安阳市小南海泉流量减小的原因分析

小南海泉是河南省安阳市工农业及生活用水的主要水源之一。由于自然因素及人为因素的影响,泉水流量呈逐年递减趋势。作者利用均衡法对小南海泉域的地下水资源进行计算,根据计算结果进行分析,指出导致泉水流量减少的主要原因,并对小南海泉的保护提出了合理化建议。     

济南明水泉域岩溶地下水数值模拟及泉水水位动态预测

应用地下水模拟软件GMS建立山东济南明水泉域的三维地下水流数值模拟模型,对泉域内岩溶地下水进行数值模拟和水平衡分析,评价了泉域岩溶地下水资源总量和在保持泉水常年喷涌条件下的岩溶地下水可采资源量。在此基础上,应用时间序列分析法对泉水水位动态进行了预测。结果表明:明水泉域多年（2003-2014年）地下水补给量为1.23×108 m3·a-1,排泄量为1.36×108 m3·a-1,均衡差为-1.30×108 m3·a-1;模型预测未来20年泉水最低水位为55.65 m,最高水位为68.72 m,平均泉流量为34.6×104 m3·d-1。      

济南岩溶泉域地下水流模拟

为深入研究济南岩溶泉域地下水资源变化的现状及未来发展趋势,探索地下水资源可持续管理途径,文章建立了济南泉域地下水稳定流和非稳定流模拟模型,分析了地下水流场及泉水流量变化趋势,并圈划了泉群地下水汇流带。在泉群汇流带内开采地下水直接影响泉流量,而水源地开采通过影响泉群汇流带间接影响泉流量。泉流量呈明显的季节性变化,且与降水量紧密相关:丰水期水位升高,泉流量增加;枯水期水位降低,泉流量减少。保护天然补给量与增加人工补给量是保证泉水长流的重要措施。     

山西辛安岩溶泉形成条件及随机模型

本文详细分析了山西辛安岩溶泉的水文地质条件,并通过对泉域岩溶水的补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,将辛安泉域概化为单输入单输出线性时不变集中参数随机系统的概念模型。利用24年的水文序列资料进行基流分割,获得泉多年月平均流量过程曲线,求得泉年平均流量和年平均补给量。在此基础上,应用滑动平均模型（MA）,自回归—滑动平均模型（AR-MA）及泉流量调和分析—残差自回归等三个模型,对泉域地下水进行模拟,获得了满意的结果,不仅揭示了泉水动态特征,而且对泉流量动态进行了预报,为晋东南区域经济规划提供了有益资料。     

山西娘子关泉流量的滑动平均模拟

<正> 娘子关泉位于山西省平定县娘子关附近,多年平均流量11.7米~3/秒,为一稳定型岩溶泉水,从水循环角度看,泉水流量实质上是地下水系统对补给调蓄作用的结果,泉流量动态不仅保留大气降水周期性变化的特征,而且包含着地下水系统调蓄作用的信息。笔者应用滑动平均模型,试图通过对娘子关泉流量与降水量之关系的模拟,从统计平均角度揭示地下水系统的总体特征,探讨泉流量动态预测、计算地下水资源的方法,为类似水文地质区地下水资源计算提供一个范例。      

济南岩溶泉域地下水可持续开采方案分析

济南岩溶泉域是济南市重要饮用水源地,泉水又是济南市市民消闲和吸引游客的亮丽景观。但是多年来开采地下水已引起泉水出现间歇性断流。本文在对水资源规划分析基础上,设计了4个地下水资源开采方案:现状方案、增加补给量方案、减少开采量方案和增补减开联合方案。运用地下水流数值模型模拟了4个方案对泉群地下水水位及泉水流量动态变化的影响,最终确定了泉域地下水可持续开采方案,为泉水持续喷涌和地下水开发利用提供了科学依据。     

济南市岩溶水动态变化的神经网络模拟及泉水喷涌趋势预测

本文根据影响岩溶水位的因素,利用改进的BP神经网络建立一个能够反映济南市泉域岩溶地下水动态变化的随机模型,并进行检验,与运用多元回归模型预测的结果相比较,结果表明:BP神经网络模型进行岩溶地下水动态变化预测是可行的,该模型具有较强的学习、容错和联想功能,对岩溶地下水动态变化的预测精度大大的提高。最后在模拟的基础上,又对泉水喷涌的宏观趋势作了进一步的预测和分析。     

山西省地下水动态分析

根据山西省地下水开发利用的实际,对盆地区、岩溶泉域及重点开采区地下水动态进行了分析,并对岩溶大泉泉流量及地下水漏斗区的发展变化趋势及影响因素做了重点研究,提出了地下水保护的意见。     

管道流模型参数敏感性分析及其在许家沟泉域的应用

在岩溶含水系统中,作为主要排水通道的管道对泉流量动态具有一定的控制作用,而管道特征参数对流量变化亦有影响。为确定管道各参数的影响,前人以管道发育的岩溶水系统为研究对象,进行了短时间序列泉流量响应的分析探讨,而对岩溶管道不十分发育的岩溶水系统的研究较薄弱。为此,本研究结合北方岩溶水系统的发育特征,借助CFP管道流模型对管道各参数对岩溶系统流量和流态的影响程度及各参数的敏感性进行了分析,而后基于河南鹤壁许家沟泉域岩溶水文地质特征构建了泉域的MODFLOW-CFP模型,对泉域岩溶地下水渗流进行了模拟,并对不同降水保证率下的泉流量进行了预测。结果表明:管道流量与管壁渗透系数、管道坡度和管径呈正相关,而随弯曲度和埋深的增加管道流量呈先增大后减小的趋势。管壁粗糙度对流量的影响较小,且呈现出一定的波动性,尤其是当管壁粗糙度较小时,波动比较明显。经敏感性分析发现,管壁渗透系数和埋深的敏感性最高,其次为弯曲度和管道坡度,而管道直径和管壁粗糙度敏感性最低。许家沟泉域在25%降水保证率下,年最大泉流量为0.45 m3/s,平均泉流量为0.36 m3/s;在75%降水保证率下,年最大泉流量为0.41 m3/s,平均泉流量为0.31 m3/s,与实际情况吻合。该法可为我国北方岩溶区水资源评价及泉域水资源开发保护提供借鉴。     

神头泉流量变化规律研究--灰色系统理论的具体应用

在分析神头泉流量衰减特征的前提下，利用灰色系统理论建立了描述神头泉流量变化规律的数学模型。以1985年为界，神头泉的流量变化过程可分为两个阶段，GM（1，1）模型与灰色预测校正模型则分别用于对这两个阶段的流量变化特征进行刻画。神头泉2000－2004年的流量预测值表明，在神头泉域保证90年代中期的高降水量和朔州市各地下水用户对泉域内的地下水不进行超采的基础上，神头泉的流量在未来的一段时间内会维持1993年以来的增长趋势。     

Occurrence and evolution of the Xiaotangshan hot spring in Beijing, China

Thermal groundwater occurs in bedrock aquifers consisting of the dolomite of the Wumishan Group of the Jixianin System and the Cambrian carbonate in the Xiaotangshan geothermal field near the northern margin of the North China Plain, China. The hot water in the geothermal field of basin-type discharges partly in the form of the Xiaotangshan hot spring under natural conditions. The hot water has TDS of less than 600 mg/L and is of Na·Ca-HCO₃ type. The geothermal water receives recharge from precipitation in the mountain area with elevation of about 500 m above sea level to the north of the spring. Thermal groundwater flows slowly south and southeast through a deep circulation with a residence time of 224 years estimated with the Ra–Rn method. The Xiaotangshan hot spring dried up in the middle of the 1980s owing to the increasing withdrawal of the hot water in the geothermal field in the past decades. The water level of the geothermal system still falls continually at an annual average rate of about 2 m, although water temperature changes very little, indicating that the recharge of such a geothermal system of basin-type is limited. Over-exploitation has a dramatic impact on the geothermal system, and reduction in exploitation and reinjection are required for the sustainable usage of the hot water.     

基于数值模拟的汾河二库对晋祠泉岩溶水系统渗漏补给作用研究

汾河二库的下闸蓄水，改变了晋祠泉域汾河地表水对岩溶水的渗漏补给条件，对区域岩溶水流场变化有着长远的影响。本研究通过系统梳理库区水文地质条件，勾画地表水渗漏补给岩溶水范围，考虑地层岩性、蓄水高度等因素，确定二库不同蓄水水位下晋祠泉域获渗漏量占比；构建晋祠泉三维岩溶地下水流模型，研究二库渗漏对泉域岩溶地下水补给作用，并预测不同蓄水情景下晋祠泉口水位变化趋势。结果表明:晋祠泉域获渗漏量占比随二库蓄水位非线性变化，最低为92.8%，在二库蓄水位达902 m后稳定在93.7%，而渗漏量与二库蓄水高度呈正相关；泉域岩溶水径流区受渗漏补给作用最显著，其次为排泄区、北部补给区；渗漏补给作用下，地下水位回升值受二库水位和补水距离影响；维持设计水位（905.7 m）和2017年水位（895.9~902.4 m）时，预计晋祠泉口水位分别在2021年7月和2023年1月达到泉口高程。      

基于氚同位素的安阳河中下游流域地下水更新能力研究

利用水中氚值与地下水年龄分布特征和多年平均更新速率,分析安阳河中下游流域地下水更新能力。应用MGMTP重建研究区1953—2016年大气降水氚值,应用集中参数模型(LPMs)计算地下水年龄,采用Le Gal La Shalle等提出的方法估算潜水与泉水多年平均更新速率。研究结果表明:(1)潜水与泉水由近20多年来大气降水补给。潜水样点受局部水文地质条件控制,补给径流条件差异明显。(2)小南海泉平均滞留时间23 a,多年平均更新速率3.6%,水量呈不断衰减趋势。(3)安阳河冲洪积扇扇后缘为补给区,受地表水渗漏与大气降水入渗补给,更新能力较强。扇中部至京港澳高速路地带为现代地下水,年龄40~60 a。扇前缘为现代与次现代地下水的混合水,年龄大于60 a,更新能力较弱。(4)剥蚀岗丘与冲洪积平原深层承压水为较老地下水,更新能力极弱。因此,对小南海泉域的保护需要加强,并在短时期内能取得明显成效。受南水北调中线水源补给及限量地下水开采影响,安阳市区地下水降落漏斗大幅度缩减。     

北京房山应急水源地地下水数值模拟及河流渗漏量预测

以北京房山岩溶水应急水源地为例,采用等效连续介质体概化地下水流系统,建立地下水流数值模型,评价地下水源汇项,分析地下水系统特征。运用MODFLOW中的河流（渠）子程序包,刻画地表河流和泉水与地下水的交换关系。经参数识别和验证,计算结果与实测数据拟合较好,能够比较准确的模拟水源地岩溶水系统。模拟和预测结果表明,水源地地区地下水与地表水联系密切,应急开采后,地下水系统由向河流排泄转变为河流渗漏补给地下水,可为应急水源地合理开发利用提供科学依据。     

大气降水对承压型地下水库水资源调蓄的影响分析

地下水库作为一种“环保型水资源开发工程”越来越受到人们的关注，而目前建设的地下水库多以潜水含水层作为调蓄目标含水层。对于承压型地下水库的研究相对较少。定量化研究大气降水对承压型地下水库水资源调蓄的影响成为承压型地下水库规划建设的一个研究问题。本文在介绍地下水库及其水资源调蓄的基础上．以大庆市西部地下水库为例．运用地下水流数值模拟方法定量研究了大气降水对承压型地下水库水资源调蓄的影响程度。研究表明。大气降水对该地下水库水资源调蓄的影响很小．在进行地下水库调蓄运转模型的设计时。可将多年平均降水入渗补给量作为该地下水库库区所接受的大气降水入渗补给量。     

The vulnerability of karst springs—a case study of the Hubelj spring (SW Slovenia)

The hydraulic behaviour of the karst aquifer in the Hubelj spring catchment area (SW Slovenia) was studied by using an indirect research method based on natural tracers. The variations of natural tracers (in precipitation and in groundwater) during the storm event made possible the separation of the Hubelj spring storm hydrograph by the three-component separation technique. The results produced information on the aquifer recharge, storage and discharge processes, as well as on the mechanisms that affected them. They verified the so-called epikarst hypothesis presuming that an important part of a karst aquifer recharge reaches rapidly and intensively from the epikarst zone. It was demonstrated that epikarst water could occupy up to 50% of the spring discharge during precipitation events. This phenomenon could have important consequences on protection and management of the problems of karst aquifers, including engineering problems in karst areas. With this respect the results could give way to new engineering ideas.     

Numerical simulation of karst groundwater system for discharge prediction and protection design of spring in Fangshan District,Beijing

As the rapid growth of population and social economy, the situation of water resources shortage in Beijing city becomes more and more serious. Karst groundwater in Beijing has great potential for development. The reasonable exploitation of karst groundwater can enhance the water-supply stability of Beijing city. Firstly, the distribution of springs has been investigated in Fangshan, Beijing, and the characteristics of these springs have also been analyzed. Secondly, the hydrogeological conceptual model has been built, based on this, the groundwater flow numerical simulation model was established, and the parameter identification and validation of the model were performed under groundwater level and spring discharge. The results shows that the simulated values of groundwater level and spring discharge are very close to measured values, and the model can be used for groundwater resources evaluation and spring discharge prediction. Finally, a reasonable exploitation design has been developed with three exploitation scenarios considering the spring discharge protection; meanwhile, the quantity of groundwater resources was evaluated in the karst aquifer. The simulation results indicate that different exploitation yields have a significant impact on spring discharge; and the effective measures should be taken to protect the spring discharge     

Increase in thermal groundwater due to a flowing well near the Songshan hot spring in Beijing,China

The Songshan hot spring occurs in granite in Yanqing County in northwestern Beijing, China. TDS of the hot water ranges from 459 to 475 mg/L and pH varies between 8.6 and 9.13. The water is of Na–SO₄ type. Isotopic analyses indicate that the hot spring is meteoric in origin and receives recharge from precipitation in the northern and northwestern granite mountain with elevation of about 1,600–1,800 m. The depth of circulation of the thermal groundwater is estimated to be 2,240 m below the spring’s threshold and the temperature of the geothermal reservoir, 76°C. The residence time of the thermal groundwater is estimated to be about 52 years. A flowing well near the spring has chemical compositions and formation conditions similar to the spring. The discharge of the flowing well is approximately eighteen times larger than that of the spring and the residence time of the former (about 15.4 years) is about three times smaller than that of the latter. Although the well and spring are close to each other, the well’s larger flow rates, indicated residence time and high hydraulic head suggest that the well taps a separate, but genetically similar flow system.     

Long karst spring discharge time series and droughts occurrence in Southern Italy

A series of long karst spring discharges have been analysed to determine trends, fluctuations and relationship to rainfall. Data come from aquifers in southern Italy, and in some cases cover more than one hundred years of records. Based on yearly discharge data, hydrological series show the drop of the discharge after 1986, which has been interrupted by the recent wet years of 2009 and 2010. This drop is connected to the decrease in annual rainfall, but other factors also seem to contribute to this phenomenon. Based on monthly scale data series, the relationship between meteorological and hydrological droughts has been analyzed, using the standard precipitation index (SPI). As karst systems are large reservoirs, only longer meteorological droughts induce groundwater droughts, and the start, duration and time-lag of the hydrological droughts have been evaluated.     

近50年济南岩溶泉域地下水位对降水响应的时滞差异

依据近50年降水及年均水位等的差异,将1959-2011年济南岩溶泉域地下水位与降水观测数据划分为若干时段。采用小波变换方法定量分析了泉域地下水位对降水的响应时滞,并采用相关分析讨论了时滞与地下水开采量等的关系。结果表明,(1)泉域地下水位与降水的主周期均为1 a。(2)两种划分方式下,泉域排泄区水位时滞分别为83.44~161.24 d、88.62~150.56 d,径流区水位时滞分别为67.87~81.66 d、76.58~82.21 d,径流区水位时滞明显小于排泄区。(3)依据降水划分的时段,排泄区与径流区均有随年降水减少,水位时滞增加的趋势。(4)依据水位划分的时段,排泄区有随水位降低,时滞增加的趋势,而径流区不明显。(5)泉域水位时滞与泉域地下水开采量、泉群流量等存在相关关系,泉域开采量越大,泉群流量越小,则水位时滞相对越大。上述时滞差异分析,有助于增加地下水位与降水之间的非线性耦合过程的认识,可为地下水位的预报预警提供帮助。