用不同气象参数预测长期平均浓度的方法比较

用风向频率与联合频率两类不同气象参数预测长期平均浓度，静风频率愈高，两种方法的预测结果愈吻合。实例计算结果是：静风频率为27％时，用风向频率预测的值略偏小，二者的比值约为0．994，相关系数为0．9795；静风频率为6％时，用风向频率预测的值也偏小，二者的比值的为0．943，相关系数为0．9789。     

莒县极端天气气候事件分析

利用1951-2005年莒县气象资料，统计了干旱、冰雹、暴雨、大风、高温、冻害、雷暴、大雾、雾凇、雨凇等极端天气气候事件的出现频率分析其演变趋势。结果显示：干旱频率明显增加，暴雨、大风、雷暴频率明显减少，大暴雨频率有增加趋势但不明显，高温、冰雹、低温冻害、大雾、雨凇、雾凇有减少趋势但不明显。     

横断山脉纵向岭谷地区短时强降水时空分布特征

利用横断山脉纵向岭谷典型区域2005～2019年28个地面气象观测站逐时降水数据，分析纵谷区短时强降水时空分布特征，结果表明:(1)纵谷区年降水量自西向东减少，而短时强降水量对年降水量的贡献则从西北向东南增加，短时强降水发生频率空间分布极不均匀，在0.1～6.7次/年之间，纵谷区上段发生频率很低，怒江下游和金沙江下游周边流域出现2个大值中心。(2)纵谷区短时强降水年发生频率具有0.022次/年的增加趋势。发生频率逐月变化峰值在7～8月出现，纵谷区下段2个大值中心在6～9月均明显存在；逐候变化多峰值特征突出(36、39～44、47和51候4个峰值)，且51候后的下降趋势强于36候前的增加趋势，候频率高峰到达时间的空间分布表现出东北早、西南晚的特点。(3)发生频率日变化主峰值多出现在凌晨，次峰值在傍晚。子夜前后、凌晨、清晨三个时段频率空间分布均自北向南、东南增加，怒江和金沙江下游的2个大值中心明显，而午后、傍晚二个时段频率的空间分布差异较小。纵谷区中上段发生频率日变化幅度大，其西部多为夜发性短时强降水，而东部则以午后至傍晚的短时强降水为主，纵谷区下段发生频率日变化幅度小，午后、傍晚、夜间都会出现。短时强降水的这些时空分布特征与横断山脉纵向岭谷地形及南亚季风活动特性密切相关。      

甘肃中部干旱地区人工增雨潜力初探

以《甘肃省地面基本气候资料》为依据，统计分析了甘肃中部地区１９个气象台站，１９５１－１９８０年的阴天频率、阴天非雨日频率和小雨日频率，从而估算了人工增雨的可能性和潜力。发现人工增雨潜力存在明显的地域性和时间性。     

采样密度对大气稳定度频率的影响

分别以每日２４次、１２次、８次、４次采样密度统计了成都、重庆两地的各类大气稳定度频率分布。结果指出：对年平均而言，采样密度对两地各类稳定度频率统计无影响，每日４次采样已足够。采样密度对冬季稳定度频率影响较大，应加密为每日８次样李即可满足精度要求。在精细研究稳定度频率的日变化时，应以每日２４次采样为宜。为保证稳定度频率统计的正确和环境评价的精度，确定合宜的污染物排放时间，对不同的研究问题，应取不同的     

收发信机中的单片微机控制系统研制

研制了收发信机中的单片微机控制系统。采用８０３１作为ＣＰＵ，通过键盘、显示接口芯片８２７９，可以人工输入各种指令并可显示输出各种结果。控制系统能够产生收发信机所需的编码，通过频率合成器产生所需频率。系统具有预置频率、检错、断电保护等多功能。     

无线气象通信电台中的数字频率合成电路原理分析

数字频率合成电路是一种将数字技术和锁相技术结合起来，用数字方法控制分频比的锁相环路，产生相应的离散频率的先进电路。在新型的无线气象通信电台以及其它需要合成频率的通信设备中常用到这种电路，为了给气象台站的设备维修人员提供技术指导，本文对该电路的原理进行较详细的分析。     

广东各地Pasquill稳定度频率的分布特征

根据广东多年低空探测资料，统计分析出不同地区Ｐａｓｑｕｉｌｌ稳定度的频率分布特征、日变化和季节演变规律。分析结果表明，广东省各地的Ｐａｓｑｕｉｌｌ稳定度均以中性频率最大，不稳定类（Ａ－Ｃ）频率比稳定类（Ｅ－Ｆ）大些，沿海、平原、山区这３种区域的中性频率依次减小，而不稳定类和稳定类的频率则依次逐渐增加。     

驻马店地区油菜苗期主要气象灾害特征分析及对策

油菜适播期，冬前和越冬期的降水、温度与产量形成密切相关，适播期，苗期干旱和冬前寒潮及你 是油菜苗期生长中的几种主要影响灾害，其中以苗期干旱影响为最；适播期干旱发生频率为３５％，苗期干旱频率重旱为３５％，特旱为１４％，冬前寒主低温频率均这５０％左右，灾害出现年份油菜产量均受到不同程度影响。     

延安市静风持续时间及其频率分布

使用延安市１９８６－１９９０年自记风资料，统计了延安市静风各级持续时间及其频率．用Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布拟合了各月静风持续时间频率，并导出其分布函数．     

A Sensitivity Study of Single Column Model

A single column model (SCM) is constructed by extracting the physical subroutines from the NCAR Community Climate Model version 1 (CCM1).Simulated data are generated by CCM1 and used to validate the SCM and to study the sensitivity of the SCM to errors in its input data.It is found that the SCM temperature predictions are moderately sensitive to errors in the input horizontal temperature flux convergence and moisture flux convergence.Two types of error are concerned in this study,random errors due to insufficient data resolution,and errors due to insufficient data area coverage.While the first type of error can be reduced by filtering and/or increasing the data resolution,it is shown that the second type of error can be reduced by enlarging the data area coverage and using a suitable method to compute the input flux convergence terms.     

Development of a Single-Column Model in RegCM4 and Its Preliminary Application for Evaluating PBL Schemes in Simulating the Dry Convection Boundary Layer

A single-column model (SCM) is developed in the regional climate model RegCM4. The evolution of a dry convection boundary layer (DCBL) is used to evaluate this SCM. Moreover, four planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, namely the Holtslag-Boville scheme (HB), Yonsei University scheme (YSU), and two University of Washington schemes (UW01, Grenier-Bretherton-McCaa scheme and UW09, Bretherton-Park scheme), are compared by using the SCM approach. A large-eddy simulation (LES) of the DCBL is performed as a benchmark to examine how well a PBL parameterization scheme reproduces the LES results, and several diagnostic outputs are compared to evaluate the schemes. The results show that the SCM is proper constructed. In general, with the DCBL case, the YSU scheme performs best for reproducing the LES results, which include well-mixed features and vertical sensible heat fluxes; the simulated wind speed, turbulent kinetic energy, entrainment flux, and height of the entrainment zone are all underestimated in the UW09; the UW01 has all those biases of the UW09 but larger, and the simulated potential temperature is not well mixed; the HB is the least skillful scheme, by which the PBL height, entrainment flux, height of the entrainment zone, and the vertical gradients within the mixed layer are all overestimated, and a inversion layer near the top of the surface layer is wrongly simulated.Although more cases and further testing are required, these simulations show encouraging results towards the use of this SCM framework for evaluating the simulated physical processes by the RegCM4.     

Emulating AOGCM results using simple climate models

Three simple climate models (SCMs) are calibrated using simulations from atmosphere ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs). In addition to using two conventional SCMs, results from a third simpler model developed specifically for this study are obtained. An easy to implement and comprehensive iterative procedure is applied that optimises the SCM emulation of global-mean surface temperature and total ocean heat content, and, if available in the SCM, of surface temperature over land, over the ocean and in both hemispheres, and of the global-mean ocean temperature profile. The method gives best-fit estimates as well as uncertainty intervals for the different SCM parameters. For the calibration, AOGCM simulations with two different types of forcing scenarios are used: pulse forcing simulations performed with 2 AOGCMs and gradually changing forcing simulations from 15 AOGCMs obtained within the framework of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The method is found to work well. For all possible combinations of SCMs and AOGCMs the emulation of AOGCM results could be improved. The obtained SCM parameters depend both on the AOGCM data and the type of forcing scenario. SCMs with a poor representation of the atmosphere thermal inertia are better able to emulate AOGCM results from gradually changing forcing than from pulse forcing simulations. Correct simultaneous emulation of both atmospheric temperatures and the ocean temperature profile by the SCMs strongly depends on the representation of the temperature gradient between the atmosphere and the mixed layer. Introducing climate sensitivities that are dependent on the forcing mechanism in the SCMs allows the emulation of AOGCM responses to carbon dioxide and solar insolation forcings equally well. Also, some SCM parameters are found to be very insensitive to the fitting, and the reduction of their uncertainty through the fitting procedure is only marginal, while other parameters change considerably. The very simple SCM is found to reproduce the AOGCM results as well as the other two comparably more sophisticated SCMs.     

The Application of Flux-Form Semi-Lagrangian Transport Scheme in a Spectral Atmosphere Model

A flux-form semi-Lagrangian transport scheme(FFSL) was implemented in a spectral atmospheric GCM developed and used at IAP/LASG.Idealized numerical experiments show that the scheme is good at shape preserving with less dissipation and dispersion,in comparison with other conventional schemes.Importantly,FFSL can automatically maintain the positive definition of the transported tracers,which was an underlying problem in the previous spectral composite method(SCM).To comprehensively investigate the impact of FFSL on GCM results,we conducted sensitive experiments.Three main improvements resulted:first,rainfall simulation in both distribution and intensity was notably improved,which led to an improvement in precipitation frequency.Second,the dry bias in the lower troposphere was significantly reduced compared with SCM simulations.Third,according to the Taylor diagram,the FFSL scheme yields simulations that are superior to those using the SCM:a higher correlation between model output and observation data was achieved with the FFSL scheme,especially for humidity in lower troposphere.However,the moist bias in the middle and upper troposphere was more pronounced with the FFSL scheme.This bias led to an over-simulation of precipitable water in comparison with reanalysis data.Possible explanations,as well as solutions,are discussed herein.     

太阳能板自动寻光转动控制系统

为了提高光伏太阳能板的太阳能转换效率,设计了一种太阳能板自动寻光转动控制器,此装置通过寻光电路检测太阳光源方向,当产生偏差信号时,经A/D转换电路输入单片机,单片机处理输出相应电信号驱动电机转动,准确地跟踪太阳光线移动.该装置结构简单、成本低廉、跟踪精度高,可用于太阳能发电系统中,能够提高太阳能的利用效率.     

基于51单片机的气象数据无线传输系统的设计开发

针对自动气象站探测数据短距离无线传输的需要,设计了一套气象数据无线传输系统。系统由发送器、接收器组成,基于51单片机和NRF905无线射频控制芯片开发。该系统对不同型号自动气象站具有良好的自适应能力。实现了气象数据的无线传输、显示和存储。经测试系统在环境适应性和传输能力方面均达到了设计要求,系统运行稳定、可靠。本文从工作原理,系统构成,硬件设计、单片机程序设计及系统测试几个方面对传输器开发方法进行了详细介绍。     

The Construction of SCM in GRAPES and Its Applications in Two Field Experiment Simulations

A Single Column Model(SCM) for Global and Regional Atmospheric Prediction Enhanced System (GRAPES) is constructed for the purpose of evaluating physical process parameterizations.Two observational datasets including Wangara and the third Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study(GABLS-3) SCM field observations have been applied to evaluate this SCM.By these two numerical experiments,the GRAPES_SCM is verified to be correctly constructed.Furthermore, the interaction between the land surface process and atmospheric boundary layer(ABL) is discussed through the second experiment.It is found that CASE3(CoLM land surface scheme coupled with ABL scheme) simulates less sensible heat fluxes and smaller surface temperature which corresponds with its lower potential temperature at the bottom of the ABL.Moreover,CASE3 simulates turbulence that is weaker during the daytime and stronger during nighttime,corresponding with its wind speed at 200 m which is bigger during daytime and smaller during nighttime.However,they are generally opposite in CASE2(SLAB coupled with ABL).The initial profile of the water vapor mixing ratio is artificially increased by the experiment setup which results in the simulated water vapor mixing becoming wetter than actually observed.CASE1 (observed surface temperature taken as lower thermal forcing) and CASE2 have no soil moisture prediction and simulate a similar water vapor mixing ratio,while CASE3 has a soil moisture prediction and simulates wetter.It is also shown that the time step may affect the stabilization of the ABL when the vertical levels of the SCM are fixed.     

Evaluation of NASA GISS Post-CMIP5 Single Column Model Simulated Clouds and Precipitation Using ARM Southern Great Plains Observations

The planetary boundary layer turbulence and moist convection parameterizations have been modified recently in the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies(GISS) Model E2 atmospheric general circulation model(GCM; post-CMIP5,hereafter P5). In this study, single column model(SCM P5) simulated cloud fractions(CFs), cloud liquid water paths(LWPs)and precipitation were compared with Atmospheric Radiation Measurement(ARM) Southern Great Plains(SGP) groundbased observations made during the period 2002–08. CMIP5 SCM simulations and GCM outputs over the ARM SGP region were also used in the comparison to identify whether the causes of cloud and precipitation biases resulted from either the physical parameterization or the dynamic scheme. The comparison showed that the CMIP5 SCM has difficulties in simulating the vertical structure and seasonal variation of low-level clouds. The new scheme implemented in the turbulence parameterization led to significantly improved cloud simulations in P5. It was found that the SCM is sensitive to the relaxation time scale. When the relaxation time increased from 3 to 24 h, SCM P5-simulated CFs and LWPs showed a moderate increase(10%–20%) but precipitation increased significantly(56%), which agreed better with observations despite the less accurate atmospheric state. Annual averages among the GCM and SCM simulations were almost the same, but their respective seasonal variations were out of phase. This suggests that the same physical cloud parameterization can generate similar statistical results over a long time period, but different dynamics drive the differences in seasonal variations. This study can potentially provide guidance for the further development of the GISS model.     

The impact of vertical resolution upon GCM simulations of marine stratocumulus

 The impact of increased vertical resolution in the Hadley Centre Climate Model upon the simulation of stratocumulus is investigated in experiments using single column (SCM) and general circulation (GCM) model configurations. A threefold enhancement of vertical resolution in the boundary layer leads to improvements in the vertical structure of the cloud-topped boundary layer produced by the SCM and GCM in both well-mixed and decoupled situations. However, single and decoupled mixed layers in the marine stratocumulus subsidence regions are still too shallow and, despite increasing, layer cloud amounts remain generally too low. Moreover, closer examination of GCM data and SCM timeseries reveals an underlying sensitivity to vertical resolution in model interactions between boundary layer and convection processes which appears unrealistic. Stratocumulus simulation is thus unlikely to improve significantly as a result of enhanced resolution alone and further work is being undertaken to improve the Hadley Centre model’s boundary layer scheme and, in particular, its interaction with the convection scheme. Nevertheless, this study shows that the full benefit of an improved boundary layer scheme will not be realized if the boundary layer structure is constrained by the rather poor lower troposphere resolution of the standard 19-level climate model. Future Hadley Centre model versions will seek to combine the added flexibility of a better resolved structure with improvements to the subgrid boundary layer parametrizations. Received: 14 April 1998 / Accepted: 5 November 1998     

机房环境监控报警器的设计与实现

为保障各种设备的正常运行,及时发现和处理影响设备正常运行的故障和问题,应用单片机技术研制开发了机房环境监控报警器。实现了对设备机房中的电源、温度、烟雾和门窗等环境参量进行实时监控,当出现问题时可通过手机短信和声光等方式及时报警,从而有效地提高工作效率和机房的安全性。