冬季欧亚型遥相关候时间尺度异常特征及其对我国天气的影响

本文利用NCEP/NCAR全球逐日再分析资料,确定了冬季欧亚（EU）型遥相关逐候指数持续性异常的标准,继而分析了EU指数持续性异常的特征,探讨了对应时段的环流特征及其对我国冬季天气的影响。统计结果表明：1957—2010年的54个冬季共发生了26次异常过程;正、负异常过程各有三个高发时段分别为12月、1月第2—5候、2月第4候至3月第1候,以及12月第4—5候、1月前3候、2月第3候至3月第1候。选取200、850 hPa分别代表高低层大气,对异常过程合成分析后发现：指数异常时,高低层大气具有强的EU型特征;我国大部分地区的气温受EU指数异常影响,差异显著;黄河中下游、长江中下游及东南局部地区的降水差异显著;正异常过程中,受西伯利亚高压加强的影响,我国对流层低层盛行偏北风,温度普遍偏低,降水偏少;负异常过程相反。     

2012年华南前汛期降水特征及环流异常分析

2012年华南前汛期于4月第2候开始,6月第5候结束。前汛期降水经历了三个不同的阶段：第一阶段是4月第2候至5月第3候的降水集中期（锋面降水）,江南大部和华南大部降水偏多25％以上,第二阶段是5月第4候至6月第2候的少雨期,华南中部和东部降水偏少50％以上,第三阶段是6月第3—5候的第二个降水集中期（季风降水）,江南东南部至华南中西部降水偏多50％以上。对各阶段大气环流距平场的分析结果表明：华南前汛期开始后,偏强的乌拉尔山高压脊导致南下的冷空气偏强,偏强的低层副热带高压使得我国南方为整层水汽输送的异常辐合区,两者共同导致华南前汛期第一阶段的锋面降水较常年同期偏多;南海夏季风在爆发后偏弱和西北太平洋副热带高压（以下简称副高）持续3候异常偏北是导致第二阶段前汛期降水明显偏少的主要原因;第三阶段,南海夏季风异常偏强,副高南落并增强,以及孟加拉湾季风槽的偏强使得华南前汛期此阶段的季风降水偏多。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIDDLE EAST JET STREAM DURING SEASONAL TRANSITION AND ITS RELATION WITH INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON ONSET?

By using the NCEP/NCAR pentad reanalysis data from 1968 to 2009, the variation characteristics of Middle East jet stream(MEJS) and its thermal mechanism during seasonal transition are studied. Results show that the intensity and south-north location of MEJS center exhibit obvious seasonal variation characteristics. When MEJS is strong, it is at 27.5°N from the 67 th pentad to the 24 th pentad the following year; when MEJS is weak, it is at 45°N from the 38 th pentad to the 44 th pentad. The first Empirical Orthogonal Function(EOF) mode of 200-hPa zonal wind field shows that MEJS is mainly over Egypt and Saudi Arabia in winter and over the eastern Black Sea and the eastern Aral Sea in summer. MEJS intensity markedly weakens in summer in comparison with that in winter. The 26th-31 st pentad is the spring-summer transition of MEJS, and the 54th-61 st pentad the autumn-winter transition. During the two seasonal transitions, the temporal variations of the 500-200 hPa south-north temperature difference(SNTD) well match with 200-hPa zonal wind velocity, indicating that the former leads to the latter following the principle of thermal wind. A case analysis shows that there is a close relation between the onset date of Indian summer monsoon and the transition date of MEJS seasonal transition. When the outbreak date of Indian summer monsoon is earlier than normal, MEJS moves northward earlier because the larger SNTD between 500-200 hPa moves northward earlier, with the westerly jet in the lower troposphere over 40°-90°E appearing earlier than normal, and vice versa.     

中国东南部冬季降水变化及其环流特征

利用1951-2011年中国160站降水资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了中国东南部冬季降水的年际变化及与之相关的环流和水汽输送特征。结果表明:中国东南部冬季降水年际差异较明显,当降水异常偏多(少)时,蒙古高压及中国广大南方地区海平面气压异常偏低(高),而亚洲附近的洋面上则异常偏高(低);500 hPa上,巴尔喀什湖附近的高压脊和东亚大槽均偏弱(强);高层东亚西风急流异常偏弱(强),中东地区急流异常偏强(弱);中国东部20~30°N出现显著异常上升(下沉)运动,低纬度地区出现异常下沉(上升)运动。影响中国东南部冬季降水的水汽输送主要有两支:来自西风带绕高原的南支气流,经过阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾向华南的输送水汽;来自低纬西太平洋,经南海向中国西南的水汽输送。此外,东亚冬季风与中国东南部冬季降水关系密切。     

西风与季风在青藏高原的耦合模态及其季节性变化特征

青藏高原是我国的水塔,西风与季风及其相互作用是导致亚洲天气和气候变化最重要的环流系统。本文基于1981～2020年大气再分析资料,采用经验正交函数分解方法（Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF）提取了西风与季风季节循环分量在青藏高原的耦合模态,并对其季节变化特征进行分析。研究发现,第一主模态方差贡献率高达78.39%,主要反映的是东亚季风、南亚季风和对流层高层中纬度西风的季节循环特征及各个季节的年际变化特征。夏季在对流层高层高原及其南侧主要为东风气流,范围从北纬5°至35°,对流层低层则表现为典型的绕高原气旋式季风环流系统,热带和副热带地区为西南季风控制,冬季的环流结构刚好相反。耦合模态的冬、夏季节转换节点与东亚季风和南亚季风的季节转换时间基本一致。从年际变化的角度来看,各个季节耦合模态的强度偏强时,东亚季风和南亚季风均偏强,西风带位置偏北;反之,季风偏弱,西风带位置偏南。厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation,ENSO）是影响西风与季风耦合模态年际变化的关键外强迫,拉尼娜（La Ni?a）事件发生的前夏、前秋和次年夏季耦合模态的强度均增强,冬季至次年春季耦合模态的强度均减弱。西风与季风耦合的第二主模态主要表现为对流层高层高原上的东风及其南侧西风,以及低层南亚季风区的西南季风和西北太平洋反气旋的协同变化特征。该模态的方差贡献率为4.68%,表现出明显年际差异的同时还呈现显著减弱的长期趋势,尤其是在冬季。     

青藏高原地表位涡密度强迫对2008年1月中国南方降水过程的影响Ⅱ:数值模拟

青藏高原东坡近地表的辐合能够增加地表的位涡密度（PVD）。高耸的青藏高原与等熵面相切, 其东坡近地表增加的位涡密度成为等熵面边界上的位涡密度强迫源。利用IAP/LASG FAMIL全球大气环流模式探究青藏高原地表位涡密度增长对2008年初中国华南地区雨雪灾害天气形成的影响。首先与观测资料对比发现, 通过张弛逼近动力初始化, 在参照试验中, 模式能够比较合理地再现青藏高原东部的地表位涡密度增长和1月24-27日中国华南的大气环流场及降水场。而在高原的地表位涡密度增长减弱的敏感性试验中高原下游区域特别是华南沿海、广西到山东一带的降水明显减小甚至消失。对结果的分析表明:青藏高原区域的地表位涡密度增长在低空能够增强中国华南沿海地区的南风和水汽输送以及负的绝对涡度平流输送;在高空, 高原上产生的正的位涡密度沿西风环流向下游输送, 形成高层正的绝对涡度平流。从而在高原下游形成绝对涡度平流随高度增强的大尺度环流背景, 有利于上升运动发展。同时, 高原地表位涡密度增长在低空所激发的气旋式环流增加了华南的水汽输送, 最终激发了华南极端降水的产生。该个例模拟的结果证实了青藏高原东部的地表位涡密度强迫激发其下游极端天气发生的一种新机制。      

STUDY ON THE VARIATION IN THE CONFIGURATION OF SUBTROPICAL ANTICYCLONE AND ITS MECHANISM DURING SEASONAL TRANSITION-PART I:CLIMATOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SUBTROPICAL HIGH STRUCTURE*

Climatological characteristics of subtropical anticyclone structure during seasonal transition are investigated based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data.The ridge-surface of subtropical anticyclone is defined by the boundary surface between westerly to the north and easterly to the south (WEB in brief).In Afro-Asian monsoon area,the subtropical high in troposphere whose ridgelines are consecutive in wintertime takes on relatively symmetrical and zonal structure,the WEB tilts southward with increasing height.In summer,the subtropical high ridgelines are discontinuous at low levels and continuous at upper levels,the WEB tilts northward from the bottom up.Under the constraint of thermal wind relation,the WEB usually tilts toward warmer zone.May is the period when subtropical high modality most significantly varies.The structure and properties of subtropical high during seasonal transition are different from area to area.A new concept "seasonal transition axis" is proposed based on formation and variation of the vertical ridge axis of subtropical anticyclone.The subtropical high of summer pattern firstly occurs over eastern Bay of Bengal in the beginning of May.then stabilizes over eastern Bay of Bengal,Indo-China,and western South China Sea in the 3rd pentad of May,it exists over the South China Sea in the 4th-5th pentad of May and establishes over central India in the 1st-2nd pentad of June.The three consequential stages when summer modal subtropical high occurs correspond to that of Asian summer monsoon onset,respectively.To a great extent,the summer monsoon onset over the Bay of Bengal depends on the reversal of meridional temperature gradient in vicinity of the WEB in upper troposphere.The meridional temperature gradient at middle-upper levels in troposphere can be used as a good indicator for measuring the seasonal transition and Asian monsoon onset.     

Temporal and Spatial Distributions of the Spring Persistent Rains over Southeastern China

The spring persistent rains (SPR) over southeastern China (SEC) is a synoptic and climatic phenomenon that is unique in East Asia. Su cient evidence proves that it results from the mechanical and thermal effects of the giant Tibetan Plateau (TP), but its temporal span and spatial distribution are not clear at present.A climatological analysis of the NCEP/NCAR circulation and sensible heat data shows that at the 13th pentad of the solar year (1st pentad of March) there are remarkable increases in the sensible heating over the main and southeastern part of the TP, the southwesterly velocity over the southeastern flank of the TP and SEC, and rainfall over SEC, indicating the onset of the SPR.However, after the 27th pentad of the solar year (3rd pentad of May), these variables, except for the sensible heating over the main part of the TP, decrease rapidly. The ridge line of the subtropical high in the mid-low troposphere over the South China Sea (SCS) slopes northward instead of southward as before. The rain belt center over SEC shifts to the SCS and the SCS monsoon breaks out, indicating the end of the SPR. Hence, it is reasonable to define the SPR temporal span from the 13th to 27th pentad of the solar year. Data analysis and numerical sensitivity experiments show that, although the warm and cold airs converge at about 30°N in the SPR period, the distribution and intensity of the SPR rain belt are obviously in influenced by the topography of the Nanling and Wuyi Mountains (NWM). The mountains can block and lift cold and warm airs, strengthening frontogenesis and rainfall. As a result, the axis of the SPR rain belt is superposed over that of the mountain range. Accordingly, the spatial distribution of the SPR extends over most of the SEC, more speci cally, to the south of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (30°N), and to the east of 110°E.     

高空西风急流东西向形态变化对梅雨期降水空间分布的影响

利用40年的NCEP/NCAR再分析候平均资料和同期长江中下游地区逐日降水资料,使用合成方法分析了梅雨期东亚副热带高空西风急流的东西位置和形态变化特征,探讨了高空西风急流对梅雨期降水空间分布的影响.分析结果表明,梅雨期东亚大陆上空西风急流强度减弱且持续维持、西太平洋上空西风急流核分裂减弱直至出梅后消失,这是梅雨期200 hPa东亚高空西风急流东西向位置变化的主要特征.梅雨期,200 hPa副热带西风急流中心呈现东西向位置变化和海陆分布形态差异,西风急流中心东西向位置变化对梅雨起讫有着较好的指示意义.梅雨期东亚副热带高空西风急流东西形态分布差异不仅影响到长江中下游地区降水空间集中区的位置而且还影响到降水中心强度.进一步分析表明,当东亚西风急流主体位于西太平洋上空时,在长江下游地区形成高低空急流耦合的环流形势,强烈的辐合上升运动加上充足的水汽条件供应,有利于在长江下游形成集中的强降水区域.当高空西风急流位于东亚大陆上空时,在长江中下游地区高低空急流无耦合形势存在,长江中下游地区也没有强的集中降水区域.因此,东亚副热带高空西风急流东西向形态变化对长江中下游地区的高低空环流结构、地面集中降水区域的空间分布具有重要的影响.     

Interannual Variability of Snow Depth over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Associated Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies

The interannual variability of wintertime snow depth over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) and related atmospheric circulation anomalies were investigated based on observed snow depth measurements and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data.Empirical orthogonal function(EOF) analysis was applied to identify the spatio-temporal variability of wintertime TP snow depth.Snow depth anomalies were dominated by a monopole pattern over the TP and a dipole structure with opposite anomalies over the southeastern and northwestern TP.The atmospheric circulation conditions responsible for the interannual variability of TP snow depth were examined via regression analyses against the principal component of the most dominant EOF mode.In the upper troposphere,negative zonal wind anomalies over the TP with extensively positive anomalies to the south indicated that the southwestward shift of the westerly jet may favor the development of surface cyclones over the TP.An anomalous cyclone centered over the southeastern TP was associated with the anomalous westerly jet,which is conducive to heavier snowfall and results in positive snow depth anomalies.An anomalous cyclone was observed at 500 hPa over the TP,with an anomalous anticyclone immediately to the north,suggesting that the TP is frequently affected by surface cyclones.Regression analyses revealed that significant negative thickness anomalies exist around the TP from March to May,with a meridional dipole anomaly in March.The persistent negative anomalies due to more winter TP snow are not conducive to earlier reversal of the meridional temperature gradient,leading to a possible delay in the onset of the Asian summer monsoon.     

New evidences on the climatic causes of the formation of the spring persistent rains over southeastern China

The spring persistent rains (SPR) over southeastern China (SEC) are a unique synoptic and climatic phenomenon in East Asia. A former study has found that the southwesterly flow which lies on the southeastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is one of the deflected westerly flows of the TP, and it is suggested to be the direct climatic cause of SPR. This study found that the southwesterly flow is also highly correlated with the sensible heating of the southeastern TP in interannual variability, in addition to having a high correlation in seasonal variability. These facts suggest that the thermal forcing of the TP is another important climatic cause of SPR. Numerical sensitivity experiments further prove that the mechanical and thermal forcings of the TP are the climatic causes of the formation of the SPR. On the other hand, the Nanling Mountains and Wuyi Mountains (NWM) over southeastern China not only increase the SPR precipitation amount evidently, but also make the SPR rain belt move to the south by blocking the strong southwesterly flow.     

北太平洋增暖对我国西北秋雨的影响

利用1979-2012年我国160站逐月降水资料、NOAA全球海洋表面温度资料和NCEP-DOE大气环流再分析资料,采用统计分析方法研究了北太平洋海表增暖对我国西北秋雨年代际变化的影响。结果表明:西北秋雨在2000年前后经历了年代际跃变,1986-1999年为少雨期,2000-2012年为多雨期。进一步分析表明:西北秋雨的年代际变化与北太平洋海表增暖关系密切,北太平洋海温偏暖时,东亚一北太平洋地区的大气温度升高,引起东亚地区的南北温差减弱,使东亚西风急流减弱,急流中心偏北,东亚中纬度地区气压升高,导致异常东风水汽输送带偏强,造成西北秋雨异常偏多。     

季节转换期间副热带高压带形态变异及其机制的研究Ⅰ:副热带高压结构的气候学特征

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料研究了季节转换期间副热带高压结构的气候特征。在亚、非季风区 ,冬季副热带高压带是相对对称的 ,具有脊线连续的带状结构 ,脊面随高度增加向南倾斜 ;夏季副热带高压带中低层是间断的 ,高层是连续的 ,脊面随高度增加向北倾斜。副热带高压脊面倾斜受热成风关系的制约 ,总是倾向暖区。 5月份副热带高压形态变异最显著 ,不同地域副热带高压的结构、性质存在较大差异。夏季型副热带高压于 5月初首先出现在孟加拉湾东部 ,5月第 3候稳定建立在孟加拉湾东部、中南半岛及南海西部地区 ;5月第 4～ 5候在南海建立 ;6月第 1～ 2候在印度中部建立。夏季型副热带高压建立的 3个阶段与亚洲夏季风爆发的 3个阶段存在着较好的对应关系。孟加拉湾夏季风的建立在很大程度上取决于高空副热带高压脊面附近经向温度梯度的反转。对流层中上层副热带高压脊面附近经向温度梯度可以作为表征亚洲夏季风爆发的指标     

青藏高原冬季1月绕流的变化特征及其对中国气候的影响

利用1979～2019年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国地面基本气象要素日值数据集（V3.0）的气温和降水资料,首先定义了客观表征冬季青藏高原南北两支绕流变化的指数,然后分析了其不同的变化特征,并采用相关分析、合成分析等方法初步研究了青藏高原南北两支绕流异常变化对中国气温和降水的影响机制。主要结果有:（1）青藏高原冬季北支绕流和南支绕流之间呈显著的负相关;北支（南支）绕流强、南支（北支）绕流弱时,对流层中低纬度地区从高原西部到我国东部沿岸为一个大范围的异常反气旋式（气旋式）环流系统,500 hPa高原的中部为一个异常反气旋（气旋）环流中心。（2）青藏高原冬季南北两支绕流的变化对中国冬季天气气候有显著影响。当青藏高原北支绕流强（弱）时,中国除东北是气温偏低（高）、降水偏多（少）外,河套、青藏高原及长江以南则是气温偏高（低）、降水偏少（多）;当南支绕流强（弱）时,中国气温普遍偏低（高）,东北及新疆北部是降水偏少（多）,南方大部分地区是降水偏多（少）。（3）分析高原绕流异常变化对中国天气气候的影响机制表明:当青藏高原北支绕流强、南支绕流弱时,中国东部35°N以北的对流层中都是异常西北风,35°N以南都是异常东北风,受高原异常纬向绕流影响,对流层大气为明显的“正压结构”;相应的对流层底层从南到北为一致的异常西南风,850 hPa以上35°N的之间为反气旋式切变和下沉运动异常,300 hPa以下异常偏暖,这些条件加强了下沉增温,导致中国东部气温偏高、降水偏少。当青藏高原南支绕流强、北支绕流弱时,对流层中的纬向风异常则为明显的“斜压特征”,异常西风呈现为从对流层低层到高层、低纬度到高纬度的倾斜的带状特征,其下方自华南近地面到华北200 hPa的“三角形”状异常东风,配合相应的经向风异常和华南到华北的异常上升运动,低层为“三角形”状的异常冷气团向南切入到中国南海,中上层为异常偏暖的西南气流在冷气团上自南向北爬升到中高纬度地区,导致中国大范围的气温异常偏低、降水偏多。     

青藏高原大气热力异常对西风急流的影响

本文基于NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,分析了对流层上层200 hPa纬向西风的时空变化特征,并通过EOF分解得到一个表征西风急流位置的指数(Westerly Jet Position Index,WJPI);同时基于对流层中上层(500～200 hPa)温度纬向偏差,构建了一个描述青藏高原(简称高原)大气热力特征的指标(Plateau Atmosphere Heating Index,PAHI),定量分析了该指数与西风急流位置的关系。结果表明:由冬到夏西风急流轴不断北抬西伸,风速逐渐减小;各季西风急流轴均处于西风变率的小值区,表明各季急流均轴的位置较稳定。各季PAHI与200 hPa纬向风的显著正相关区均分布在高原北侧,即高原PAHI增强时,其北侧西风增强,南侧西风减弱,对流层上层西风急流北移;各季WJPI与PAHI之间均存在显著相关,表明PAHI异常对西风急流位置的变化有重要作用。     

Peculiar Temporal Structure of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon

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Peculiar temporal structure of the south china sea summer monsoon

Beijing located at the junction of four major components of the Asian-Australia monsoon system (the Indian, the western North Pacific, the East Asian subtropical, and the Indonesian-Australian monsoons), the monsoon cli-mate over the South China Sea (SCS) exhibits some unique features. Evidences are presented in this paper to reveal and document the following distinctive features in the temporal structure of the SCS summer monsoon:(1) pronounced monsoon singularities in the lower tropospheric monsoon flows which include the pre-onset and withdrawal easterly surges and the southwesterly monsoon bursts at Julian pentad 34-35 (June 15-24) and pentad 46-47 (August 14-23);(2) four prominent subseasonal cycles (alternative occurrences of climatological active and break monsoons);(3) considerably larger year-to-year variations in convective activity on intraseasonal time scale compared to those over the Bay of Bengal and the Philippine Sea;(4) the redness of the climatological mean spectrum of precipitation / deep convection on synoptic to intraseasona] time scales in the central SCS;(5) a remarkable asymmetry in the seasonal transitions between summer and winter monsoons and an extremely abrupt mid-May transition (the outburst of monsoon rain and the sudden switch in tie lower troposphere winds from an easterly to a westerly regime);(6) the bi-modal interannual variation of summer monsoon onset (normal and delayed modes).In addition, the monsoon rainfall displays enormous east-west gradient over the central SCS. Possible causes for these features are discussed. A number of specific science questions concerning some of the peculiar features are raised for the forthcoming SCS monsoon experiment to address     

A New Circulation Index to Describe Variations in Winter Temperature in Southwest China

A new circulation index (I_SW) that can realistically describe winter temperature variations over Southwest China is defined based on analysis of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data (version 1) and the observations at 585 stations in China. The study period is from January 1961 to February 2011. The relationship between I_SW and general circulation patterns in East Asia is also analyzed. Results show that I_SW successfully captures the variations in winter temperature over Southwest China. High I_SW values correspond to the intensified Mongolian high, the weakened Aleutian low, increases in the strength of the Middle East westerly jet stream over the south of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), and decreases in the strength of the subtropical westerly jet over the north of the TP. Meanwhile, the East Asian trough deepens and extends southwestward, making it easier for the cold air mass from the north to intrude Southwest China along the trough. These circulation patterns lead to a decrease in winter temperature over Southwest China (and vice versa). In addition to the East Asian winter monsoon, the two westerly jets that dominate the upper level circulation over East Asia also exert important influences on winter temperature in Southwest China, especially the Middle East westerly jet to the south of the TP.     

青藏高原南、北积雪异常与中国东部夏季降水关系的数值试验研究

青藏高原冬、春积雪有着显著的南、北空间差异,本文利用通用地球系统模式（CESM）设计了增加高原南、北冬、春积雪的敏感性试验,结果表明:当高原南部冬、春积雪异常偏多,长江及其以北地区夏季降水偏多,华南大部分地区夏季降水偏少;而当高原北部冬、春积雪异常偏多,华北及东北地区夏季降水偏多,长江下游南部地区夏季降水偏少,雨带更偏北。青藏高原南、北部冬、春积雪异常影响中国东部夏季降水的物理机制的分析结果表明,高原不同区域（南部和北部）冬、春积雪异常引起的非绝热加热异常效应都可持续到夏季,且北部积雪异常持续时间更长。高原南部和北部积雪异常偏多均会减弱高原北侧上空大气的水平温度梯度,进而减弱高原北侧西风急流的位置及强度,进而影响下游出口区处急流的强度和位置,且高原北部积雪异常偏多的影响更大。当高原南部积雪异常偏多,急流出口区的西风急流加强且偏南;而高原北部积雪异常偏多,出口区的西风急流减弱且偏北。相应地,对流层中层500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压减弱,低层850 hPa异常反气旋环流,影响中国东部地区水汽输送,从而影响了中国东部地区夏季雨带的变化。当高原南部积雪异常偏多,异常反气旋性环流位于东海附近,有利于更多水汽输送至长江流域,华南水汽输送减少;当高原北部积雪异常偏多,异常反气旋性环流相对偏北,更有利于华北及东北水汽输送,雨带偏北。     

青藏高原黑碳气溶胶传输及沉降的季节特征模拟分析

根据全球气溶胶气候模式GEM-AQ/EC的1995~2004年模拟,分析了青藏高原大气黑碳气溶胶的来源、传输及沉降季节特征。研究表明:青藏高原黑碳气溶胶主要来自自由对流层和大气边界层的输送。相对于自由对流层的黑碳输送,紧邻青藏高原的南亚、东亚以及东南亚大气边界层的输送更有效,它形成了青藏高原由北向南、自西往东黑碳气溶胶浓度和沉降明显递增的基本分布形态。横跨欧亚大陆自由对流层的黑碳气溶胶由西向东向青藏高原的输送全年不变,夏季输送路径最北但强度最弱,冬季路径最南而强度最强。大气边界层黑碳气溶胶的输送受控于亚洲季风环流变化,来自南亚的黑碳气溶胶在春季越过孟加拉湾传输进入高原东南部,夏季则可翻越喜马拉雅山抵达青藏高原南部腹地;同时我国中部排放的黑碳气溶胶也在东亚夏季风向北扩展中驱动它从东向西往青藏高原东北部传输。从秋季到冬季,随着夏季风撤退,南亚黑碳源区向青藏高原传输衰退,东亚冬季风的反气旋性环流的南侧及西南侧的偏东风携带秋季我国东南部源区和冬季东南亚源区黑碳气溶胶向青藏高原东南部传输。受青藏高原明显的暖湿季和干冷季气候影响,干湿沉降分别主导了青藏高原冬季和夏季黑碳沉降,夏季青藏高原黑碳气溶胶沉降总量大多超过8~10 kg·km-2,在高原东北部的最高值超过40 kg·km-2。冬季青藏高原黑碳气溶胶沉降量最低,大部地区黑碳沉降低于5 kg·km-2。青藏高原黑碳沉降的冬夏季节相差约为2~8倍。