IODP中的海陆对比和海陆相互作用

综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）将于2003年10月启动。与大洋钻探计划（ODP）相比,IODP规模更大,钻探和研究范围更宽,囊括地球科学的诸多领域,涉及海底生物圈、地球壳幔结构、俯冲工厂和地震活动、古环境记录和海底资源等。从海陆对比和海陆相互作用的角度,分析我国地球科学,尤其是新生代地质学研究中的一些特点和优势。中国新生代地质演化历史别具特色,如宏观地形格局的变化,喜马拉雅山和青藏高原的隆升,西太平洋边缘海的扩张,亚洲季风系统的形成等,这些特色成为中国科学家参与IODP科学研究计划的优势。     

哥斯达黎加地震起源计划——IODP334航次介绍

2011年3月13日至4月13日哥斯达黎加地震起源计划IODP334航次在中美洲哥斯达黎加俯冲带大陆边缘斜坡带实施。该航次的主要科学目标是研究俯冲剥蚀控制的俯冲带大地震的聚集和破裂过程。在1个月的钻探时间内,总共在4个站位、8个钻孔中获得1492．88m的岩芯,获得许多中新世到现代的火山灰层,初步确定上覆板块内沉积物和...     

日本南海海槽俯冲增生楔前缘的构造变形特征

对增生楔不同压力—温度条件下的构造变形、流体活动、沉积特征、岩石物性和化学组成等多方面的直接观测,可以帮助分析俯冲带地震的蕴育和发生的环境与机理。通过参加IODP的日本南海海槽发震带研究项目(NanTroSEIZE)第一阶段316航次所收集到的大量第一手数据和资料,分别在4个站位上(C0004,C0006,C0007,C0008)对日本南海海槽增生楔前缘岩芯尺度上的构造变形进行了详细分析,并且讨论了岩芯尺度上的构造变形与增生楔中大尺度的非序列分支逆冲断层和前缘逆冲断层的构造变形之间的关系。发现逆冲变形不是只在大尺度的逆冲断层面上进行,而是弥散分布在主逆冲断层面、次级逆冲断层面以及断层面之间的更小的尺度上。小尺度构造的倾向与大尺度断层的倾向有较好的一致性,表明它们是在相同的应力场下所形成的。在增生楔浅部高角度的正断层比较发育,显示张性应力场特征,同时所获得的岩芯尺度上的地层倾角较大并倾向与反射地震以及区域地质分析结果非常吻合,而在深部,特别是在大尺度逆冲断层发育带附近,各种类型的断层、滑移变形带、节理等非常普遍,同时层理与劈理的产状的复杂变化更多地受控于复杂的逆冲断层带的作用。     

地震研究进展与趋势——全球地震科学钻探研究综述

近年来大地震频繁发生,造成了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失,认识地震和地震发生机制已成为地质学家和地球物理学家共同的奋斗目标。科学钻探是获取地下深部物质、了解深部信息的最直接、最有效、最可靠的方法,因此,科学钻探是认识和揭示地震断裂作用的最佳手段。本文介绍了目前世界上主要的地震科学钻探计划,包括位于环太平洋地震带的日本野岛(Nojima)断层科学钻探计划、台湾车笼埔断裂钻探计划(TCDP)、圣安德烈斯断裂深部观测钻探计划(SAFOD)、新西兰深部断层钻探计划(DFDP)、日本南海海槽发震带试验钻探计划(NanTroSEIZE)、日本海沟地震快速钻探计划(JFAST)和大陆内部地震的汶川地震断裂带科学钻探计划(WFSD),简要概括了这些科学钻探计划所取得的有关地震研究的重要进展与贡献,并且通过这些成果探讨了未来地震研究趋势。     

日本的综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)

对日本的IODP活动以及科学目标进行简要介绍。IODP核心技术支撑之一的立管钻探船“地球号”可在水深4 000 m的海底钻进7 000 m,钻达发震带和上地幔,实现日本的IODP科学目标。日本的IODP科学规划主要有三大科学主题和八项研究目标,三大科学主题包括地幔过程和地球系统演化,地壳作用过程和地球系统演化,俯冲带和地球系统演化过程中的动力学及物质循环。其八项研究目标为：①钻探西太平洋洋底高原,认识核—幔作用过程;②钻探太平洋白垩纪—新生代沉积物,详细研究地球温室期间的物质循环及从温室环境到冰室环境的转化过程;③钻探大洋岛弧,认识大陆地壳形成过程;④钻探扩张的弧后,认识洋壳岩石圈形成过程;⑤钻探亚洲边缘海及陆坡,认识陆壳—洋壳—大气圈关系;⑥调查增生楔中的碳循环及深部生物圈;⑦调查汇聚板块边缘大地震周期及形成机制、构造及物质循环;⑧研究生活于增生楔环境中极端微生物生物学。     

综合大洋钻探计划（Integrated Ocean Drilling Program）

综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）是一项通过研究海底沉积物和岩石来探究地球历史和结构的国际研究计划，该计划以其前身深海钻探计划（DSDP）和大洋钻探计划（ODP）为基础，使用多种钻探平台（包括：立管钻探、非立管钻探、特定任务钻探平台）实现其科学目标。     

中美洲俯冲带南段上覆板块沉积物化学组分及其地质意义

在剥蚀型汇聚板块边缘,俯冲输入板块剥蚀上覆板块并将剥蚀物质带入俯冲隧道,随后,这些剥蚀物质与俯冲板块物质一同参与了俯冲带浅部与深部地幔的地球化学循环。构造地质学和地球物理研究显示中美洲俯冲带南段是典型的俯冲剥蚀型汇聚板块边缘,这为研究上覆板块俯冲剥蚀物质是否参与俯冲带物质循环过程提供了天然的实验室。由于目前仍然缺乏对该俯冲剥蚀机制的地球化学制约,综合大洋钻探计划(IODP) 344航次对中美洲俯冲带南部哥斯达黎加西部的俯冲板块和上覆板块开展了钻探工作,并获取了系统的岩芯样品。本文对IODP344航次取自上覆板块中陆坡和上陆坡的U1380和U1413站位中沉积物中的粗碎屑层位样品,开展了系统的主、微量元素与Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素地球化学研究。这些沉积物粗碎屑层位组分与加勒比大火成岩省基底相似,指示它们可能来自加勒比大火成岩省基底在弧前出露的区域,可以代表上覆板块基底被俯冲剥蚀的物质组成。研究进一步探讨了晚中新世中美洲俯冲带南部大陆弧火山岩的成因,并指出上覆板块底部被剥蚀物质参与了中美洲俯冲带南部大陆弧火山岩岩浆过程,这为中美洲俯冲带南部存在俯冲剥蚀过程提供了直接的地质学证据。     

我国参加大洋钻探的近十年回顾与展望

1999年南海首次大洋钻探,有力促进了中国的深海研究,使中国进入了国际深海研究的前沿。15年后第二次南海大洋钻探的实施,标志着中国在该国际计划中作用的加强。回顾了参加IODP 10年(2003—2013年)来深海研究的进展,并展望未来,讨论中国大洋钻探在新10年IODP(2013—2023年)中的打算。中国大洋钻探提出了分3步走的发展计划:第一步争取再实现1~2次"互补性(CPP)"大洋钻探航次;第二步学习欧盟,争取也成为IODP的"钻探平台提供者";第三步和国际科技界合作,建造新一代的中国大洋钻探船。     

尼泊尔Ms 8.1级地震活动构造及次生地质灾害研究

2015年4月25日,尼泊尔境内发生Ms 8.1级地震,诱发了较大面积的崩塌、滑坡灾害。笔者通过遥感构造解析和野外实地调查取得以下主要认识:（1）中尼边境的喜马拉雅地区活动构造以NWW向挤压逆冲断裂最为显著,从南到北大致可分南、中、北三个带,中带由众多短小、密集的逆冲断裂构成一个网络状断裂带,是这次Ms 8 1级地震的发震断裂;（2）喜山中段NNE—SN向横张断裂将该地区分割成几个东西向块体,吉隆—樟木近南北向断裂带控制了这次强震的余震分布;（3）本次地震引发了至少445处地震崩塌、滑坡、堰塞湖以及融雪形成的泥石流灾害,这些灾害主要分布在NWW向发震断裂的北侧上盘,受发震断裂控制,其中面积超过2.4×104 m2的地震滑坡有30处;（4）中国境内的NNE—SN向深切河谷是滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害的主要发生带,而这些河谷多为公路沿线和村镇居住地,应成为重点防范区。     

IODP 338、343航次开始召集船上科学家

由日本深部地球探测中心(CDEX)负责实施的IODP338、343航次目前开始召集船上科学家。IODP 338航次是NanTroSEIZE计划第三阶段的第一个航次,预计于2012年9月至2013年1月在菲律宾海执行。该航次的主要目标是对IODP 314航次钻探的C0002孔进行立管钻探,本次预计钻探的深度为海底以下3 600 m,该孔的最终钻探目标为海底以下7 000 m,到达板块边界断层。由于钻探时间较长,船上科学家将分组参加航次,每组工作时间约为8周。     

南海北缘钻探选址：滨海断裂带大型海洋地质灾害研究

滨海断裂带是南海北缘的一条大型活动断裂带，其位置靠近我国华南沿海地区。滨海断裂带全长超过1200 km，包括西段（北部湾- 阳江），中段（珠江口）和东段（粤东- 福建）。其西段和东段历史上至少曾发生过4次大地震（M7+），中段目前是一个大地震空区。在经济高速发展和人口高度密集的今天，如果滨海断裂带再次发生大地震并触发海啸，必将对我国华南沿海地区造成灾难性破坏。由于缺乏完整的历史地震记录和针对古地震的钻孔沉积研究，目前尚不清楚滨海断裂带大地震的准确次数、空间分布和复发周期，以及中段大地震空区的主要原因（断层蠕滑或大地震周期较长），因此无法有效评估该断裂带的大地震破裂分段和灾害风险。本研究总结了滨海断裂带的构造特征、重点描述了3次历史大地震及引发的灾害影响，和国际上针对海底大地震的钻探研究经验。根据这些信息，本文建议在断裂带的西段、中断和东段进行大洋钻探，获取穿过断层带的关键沉积和岩石样品，利用沉积古地震方法重建滨海断裂带东段和西段的大地震历史和复发周期，研究断层带的岩石物理性质，揭示滨海断裂中段大地震空区的成因，解析断层分段式破裂的原因，为我国海洋防灾减灾提供重要的科学依据。     

Fractal dimension and <Emphasis Type="Italic">b</Emphasis>-value mapping in the Andaman-Sumatra subduction zone

The Andaman-Sumatra subduction zone is seismically one of the most active and complex subduction zones that produced the 26 December 2004 mega thrust earthquake (Mw 9.3) and large number of aftershocks. About 8,000 earthquakes, including more than 3,000 aftershocks (M ≥ 4.5) of the 2004 earthquake, recorded during the period 1964–2007, are relocated by the EHB method. We have analysed this large data set to map fractal correlation dimension (Dc) and frequency-magnitude relation (b-value) characteristics of the seismogenic structures of this ~3,000-km-long mega thrust subduction zone in south-east Asia. The maps revealed the seismic characteristics of the Andaman-Sumatra-Java trenches, West Andaman fault (WAF), Andaman Sea Ridge (ASR), Sumatra and Java fault systems. Prominent N–S to NW–SE to E–W trending fractal dimension contours all along the subduction zone with Dc between 0.6 and 1.4 indicate that the epicentres mostly follow linear features of the major seismogenic structures. Within these major contours, several pockets of close contours with Dc ~ 0.2 to 0.6 are identified as zones of epicentre clusters and are inferred to the fault intersections as well as asperity zones along the fault systems in the fore arc. A spatial variation in the b-value (1.2–1.5) is also observed along the subduction zone with several pockets of lower b-values (1.2–1.3). The smaller b-value zones are corroborated with lower Dc (0.5–0.9), implying a positive correlation. These zones are identified to be the zones of more stress or asperity where rupture nucleation of intermediate to strong magnitude earthquakes occurred.     

Seismogenic structures along continental convergent zones: from oblique subduction to mature collision

We summarize seismogenic structures in four regions of active convergence, each at a different stage of the collision process, with particular emphases on unusual, deep-seated seismogenic zones that were recently discovered. Along the eastern Hellenic arc near Crete, an additional seismogenic zone seems to occur below the seismogenic portion of the interplate thrust zone—a configuration found in several other oblique subduction zones that terminate laterally against collision belts. The unusual earthquakes show lateral compression, probably reflecting convergence between the subducting lithosphere's flank and the collision zone nearby. Along oblique zones of recent collision, the equivalence between space and time reveals the transition from subduction to full collision. In particular, intense seismicity beneath western Taiwan indicates that along the incipient zone of arc–continent collision, major earthquakes occur along high-angle reverse faults that reach deep into the crust or even the uppermost mantle. The seismogenic structures are likely to be reactivated normal faults on the passive continental margin of southeastern China. Since high-angle faults are ineffective in accommodating horizontal motion, it is not surprising that in the developed portion of the central Taiwan orogen (<5 Ma), seismogenic faulting occurs mainly along moderate-dipping (20–30°) thrusts. This is probably the only well-documented case of concurrent earthquake faulting on two major thrust faults, with the second seismogenic zone reaching down to depths of 30 km. Furthermore, the dual thrusts are out-of-sequence, being active in the hinterland of the deformation front. Along the mature Himalayan collision zone, where collision initiated about 50 Ma ago, current data are insufficient to distinguish whether most earthquakes occurred along multiple, out-of-sequence thrusts or along a major ramp thrust. Intriguingly, a very active seismic zone, including a large (M_w=6.7) earthquake in 1988, occurs at depths near 50 km beneath the foreland. Such a configuration may indicate the onset of a crustal nappe, involving the entire cratonic crust. In all cases of collision discussed here, the basal decollement, a key feature in the critical taper model of mountain building, appears to be aseismic. It seems that right at the onset of collision, earthquakes reflect reactivation of high-angle faults. For mature collision belts, earthquake faulting on moderate-dipping thrust accommodates a significant portion of convergence—a process involving the bulk of crust and possibly the uppermost mantle.     

汶川地震和科学钻探

2008年5月12日,在我国四川省发生了震撼世界的汶川特大地震,给人民的生命财产造成了巨大的损失。在汶川特大地震发生及其余震尚在继续的特殊时期,快速实施汶川地震断裂带的科学钻探（WFSD）,是认识地震发生的机制、继续对余震进行有效监控以及提高地震监视和预警的能力的极佳机遇。2008年11月6日,汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程开工典礼在四川省都江堰市虹口乡举行,标志着地震机制的研究跨上了新的台阶。通过对科学钻孔的直接取样,多学科观测和测试,揭示地震断裂带的深部组分、结构和构造属性,重塑地震断裂带的物理和化学过程,为提高未来地震的监测、预报或预警能力提供重要信息。     

The Gibraltar Arc seismogenic zone (part 1): Constraints on a shallow east dipping fault plane source for the 1755 Lisbon earthquake provided by seismic data, gravity and thermal modeling

The Great Lisbon earthquake of 1755 with an estimated magnitude of 8.5–9.0 is the most destructive earthquake in European history, yet the source region remains enigmatic. Recent geophysical data provide compelling evidence for an active east dipping subduction zone beneath the nearby Gibraltar Arc. Marine seismic data in the Gulf of Cadiz image active thrust faults in an accretionary wedge, above an east dipping decollement and an eastward dipping basement. Tomographic and other data support subduction and rollback of a narrow slab of oceanic lithosphere beneath the westward advancing Gibraltar block.Although, no instrumentally recorded seismicity has been documented for the subduction interface, we propose the hypothesis that this shallow east dipping fault plane is locked and capable of generating great earthquakes (like the Nankai or Cascadia seismogenic zones). We further propose this east dipping fault plane to be a candidate source for the Great Lisbon earthquake of 1755. In this paper we use all available geophysical data on the deep structure of the Gulf of Cadiz–Gibraltar region for the purpose of constraining the 3-D geometry of this potentially seismogenic fault plane. To this end, we use new depth processed seismic data, have interpreted all available published and unpublished time sections, examine the distribution of hypocenters and perform 2-D gravity modeling. Finally, a finite-element model of the forearc thermal structure is constructed to determine the temperature distribution along the fault interface and thus the thermally predicted updip and downdip limits of the seismogenic zone.     

Tectonics and geology of spreading ridge subduction at the Chile Triple Junction: a synthesis of results from Leg 141 of the Ocean Drilling Program

An active oceanic spreading ridge is being subducted beneath the South American continent at the Chile Triple Junction. This process has played a major part in the evolution of most of the continental margins that border the Pacific Ocean basin. A combination of high resolution swath bathymetric maps, seismic reflection profiles and drillhole and core data from five sites drilled during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 141 provide important data that define the tectonic, structural and stratigraphic effects of this modern example of spreading ridge subduction.A change from subduction accretion to subduction erosion occurs along-strike of the South American forearc. This change is prominently expressed by normal faulting, forearc subsidence, oversteepening of topographic slopes and intensive sedimentary mass wasting, overprinted on older signatures of sediment accretion, overthrusting and uplift processes in the forearc. Data from drill sites north of the triple junction (Sites 859–861) show that after an important phase of forearc building in the early to late Pliocene, subduction accretion had ceased in the late Pliocene. Since that time sediment on the downgoing oceanic Nazca plate has been subducted. Site 863 was drilled into the forearc in the immediate vicinity of the triple junction above the subducted spreading ridge axis. Here, thick and intensely folded and faulted trench slope sediments of Pleistocene age are currently involved in the frontal deformation of the forearc. Early faults with thrust and reverse kinematics are overprinted by later normal faults.The Chile Triple Junction is also the site of apparent ophiolite emplacement into the South American forearc. Drilling at Site 862 on the Taitao Ridge revealed an offshore volcanic sequence of Plio-Pleistocene age associated with the Taitao Fracture Zone, adjacent to exposures of the Pliocene-aged Taitao ophiolite onshore. Despite the large-scale loss of material from the forearc at the triple junction, ophiolite emplacement produces a large topographic promontory in the forearc immediately after ridge subduction, and represents the first stage of forearc rebuilding.     

四川龙门山安县-灌县断裂带的特征——以汶川地震断裂带科学钻探3号孔(WFSD-3)岩心为例

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探(WFSD)是由科技部、国土资源部和中国地震局联合组织实施的汶川地震断裂带科学钻探研究项目,计划在同震地表破裂带(龙门山映秀-北川断裂和安县-灌县断裂)的上盘布置5口科学群钻:WFSD-1、WFSD-2、WFSD-3、WFSD-3P和WFSD-4,其中WFSD-3和WFSD-3P位于龙门山前山断裂安县-灌县断裂的上盘。以WFSD-3钻孔岩心为研究对象,进行详细的岩石学、构造学、野外编录等研究。WFSD-3钻孔岩心中的断裂岩主要由断层角砾岩、碎裂岩和断层泥组成,未见假玄武玻璃。钻孔中存在26条规模不等的断裂带,断裂密度显示FZ634、FZ1215和FZ1250为主要断裂带,而FZ1250可能为2008年汶川地震的主滑移带。安县-灌县断裂在地表和WFSD-3P、WFSD-3钻孔岩心中的断层倾角分别约为60°、46°和38°,显示安县-灌县断裂倾角从地表至深部逐渐变缓,为一铲式逆冲断层。     

Subduction of the Woodlark Basin at New Britain Trench, Solomon Islands region

The Woodlark Basin, located south of the Solomon Islands arc region, is a young (5 Ma) oceanic basin that subducts beneath the New Britain Trench. This region is one of only a few subduction zones in the world where it is possible to study a young plate subduction of several Ma. To obtain the image of the subducting slab at the western side of the Woodlark Basin, a 40-day Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) survey was conducted in 1998 to detect the micro-seismic activity. It was the first time such a survey had been performed in this location and over 600 hypocenters were located. The seismic activity is concentrated at the 10–60 km depth range along the plate boundary. The upper limit just about coincides with the leading edge of the accretionary wedge. The upper limit boundary was identified as the up-dip limit of the seismogenic zone, whereas the down-dip limit of the seismogenic zone was difficult to define. The dip angle of the plate at the high seismicity zone was found to average about 30°. Using the Cascadia subduction zone for comparison, which is a typical example of a young plate subduction, suggests that the subduction of the Woodlark Basin was differentiated by a high dip angle and rather landward location of the seismic front from the trench axis (30 km landward from the trench axis). Furthermore, as pointed out by previous researchers, the convergent margin of the Solomon Islands region is imposed with a high stress state, probably due to the collision of the Ontong Java Plateau and a rather rapid convergence rate (10 cm/year). The results of the high angle plate subduction and inner crust earthquakes beneath the Shortland Basin strongly support the high stress state. The collision of the Ontong Java Plateau, the relatively rapid convergence rate, and moderately cold slab as evidenced by low heat flow, rather than the plate age, may be dominantly responsible for the geometry of the seismogenic zone in the western part of the Woodlark Basin subduction zone.