_3含量19.17%～22.61%,Na_2O+K_2O含量10.95%～16.40%,A/NK比值1.38～1.83,分异指数(DI) 91.23%～96.33%,具有高分异、富硅和富碱特征,是典型的A型花岗岩。少量的霞石伟晶岩脉和晶洞的出现,说明含矿碱性正长岩的形成与岩浆—热液阶段有关。铌矿的富集与萤石、钠长石化密切相关,含矿碱性正长岩比无矿碱性正长岩分异程度高,该矿床属岩浆分异型矿床类型。矿床可利用的独立矿物主要为褐钇铌矿,富含钇族稀土元素,钽的含量较低,具有其独特性。矿石伴生稀土∑REE含量为791.24×10~(-6)～1 831.70×10~(-6),有一定的综合利用价值。     

黔北桑木场背斜灯影组热液白云岩稀土元素地球化学特征

本文利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪,分析了习水桑木场背斜核部铅锌矿赋矿热液蚀变白云岩的稀土元素组成,并初步探讨了白云岩化与铅锌矿化间的关系。铅锌矿体旁侧工程中白云岩样品的测试显示:有部分样品Zn含量超过200×10-6,具有矿化显示;全部样品∑REE很低(∑REE=0.82～5.96×10-6),具有明显的Ce负异常(δCe=0.37～0.68),除个别有矿化显示的白云岩样品具有正Eu异常(δEu=1.15～2.40)外,其余样品均具有负Eu异常(δEu=0.56～0.80)。在稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式图上,全部样品均呈现轻稀土富集特征。综合研究,认为白云岩化热液流体具有轻稀土富集及Eu和Ce负异常特征,而氧化还原环境的变化可能是导致本区铅锌矿化的重要因素。     

贵州西部二叠系峨眉山玄武岩顶部古风化壳钪-铌-稀土矿化富集层的发现与意义

二叠系峨眉山玄武岩顶部与上覆龙潭组不整合面广泛发育区域性古风化壳,该类古风化壳在川滇黔地区广泛分布,具有产出层位稳定,厚度大,多元素富集特点.目前,总体上对该类古风化壳的成矿和资源潜力研究程度不高,本次在水城—纳雍地区开展系统的岩石地球化学调查发现该层位具有明显的钪、铌、稀土矿化.矿化富集层中w(Sc2O3)介于40×10-6～133×10-6,平均73×10-6,w(Nb2O5)介于30×10-6～392×10-6,平均229×10-6,w(∑RE2O3)介于0.052％～0.214％,平均0.093％.钪、铌、稀土具有较明显的"分异"和"分层"富集特征,钪主要富集于中下部含铁质粘土岩系,形成于弱还原环境,铌、稀土主要富集于上部铝质、碳质粘土岩系,形成于氧化-还原转换环境,稀土元素为LREE富集型,在含碳质粘土岩、碳质页岩中富集程度最高,暗示有机质在稀土元素的迁移、富集过程中可能起到了重要的介质作用.稀土配分、La/Yb-∑REE图解及Eu异常特征指示物源主要为峨眉山玄武岩,可能有少量中酸性火成岩的贡献.本文研究表明川滇黔地区的这类古风化壳中的钪、铌、稀土具有较大的资源潜力,未来有望成为古风化壳型(古风化-沉积型)钪、铌、稀土矿床的重要产出层,具有巨大的勘查、评价及综合研究价值.     

昆明石林碳酸盐岩红色风化壳元素地球化学特征

以昆明石林两个典型红土剖面为研究对象,探讨了主量元素及稀土元素在化学风化作用下的迁移特征及分布规律,为进一步认识碳酸盐岩风化剖面的演化过程以及红土剖面的物质来源提供地球化学依据。两个红土剖面的研究结果显示:(1)SiO_2、Al_2O_3和Fe_2O_3~T是两个剖面红土样品的主要成分,三者占到总量的80%以上,其中又以SiO_2的含量最高;(2)化学蚀变指数CIA(90以上)较高,硅铝系数和硅铁铝系数较低,显示出两个红土剖面经历了较强的风化淋溶作用,体现出研究区亚热带高原气候,温暖湿润的化学风化环境;(3)两个剖面稀土元素含量较高,范围分别在211.51×10~(-6)~416.40×10~(-6)和290.67×10~(-6)~626.89×10~(-6)之间,其稀土配分曲线均具有Eu亏损的轻稀土显著富集型特征,两个剖面都表现出轻稀土元素间分异较大而重稀土元素间分异较小的特征,这主要与剖面风化成土过程中的三价氧化物的强烈固定作用有关,且KP剖面的轻稀土元素分异更明显;(4)两个剖面经历了相似的风化迁移过程,结合元素对Al_2O_3-TiO_2、Al_2O_3-Fe_2O_3~T、Y-Yb相关性分析以及SiO_2/Al_2O_3-Na_2O/Al_2O_3相关图解可以得出,KP和CH剖面是由于下伏基岩风化而来。     

贵州都匀大亮锌矿床闪锌矿稀土元素地球化学特征及其指示意义北大核心CSCD

贵州都匀大亮锌矿床是牛角塘铅锌矿田的重要组成部分,目前所开采的对象为近年来在“陡倾斜带”中新发现的矿体,其研究还十分薄弱。本研究采用ICP-MS测试技术,对大亮锌矿闪锌矿进行了稀土元素测试,以揭示该矿床成矿作用。结果表明,10件闪锌矿样品的ΣREE值低,质量分数为(0.15~0.40)×10^(-6)(平均0.24×10^(-6))。样品的LREE/HREE值变化范围为7.07~15.76(平均10.95),(La/Yb)_(N)值范围为4.75~28.57(平均11.54),(La/Sm)_(N)值为2.16~6.01(平均3.49),(Gd/Yb)^(N)值为0.34~3.68(平均1.67)。闪锌矿样品稀土元素呈现轻稀土富集的右倾模式,且轻稀土元素的分异程度远远高于重稀土元素。样品具有显著Eu正异常(δEu为6.60~54.29,平均18.10),无明显的Ce异常(δCe主要为0.93~1.09,平均1.01)。闪锌矿轻稀土富集及显著Eu正异常的特点表明,其稀土元素为矿石初始沉淀时从成矿热液中继承而来,未明显受到后期地质作用的影响。稀土元素特征表明该闪锌矿形成于较低温度和极强还原条件。大亮锌矿闪锌矿Y/Ho比值为11.33~32.17(平均22.71),与区域矿床及地层的对比表明成矿物质主要来自下伏地层,可能有少量来自赋矿围岩。     

滇东富乐铅锌矿区地层稀土元素地球化学

通过对罗平富乐铅锌矿区地层及矿石进行了稀土元素地球化学特征对比研究.结果显示,梁山组样品 ΣREE值25.91×10-6~108.40×10-6,δEu值0.35~0.73,δCe值0.64~1.35.具Eu负异常和Ce弱正异常;阳新组碳酸盐岩样品 ΣREE值0.82×10-6~6.75×10-6,δEu值0.15~0.97,δCe值0.22~0.62,具Eu负异常和Ce负异常;玄武岩样品 ΣREE值204.17×10-6~290.57×10-6,δEu值变化范围0.91~0.97,δCe值1.02~1.03,Eu异常和Ce异常不明显.峨眉山玄武岩、阳新组、梁山组岩石与矿石REE配分模式比较区别明显,暗示成矿物质并非这些地层提供另有其它来源;梁山组及含矿地层阳新组样品为轻稀土富集型,并具有Eu负异常,暗示地层可能形成于被动大陆边缘还原环境.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).