某沿海软土地区核电厂核岛天然地基及桩基抗震承载力分析

针对我国核岛厂房建设尚没有采用桩基础的现状,以某拟建核电厂嵌岩桩加固后的软土地基为研究对象,采用滑面应力法确定地基天然承载力,采用等效线性法描述近场地基非线性特征,粘性人工边界模拟辐射阻尼效应及考虑桩土效应影响的节点耦合,建立了桩-土-结构动力相互作用模型,并通过有限元分析计算得到静力、地震作用下桩体内力分布,给出满足抗震承载力要求的配筋方案。研究结果可为类似条件下的核岛厂房软土地基处理方案的抗震设计提供借鉴与参考。     

桩-土-结构相互作用分析的等效计算桩长简化模型

在一定程度上,桩长是影响桩-土-结构体系动力分析复杂程度的关键因素之一,在桩-土-结构相互作用的数值模拟中对桩长进行适当简化可以提高计算效率,尤其对具有大量长桩基础的结构体系。基于Boulanger模型和OpenSees软件,分析了软粘土地基-单桩结构体系地震反应中桩身的位移、弯矩、剪力的分布特点以及桩顶上部结构的加速度响应,探讨了结构体系振型及振型周期随桩长的变化特点,进一步提出了等效计算桩长的桩-土-结构模型。研究表明,当结构体系前3阶的振型周期的变化率控制到2.5%时,对应的等效计算桩长分析模型能实现较高的动力响应计算精度,其动力响应误差已降低至5%以内;等效计算桩长可以通过动力响应误差控制精度要求确定,对于软粘土地基中的单桩基础结构,建议将前3阶振型周期的变化率控制到2.5%时的计算桩长作为等效计算桩长。     

复杂地基条件下桩-土-核岛结构相互作用模型研究

合理有效地模拟桩-土-结构动力相互作用是软土地基条件下核岛厂房结构抗震适应性分析及地基处理的关键环节。以某拟建核岛厂房实际工程为研究背景,结合SuperFLUSH软件平台,以Goodman单元模拟桩与桩周土间的接触效应,采用等价线性法描述近场软土地基非线性特性,并在模型底部和侧面引入黏性边界模拟半无限地基辐射阻尼效应,从而建立土质地基条件下桩-土-核岛结构相互作用分析模型。进而,通过对原状地基和嵌岩桩处理地基条件下核岛厂房的楼层反应谱、结构节点相对位移（绝对值）的对比分析,探讨考虑桩-土间接触效应的嵌岩桩基对核岛厂房结构的影响规律。研究成果可为实际工程中类似土质地基条件下核岛厂房结构的地基处理提供参考。     

某桥梁桩基础的抗震计算研究

当前桩基础的抗震设计仅采取构造措施来保证其抗震性能,有可能会过高或过低地估计桩基础的抗震性能。针对某桥梁桩基础的抗震设计,建立全桥的三维有限元模型,计算在桩-土-结构共同工作情况下桩基础的地震响应,通过输入不同地震波来进行对比分析,并对结果进行复核,得出:(1)桩身内力响应与所输入地震动的频谱特性有关,桩身沿横桥方向的内力最大;(2)对于该场地的桥梁桩基础,桩-土-结构共同工作的有限元分析结果与m法结果差别不大;(3)当承台埋深为0时,桩身内力基本都偏大,要对承台侧土体做相应的加固处理。     

群桩-土-墩柱相互作用体系抗震性能试验及数值模拟研究

为进一步研究土-结构相互作用(SSI)体系的抗震性能,以1∶4比例尺桥梁墩柱模型为试验对象,考虑土-结构相互作用,通过拟静力试验观察了试验现象,得到了模型滞回曲线、耗能能力等数据。通过有限元软件ABAQUS建立了与试验情况相同的有限元模型,并分析计算。建模分析结果与试验结果一致,在此基础上,以本模型为对象进行了地震反应时程分析,得到了不同地基条件下的位移时程曲线及桩身应力、桩身位移响应曲线,并用m法对比计算桩的位移响应曲线。分析结果表明:不同地基条件下群桩-土-刚度较大墩柱结构体系破坏形式不同;在地震作用下,短桩基础在桩的中段处应力达到最大值,有必要在此处予以加强;在地震作用较大时,m法计算的桩顶位移偏小,且m法无法计入群桩效应,可能导致群桩基础内力的计算偏于不安全,建议予以重视。     

考虑桩-土-结构动力相互作用的土质地基条件下核岛厂房地震响应分析

在有限元框架内以全耦合方式考虑群桩效应的影响,引入粘性人工边界模拟无限地基辐射阻尼效应,并采用等效线性法模拟地基非线性特征,建立了嵌岩桩-土-结构动力相互作用计算模型;基于此模型,以CPR1000核岛厂房结构为研究对象,综合对比分析原状土质地基条件下和嵌岩桩处理地基条件下核电厂房地震响应。研究结果可为类似地基条件下核岛厂房的抗震设计提供参考。     

高速铁路桥梁-桥墩-桩基础-地基耦合系统的地震反应

高速铁路中的桥梁常采用灌注桩基础以控制沉降,地震作用是桩基础的设计工况之一。建立桥梁-桥墩-桩基础-地基为一体的耦合系统非线性三维数值分析模型,以典型地震波为输入,考虑上部结构和基础的共同工作、土-结构动力相互作用、材料非线性和土层对桩的侧阻及端阻作用,开展三向地震作用下的动力有限元计算,并对地基主要土层压缩模量、桩体材料弹性模量、桩径和桩长进行参数敏感性分析。计算结果表明:现行的桩基础设计方案能有效控制地震荷载作用下桥梁的变形;地震过程中的不同时刻,桩侧阻发挥程度不同且不可忽略,以单纯的梁单元模拟桩的动力学行为的适用性值得商榷;桩长和地基主要土层压缩模量对桥梁地震反应影响最大,桩体材料弹性模量的影响次之,桩径的影响最小。     

筒桩基础的地震反应分析

本文基于Biot动力固结方程，在BDWF模型的基础上，通过等价线性迭代不断修正土体模量以逼近土体的非线性动态响应，对建筑筒桩基础的地震反应进行了动力分析。为了分析筒桩基础的地震反应，考虑桩-土-结构的动力相互作用，将桩-土-结构地震反应分析的空间体系简化为二维问题计算。结果表明，筒桩基础桩基相对桩基于桩基有较好的抗震性能，筒桩基础的柔性改善了结构的基本周期。     

深厚软弱地基上桩箱基础高层建筑地震反应特性数值模拟

根据土体—结构体系整体分析方法，以某26层桩箱基础框架—剪力墙高层建筑为例，探讨了深厚软弱地基与输入地震动特性对桩箱基础高层建筑地震反应的影响。通过数值模拟，得到以下结论：地震作用下高层建筑的地震反应与建筑物的地基条件与输入的振动特性等因素有关。一般地，SSI效应使上部结构的绝对加速度反应减小，但当输入加速度峰值较低时，建筑物部分楼层的绝对加速度反应有可能增大。在给定的输入地震动作用下，SSI效应使上部结构的楼层相对位移增大，但也可能存在减小的情况。分析结果表明：SSI效应对深厚软弱地基上桩箱基础高层建筑地震反应有很大的影响，在此类建筑的抗震分析中考虑SSI效应的影响是必要的。     

基于结构台阵记录的地震响应分析

为了研究土-结构相互作用对高层建筑地震响应数值模拟的影响．选择一栋具有地震观测记录的高层建筑（结构台阵）作为研究对象．利用Abaqus有限元软件和2009年姚安地震加速度记录,并假定了水平成层和有倾角成层的2种土介质模型．进行土-结构动力反应分析。结果表明：有倾角成层土-桩-结构相互作用模型的计算结果与观测资料相比有明显的放大现象,在NS方向体现的更加明显。这说明,就高层建筑的抗震分析而言,土介质模型对计算结果影响很大,在进行地震作用下土-结构地震响应分析时．土层模型应尽可能与真实土层相符。否则其计算结果会产生较大误差。     

后注浆刚性桩复合地基的工程实践

某高层建筑物原设计为人工挖孔扩底桩基础,施工过程中由于土层软弱以及地下水影响无法扩底成桩。本文介绍了对上述工程实施的大直径刚性桩复合地基设计方案,该方案利用后注浆技术提高了人工挖孔桩单桩承载力。基桩检测和建筑物沉降观测结果表明该工程地基处理方案是成功的。     

CFG桩基坑内施工对基坑周围环境稳定性的影响

在地下工程中,由于天然地基承载力不足,带有地下室的主体结构采用CFG桩复合地基。因为CFG桩长螺旋钻施工设备限制,地下室底板下的CFG桩必须在深基坑开挖一部分后进行施工。在某深基坑工程中,随着CFG桩的施工,基坑周围地表出现明显开裂现象。为探究其原因,结合该基坑工程实例,利用FLAC3D软件,通过数值模拟分析考虑渗流作用下CFG桩基坑内施工对基坑周围地表变形的影响规律,并把计算结果同实际监测数据进行对比分析。研究结果表明:CFG桩在部分开挖基坑内施工的快速取土作用对基坑内被动土压力区产生扰动,削弱原有的被动土压力,导致基坑周围土体变形。基坑周围地表变形的影响范围超出2倍基坑深度的监测范围,因此,部分开挖基坑内施工CFG桩的基坑工程周围环境的监测范围应在满足国家规范要求的基础上适当增大。根据计算结果建议类似基坑工程监测范围距基坑边缘的距离采用基坑开挖深度与基坑底面以下CFG桩长之和。类似基坑工程设计应加大支护结构和止水帷幕深度,施工时从基坑内部向外部隔桩跳打,并适当增加工期,将有利于降低由于CFG桩基坑内施工对基坑周围土体的影响。     

近断层脉冲型地震下建筑地桩基础沉降分析

传统基于碰撞回弹系数Stereo-mechanical方法在分析建筑地桩基础的沉降位移过程中未考虑地桩基础碰撞的能量损耗,造成分析结果存在准确性和可信度较低的问题。因此提出改进的Kelvin建筑地桩基础碰撞沉降分析方法,以解决基于碰撞回弹系数Stereo-mechanical法存在的问题。采用线性阻尼构建Kelvin模型,分析地桩基础碰撞靠近阶段和回弹阶段的阻尼做功,构建地桩基础碰撞转换单自由度体系振动模型,实现对地桩基础的相对沉降速度和相对沉降位移的有效运算,基于建筑地桩基础碰撞沉降发生初始和结束时刻的能量和动量守恒定理,得到建筑地桩基础的最大沉降位移,实现对建筑地桩基础沉降的有效分析。实验结果说明,所提方法能提高地桩基础沉降分析的准确性和可信度。     

长短管桩在含浅部持力层的地基中的应用研究

在含良好浅部持力层的地基中采用长短桩基础,可以充分发挥浅部持力层这一天然资源的良好承载性能。本文依托张家港地区某静压管桩长短桩工程实例,对含典型浅部持力层的地基中长短管桩的承载特性进行了研究。现场测试和计算分析结果表明,桩端置于浅部粉细砂层的短桩与桩端置于深部粉质粘土层的长桩的单桩承载力接近,设计极限荷载下,短桩桩顶沉降明显大于长桩,但均小于一般桩基沉降控制标准;长短组合桩中,短桩主要用于、提高承载力,长桩主要用于控制沉降。本文结果可为长短组合桩理论研究和优化工程设计提供有益参考。     

3-D Simulation Study on Seismic Response of Bridge Piles in Landslide

The anti-slide support structure is widely used in the anti-seismic reinforcement of bridge foundations, but related experimental research was processing slowly. Based on the prototype of the Jiuzhaigou bridge at the Chengdu-Lanzhou Railway, a 3-D simulation model was established on the basis of the shaking table model test, and the rationality of the dynamic analysis model was verified by indicators such as the bending moment of the bridge piles, peak soil pressure, and PGA amplification factors. The results show that the inertia force of the bridge pier has an important influence on the deformation of the pile foundation. The bending moment and shearing force are larger in lateral bridge piles, and the maximum value is near the pile top. The PGA amplification factor is stronger in the back of the rear anti-slide piles and so is it in front of the bridge pier, and the soil is prone to slip and damage. The bedrock is rigid and the dynamic response is maintained at a low level. The anti-slide piles in the rear row play a major role in the anti-seismic reinforcement design, and the anti-slide piles in the front row can be used as an auxiliary support structure.     

Numerical simulations of shake-table experiment for dynamic soil-pile-structure interaction in liquefiable soils

A shake-table experiment on pile foundations in liquefi able soils composed of liquefi able sand and overlying soft clay is studied. A three-dimensional(3D) effective stress fi nite element(FE) analysis is employed to simulate the experiment. A recently developed multi-surface elasto-plastic constitutive model and a fully coupled dynamic inelastic FE formulation(u-p) are used to model the liquefaction behavior of the sand. The soil domains are discretized using a solid-fl uid fully coupled(u-p) 20-8 noded brick element. The pile is simulated using beam-column elements. Upon careful calibration, very good agreement is obtained between the computed and the measured dynamic behavior of the ground and the pile. A parametric analysis is also conducted on the model to investigate the effect of pile-pinning, pile diameter, pile stiffness, ground inclination angle, superstructure mass and pile head restraints on the ground improvement. It is found that the pile foundation has a noticeable pinning effect that reduces the lateral soil displacement. It is observed that a larger pile diameter and fi xed pile head restraints contribute to decreasing the lateral pile deformation; however, a higher ground inclination angle tends to increase the lateral pile head displacements and pile stiffness, and superstructure mass seems to effectively infl uence the lateral pile displacements.     

A Study of Piles during Earthquakes: Issues of Design and Analysis

The seismic response of pile foundations is a very complex process involving inertial interaction between structure and pile foundation, kinematic interaction between piles and soils, seismically induced pore-water pressures (PWP) and the non-linear response of soils to strong earthquake motions. In contrast, very simple pseudo-static methods are used in engineering practice to determine response parameters for design. These methods neglect several of the factors cited above that can strongly affect pile response. Also soil–pile interaction is modelled using either linear or non-linear springs in a Winkler computational model for pile response. The reliability of this constitutive model has been questioned. In the case of pile groups, the Winkler model for analysis of a single pile is adjusted in various ways by empirical factors to yield a computational model for group response. Can the results of such a simplified analysis be adequate for design in all situations?The lecture will present a critical evaluation of general engineering practice for estimating the response of pile foundations in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils during earthquakes. The evaluation is part of a major research study on the seismic design of pile foundations sponsored by a Japanese construction company with interests in performance based design and the seismic response of piles in reclaimed land. The evaluation of practice is based on results from field tests, centrifuge tests on model piles and comprehensive non-linear dynamic analyses of pile foundations consisting of both single piles and pile groups. Studies of particular aspects of pile–soil interaction were made. Piles in layered liquefiable soils were analysed in detail as case histories show that these conditions increase the seismic demand on pile foundations. These studies demonstrate the importance of kinematic interaction, usually neglected in simple pseudo-static methods. Recent developments in designing piles to resist lateral spreading of the ground after liquefaction are presented. A comprehensive study of the evaluation of pile cap stiffness coefficients was undertaken and a reliable method of selecting the single value stiffnesses demanded by mainstream commercial structural software was developed. Some other important findings from the study are: the relative effects of inertial and kinematic interactions between foundation and soil on acceleration and displacement spectra of the super-structure; a method for estimating whether inertial interaction is likely to be important or not in a given situation and so when a structure may be treated as a fixed based structure for estimating inertial loads; the occurrence of large kinematic moments when a liquefied layer or naturally occurring soft layer is sandwiched between two hard layers; and the role of rotational stiffness in controlling pile head displacements, especially in liquefiable soils. The lecture concludes with some recommendations for practice that recognize that design, especially preliminary design, will always be based on simplified procedures.     

基桩质量缺陷的可检测性和可分辨性

采用高分辨率非线性层状构造反射理论,对反射波在基桩缺陷传播特征进行了探讨,对影响反射波桩基质量检测能力的若干个方面进行了分析。