青藏铁路昆仑山隧道工程地质条件

主要论述了昆仑山隧道这一高原冻土隧道的工程地质条件，特别就隧道区多年冻土的认识及具体的工作方法、古冰川作用及冰锥的分布及其成因和隧道山体地下水情况分析等做了较为详尽的描述，为隧道设计、施工提供了科学的地质依据及工程措施意见。     

全断面隧道掘进机分类及其应用范围(英文)

目前,隧道掘进机的机械化及自动化水平得到了很大提高,隧道掘进机可以开挖不同的地质条件下各种形状的隧道。隧道掘进机的类型也越来越多,根据隧道工程场地所处的水文地质与工程地质条件,工程的使用特性及环境的限制,不同类型的隧道掘进机的工作机理需要进一步的理解并依此进行分类,以便选择合适的隧道掘进机。本文介绍了各种类型的全断面隧道掘进机的运行机理,并根据最终开挖隧道断面,掌子面的支护类型及岩土体的破碎机理对全断面隧道掘进机进行分类。本文也总结了各类型的隧道掘进机的应用范围。使用者可根据地质条件及特殊需要对隧道掘进机进行初步的选型。     

上海地铁隧道建设中工程地质条件及主要地质问题研究

随着上海地铁隧道建设大规模的展开,建设中面临的工程地质问题日趋凸现。本文结合上海市特有的地质条件,分析了与地铁隧道建设相关的工程地质条件,包括工程地质结构特征及浅部含水层地下水位特征。在此基础上,对地铁车站基坑开挖以及区间隧道施工可能面临的工程地质问题进行了分析研究,绘制了市中心地区工程地质问题严重性程度分区图,可为工程设计、施工提供从参考依据。     

达坂山公路隧道冻土工程问题和工程防治措施

达坂山公路隧道位于高海拔寒冷地区,自然条件非常独特(高寒、低氧、多雨雪、冬季较长等),地质条件又很复杂,这些不利因素为工程的设计和施工带来了许多新问题,最为突出的是:工程的冻害及水害的防治;隧道的开挖、贯通和营运,改变了原有的温度场、应力场和地下水的迳流排泄途径;传统施工方法受到挑战等.隧道工程的冻害及水害的防治是关系到隧道能否正常营运的关键.为了克服和解决以上问题,经过反复研究和论证,采取了必要的的工程措施和先进的施工方法,确保了该隧道的顺利竣工和正常营运,为建设同类隧道积累了宝贵的经验.     

复杂地层水下盾构隧道工程难点及关键技术研究与展望

国家经济一体化需求推动了城市交通网络的蓬勃发展,众多水下盾构隧道工程应运而生。特别是进入21世纪以来,一系列长距离越江跨海隧道的建成和投运标志着我国水下盾构施工成套关键技术取得了显著进步。为促进复杂困难地层盾构掘进技术发展,推动越江跨海隧道施工效率提升,本文以近年来已建和在建的代表性大型水下隧道工程为研究对象,从隧道地质环境、盾构施工技术、工程项目管理等多个角度出发,概述了南京长江隧道、济南黄河隧道、南京地铁10号线越江隧道、苏通GIL综合管廊工程、厦门地铁2号线海底隧道等长距离高水压盾构隧道的工程问题和技术难点,梳理了高磨蚀性砂卵石地层、高黏粒粉质黏土地层、高水压强渗透性地层、江底富含沼气地层、海域密集孤石群地层等复杂地质条件下的水下隧道施工成套关键技术,分析了越江跨海隧道工程地质环境复杂化、盾构设备多样化、掘进施工智能化的未来发展趋势。相关研究成果可为后续复杂地质条件下水下盾构隧道工程的勘察、设计、施工等提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

浅埋偏压隧道洞口施工技术及稳定性分析研究

龙潭隧道是沪－蓉高速公路工程的控制性工程。地质条件复杂,集浅埋、偏压、涌水、涌泥、岩爆等地质问题于一身,是典型的复杂条件下的长大公路隧道。隧道洞口段处在浅埋偏压段时,施工难度相当大。从隧道开挖与支护的安全性出发,论述了浅埋偏压隧道的设计与施工情况。以右线出洞口为例,采用三维快速拉格朗日差分法(FLAC3D),对其施工开挖过程及支护进行了模拟。通过对开挖支护后围岩的应力场、位移场及塑性区特征的分析,得出了一些建设性的结论,对工程的施工具有指导意义。     

隧道超前地质预报技术及应用

在隧道开挖过程中,对掌子面前方的地质条件进行比较准确的预报,可有效地防止工程事故、加快施工进度以及保证工程质量。本文对隧道超前地质预报的一些常用方法及其优缺点做了简要的介绍和比较,并以某高速公路隧道建设为例,介绍了地质雷达在超前地质预报过程中的应用情况,为地质雷达在公路隧道超前地质预报中的应用积累了一些经验。     

南京玄武湖水底交通隧道工程与环境效应分析

南京玄武湖隧道,既在城市中心,又在水下,是脆弱环境下典型的地质工程。影响水下隧道施工的不权有环境工程地质条件,还有城市环境约束因素;另外,隧道施工会对城市环境产生不良影响。作者对上述问题作了具体分析,并用系统工程的思想对隧道出口及施工方案的选择进行了初步评价。     

三峡引水工程秦巴段的主要工程地质问题

为了研究三峡引水工程秦巴段的重大工程地质问题,在区域工程地质条件和线路工程地质调查分析的基础上,利用工程地质类比法,重点分析评价了秦巴山区与活动断裂、深埋隧道建设相关的重大工程地质问题。初步揭示：①秦巴山区14条区域规模的断裂带主体走向近于东西向,与引水隧道走向大致垂直,现今活动差异明显,其中活动性较强、规模较大的大巴山弧形断裂、宁陕-栗扎坪断裂、石泉-安康断裂、三花石-汉王城断裂位于引水工程的关键部位,需要注意其引起的隧道突水和大变形灾害;②秦巴山区与深埋隧道相关的岩爆、突水灾害比较严重,特别是秦岭主峰附近的强岩爆、大巴山附近的断裂与岩溶相关的大规模突水灾害值得高度注意。     

新建川藏铁路某长大深埋隧道工程主要地质问题分析

新建川藏铁路某长大深埋隧道,工程地质条件复杂,围岩分级,岩爆,大变形,涌突水,瓦斯,地温等主要工程地质问题对铁路选线及施工潜在影响极大。通过对某隧道隧址区地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造等进行调查,简要分析了该深埋隧道工程主要地质问题围岩失稳、大变形、岩爆、涌突水、可溶岩、瓦斯及有害气体等(杨小军,2017)。针对该工程地质问题进行了简要分析评价。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.