夏季亚洲-太平洋遥相关季节演变与大气环流和降水

利用1981-2007年逐日大气再分析资料和降水资料以及统计分析方法,研究了夏季(5-9月)亚洲与太平洋区域的大气遥相关,并分析了其季节演变与夏季亚洲-太平洋大气环流和亚洲季风区降水的联系.结果表明:在5-9月逐日对流层上层扰动温度场上,亚洲与北太平洋中纬度存在着类似于亚洲太平洋涛动的遥相关现象,即在季节尺度上,当亚洲大陆中纬度对流层上层偏暖时,北太平洋中纬度对流层上层偏冷,反之亦然;亚洲与太平洋对流层上层温度的反位相变化特征也出现在对流层中下层和平流层低层.亚洲-太平洋涛动指数不仅可以指示夏季亚洲与太平洋中纬度纬向热力差异的变化特征,也可以较好地指示亚洲与热带印度洋经向热力差异的变化特征.亚洲-太平洋涛动指数最大值常出现在7月中旬到8月初,并且从1981年到2007年该最大值出现时间有偏早趋势.当夏季亚洲太平洋涛动指数偏高(低)时,亚洲大陆上空的南亚高压和其下方的亚洲大陆低压系统偏强(弱),太平洋副热带高压偏强(弱)并偏北(南),亚洲-非洲上空的热带东风急流和低层的西南风偏强(弱),从印度到中国华南的广大地区、中国华北以及东北亚等地降水偏多(少).     

夏季青藏高原上空热力异常与其上下游大气环流联系的研究进展

围绕夏季青藏高原热力异常与其上、下游大气环流在年际尺度变化上的联系,对最新的研究成果做了简要介绍。通过观测资料分析与数值试验,指出在年际尺度上夏季青藏高原热力异常与同期亚洲-太平洋涛动（APO）具有显著且稳定的联系,前者可能通过调节亚洲和中东太平洋热带外大尺度垂直环流异常影响后者。另外,夏季青藏高原热力异常对高原上空及更大范围上对流层温度的年际变化也有一定贡献,进而通过对上游大尺度环流的调节作用影响到同期西非萨赫勒地区的降水。夏季青藏高原热力异常只是导致其上、下游大气环流年际变化的一个原因,其他影响效应尚需进一步探讨。      

卑尔根气候模式中亚洲—太平洋涛动和影响西北太平洋热带气旋频数的环流背景的关系

利用挪威卑尔根的全球大气-海洋-海冰耦合模式的300年气候态数值积分结果,结合观测资料,分析了夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动(APO)的年际变化对与西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数相关联的大尺度环流背景的影响。模式结果表明,当夏季APO异常偏强(弱)时,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏东(西)偏北(南),南亚高压位置偏北(南),西北太平洋低层大气异常辐合(辐散),高层大气异常辐散(辐合),对流活动加强(减弱)。这种环流背景条件有(不)利于西北太平洋热带气旋的发生发展,西北太平洋热带气旋频数因而偏多(少)。     

冬季亚洲—太平洋涛动年际变率与东亚气候异常

利用1948—2011年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料和1951—2010年我国160站降水量资料,研究了冬季亚洲—太平洋区域的大气遥相关及其与东亚冬季风和降水的关系。结果表明:冬季在亚洲—西太平洋与中、东太平洋中低纬度对流层上层扰动温度之间存在类似于夏季的亚洲—太平洋涛动 (APO) 现象,即当东亚中低纬度对流层中、上层偏暖时,中东太平洋中低纬度对流层中上层温度偏冷,反之亦然。冬季APO可以反映冬季亚洲—太平洋东西向热力差异强度变化,与夏季相比,冬季APO遥相关在亚洲的中心位置略偏南、偏东,且冬季APO与大气环流关系与夏季也有所不同;当冬季APO指数偏高时,对流层上层东亚大槽位置偏西,而东亚热带地区的高压向北伸展,导致我国南方对流层为深厚的异常反气旋系统所控制,此时南方地区对流层低层盛行异常的偏东北气流,并伴随水汽辐散和异常下沉运动,南方降水偏少;冬季APO指数与ENSO有紧密联系。     

夏季南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压的相关性分析

利用1951—2010年NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料研究夏季南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)的相关性。结果发现,夏季南亚高压与西太副高的联系密切,年际尺度上强度指数之间的显著正相关关系相对稳定,两者同时偏强(简称同强)与同时偏弱(简称同弱)的模态超过70%。当南亚高压与西太副高同强(同弱)时,西风急流偏强(偏弱),高纬度地区大气环流呈经向(纬向)型,太平洋EAP遥相关为正(负)位相。贯穿对流层中上层的中纬度纬向西风与高压强度异常有密切的联系,西风急流可作为中纬度地区连接两者作用的纽带。青藏高原与太平洋地区对流层的温度差异分布对当地的环流系统造成很大影响,高原热力异常和海温异常联系着高压系统的演变。南亚高压、西太副高的异常影响了整体东亚大气环流的配置,是了解不同纬度系统相互作用的又一着眼点。     

夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动与中国近海热带气旋活动的关系

采用联合台风警报中心的台风最伟路径资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动(Asian-Pacif-ic Oscillation,简称APO)与东亚近海-西北太平洋大气环流的关系,并进一步探讨了APO与中国近海热带气旋(tropical cy-clone,简称TC)活动的关系.研究表明:(1)夏季APO强弱与同期西北太平洋及中国东部近海TC活动存在密切关系,即在APO强(弱)年,西北太平洋TC活动偏西(东)和偏北(南),中国东部近海TC明显增多(减少);(2)当APO偏强(弱)时,中国东部近海大气环流有(不)利于TC的维持和发展,表现为低层存在异常气旋性(反气旋性)环流,对流层高低层纬向风垂直切变减小(增大),且对流加强(减弱);(3)APO强弱也影响着TC引导气流的方向:在APO强(弱)年,西北太平洋副热带高压(以下简称副高)偏北和偏东(偏南和偏西),副高南侧偏东气流减弱(加强),有利于TC的向西北行或在偏北(南)纬度西行,进入中国东部近海的TC增多(减少);(4)APO强弱也影响着南海-热带西太平洋TC源地上空的大气环流,在APO强(弱)年,南海-热带西太平洋季风槽偏北、偏西(偏南、偏东),热带西太平洋TC活动偏北和偏西(偏南和偏东),有利于进入中国东部近海TC的增多(减少).     

热带东太平洋关键区海温与中国东北地区气温的关系

近三十年我国东北地区夏季异常低温与赤道东太平洋埃尔尼诺现象的出现遥相呼应.本文对此遥相关现象进行了分析,认为在埃尔尼诺现象发生时期低层海温异常影响到大尺度环流的异常。并把信息传到中纬度地区,从而产生处于中纬度的我国东北地区的气温异常.在这时期,沃克环流东移,热带中部和西部太平洋对流层高层东风增强,反气旋环流增强;相反,南亚高压弱而偏南,亚洲沿岸西风带偏南,冷空气活动频繁,出现大范围低温现象.     

热带太平洋-印度洋海温异常综合模对南亚高压的影响

从综合考虑热带太平洋和印度洋海温异常特征出发,研究了热带太平洋-印度洋海温异常综合模对南亚高压的影响.当热带太平洋-印度洋海温异常综合模为正位相(西印度洋和东太平洋海温距平为正,东印度洋-西太平洋海温距平为负),南亚高压偏弱,位置偏东偏南;当热带太平洋-印度洋海温异常综合模为负位相(西印度洋和东太平洋海温距平为负,东印度洋-西太平洋海温距平为正),南亚高压偏强,位置偏西偏北.热带太平洋-印度洋海温异常综合模影响南亚高压主要通过三种机制:一是通过影响亚洲季风从而影响了降水潜热形成的大气加热场分布,在正(负)位相年,青藏高原大气热源为负(正)异常,因此青藏高原上空空气上升减弱(加强),南亚高压偏弱(偏强);南海季风和热带辐合带加强(减弱),菲律宾附近的大气热源加强(减弱),有利于上空青藏高原东南侧反气旋(气旋)式的距平环流,因此南亚高压偏东偏南(偏西偏北).二是热带太平洋-印度洋海温的纬向热力对比引起赤道纬向垂直(Walker)环流异常,必将引起高空纬向风异常,在正(负)位相年,南亚高压南部的印度洋高空会出现西(东)风异常,导致南亚高压偏弱(偏强).三是综合模的正(负)异常加强(减小)西印度洋经度范围的区域Hadley环流,其北侧伊朗高原上的异常下沉(上升)支,造成南亚高压偏弱(偏强),位置偏东偏南(偏西偏北).     

北极涛动与北大西洋涛动的差异

根据北极涛动和北大西洋涛动指数的时间序列,选取两者差异较大的13个年份进行合成分析。结果表明：除北太平洋地区外,北极涛动与北大西洋涛动差异最显著的区域是西欧-地中海区域和亚洲东北部地区。北极涛动高指数阶段,对流层中层为纬向二波的驻波型,分别对应于极地-欧亚遥相关型和太平洋-北美遥相关型。同时,纬向平均纬向风偶极型使西风急流向极地偏移,与增强的中纬度经圈环流相互作用,引导对流层上层异常信号向下传播,形成高低空耦合机制。进一步分析发现,这种中纬度经圈环流异常和高低空耦合形势的差异主要表现在欧亚大陆地区;在北大西洋区域差异并不显著。     

西风与季风在青藏高原的耦合模态及其季节性变化特征

青藏高原是我国的水塔,西风与季风及其相互作用是导致亚洲天气和气候变化最重要的环流系统。本文基于1981～2020年大气再分析资料,采用经验正交函数分解方法（Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF）提取了西风与季风季节循环分量在青藏高原的耦合模态,并对其季节变化特征进行分析。研究发现,第一主模态方差贡献率高达78.39%,主要反映的是东亚季风、南亚季风和对流层高层中纬度西风的季节循环特征及各个季节的年际变化特征。夏季在对流层高层高原及其南侧主要为东风气流,范围从北纬5°至35°,对流层低层则表现为典型的绕高原气旋式季风环流系统,热带和副热带地区为西南季风控制,冬季的环流结构刚好相反。耦合模态的冬、夏季节转换节点与东亚季风和南亚季风的季节转换时间基本一致。从年际变化的角度来看,各个季节耦合模态的强度偏强时,东亚季风和南亚季风均偏强,西风带位置偏北;反之,季风偏弱,西风带位置偏南。厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation,ENSO）是影响西风与季风耦合模态年际变化的关键外强迫,拉尼娜（La Ni?a）事件发生的前夏、前秋和次年夏季耦合模态的强度均增强,冬季至次年春季耦合模态的强度均减弱。西风与季风耦合的第二主模态主要表现为对流层高层高原上的东风及其南侧西风,以及低层南亚季风区的西南季风和西北太平洋反气旋的协同变化特征。该模态的方差贡献率为4.68%,表现出明显年际差异的同时还呈现显著减弱的长期趋势,尤其是在冬季。     

An Asian–Pacific teleconnection in summer tropospheric temperature and associated Asian climate variability

We identified the Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO) and its associated index, a zonal teleconnection pattern over the extratropical Asian–Pacific region. This was done through the correlation and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses on the summer mean tropospheric eddy temperature from the monthly European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast reanalysis. The APO reflects an out-of-phase relationship in variability of the eddy temperature between Asia and the North Pacific and is associated with the out-of-phase relationship in atmospheric heating. The APO index shows a decadal variation, tending to a high-index polarity before 1975 and afterward to a low-index polarity. Moreover, the APO index has a quasi-5-year period. With higher APO-index conditions in the upper troposphere, the summer South Asian high and the North Pacific trough are stronger, while the westerly jet stream over Asia and the easterly jet stream over South Asia strengthen. Also, the Asian low and the North Pacific subtropical high are stronger in the lower troposphere. The anomalous southerlies prevail at the midlatitudes of East Asia, accompanied by a more northward Mei-yu front, and the anomalous westerlies prevail over South Asia. Summer rainfall increases in North China, South China, and South Asia, while it decreases from the valley of the Yangtze River to southern Japan, and near the Philippines.     

Interannual variation of the Asian-Pacific oscillation

Previous studies have identified an Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO) teleconnection pattern, which exhibits an out-of-phase relationship in the summer tropospheric temperature with warming over the Eurasia and cooling over the Northern Pacific and the Northern America, and vice versa. But the interannual variation of this teleconnection remains obscure. This study points out that interannual variation of the APO teleconnection is associated with the second empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode of the northern-hemisphere upper tropospheric temperature during boreal summer, which accounts for 14% of the variance. A heat budget analysis is conducted for the Eurasian region and the North Pacific region respectively to reveal the cause of the zonal dipole mode temperature structure. For the Eurasia region, the warming is contributed by the adiabatic heating process due to downward vertical motion anomalies. For the Northern Pacific region, the temperature variation is mainly contributed by zonal advection associated with interannual zonal wind perturbation acting on the climatological temperature gradient. Composite analysis and numerical experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) shows the interannual zonal wind perturbation is related to the sea surface temperature anomalies over the equatorial eastern Pacific.     

APO异常对我国西北地区东部秋季干湿变化影响

利用1961—2010年NCEP/NCAR的月平均和逐日再分析资料、中国区域589个站月降水量和气温月平均资料,研究夏季亚洲—太平洋涛动 (APO) 异常与我国西北地区东部秋季干湿变化的关系。结果表明:夏季亚洲—太平洋涛动指数 (APOI) 的异常变化与我国西北地区东部干湿指数 (DROI) 呈显著正相关。夏季APOI正异常年对应的秋季中高纬度地区500 hPa高度场乌拉尔山以西高压脊加强、巴尔喀什湖至贝加尔湖之间的低压槽加深、鄂霍次克海东部高压脊加强;东亚西风急流轴偏北;经阿拉伯海、印度半岛—孟加拉湾的西风水汽以及北太平洋反气旋底部的偏东水汽输送均为加强趋势,并结合中纬度西风水汽输送使研究区秋季偏湿,反之亦然。进一步研究表明,夏季APO为正异常时,秋季西北地区东部上升运动加强、暖湿气流加强 (均在第54—56候最为明显)。     

ASIAN-PACIFIC OSCILLATION IN AUTUMN AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE SUBTROPICAL MONSOON IN EAST ASIA

Based on the 1961-2010 NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, this work uses empirical orthogonal function(EOF) and composite analysis to study the distributions of zonal land-sea thermal contrast between Asia and the Pacific during transitions from the summer monsoon to the winter monsoon in East Asian subtropics, and investigates the interannual variations of the thermal contrast and their relationships with circulation systems over the East Asian subtropics. The findings are as follows. 1) In autumn, the interannual variations of the temperature deviation in the middle and upper troposphere show significant east-west out-of-phase teleconnection over Asia and the central and eastern Pacific, i.e. the Asian-Pacific Oscillation, or APO. 2) While not as significant as in summer with regard to coverage and intensity, the APO shows interannual variations in autumn that well depicts the change in the intensity of the subtropical monsoon. In the high(low) APO year, the current subtropical summer monsoon is strong(weak) and the winter monsoon is weak(strong) in East Asia as derived from the general circulation and wind field of the East Asian-Pacific region.     

A summer teleconnection pattern over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere and associated mechanisms

Using monthly data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast 40-year reanalysis (ERA-40), we have revealed a teleconnection pattern over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere through the empirical orthogonal function analysis of summer upper-tropospheric eddy temperature. When temperature is higher (lower) over the Eastern Hemisphere (EH), it is lower (higher) over the Western Hemisphere (WH). The teleconnection manifested by this out-of-phase relationship is referred to as the Asian–Pacific oscillation (APO). The values of an index measuring the teleconnection are high before 1976 and low afterwards, showing a downward trend of the stationary wave at a rate of 4% per year during 1958–2001. The index also exhibits apparent interannual variations. When the APO index is high, anomalous upper-tropospheric highs (lows) appear over EH (WH). The formation of APO is likely associated with a zonal vertical circulation in the troposphere. Unforced control runs of both the NCAR Community Atmospheric Model version 3 and the Community Climate System Model version 3 capture the major characteristics of the teleconnection pattern and its associated vertical structure. The APO variability is closely associated with sea surface temperature (SST) in the Pacific, with a significantly positive correlation between APO and SST in the extratropical North Pacific and a significantly negative correlation in the tropical eastern Pacific. Sensitivity experiments show that the anomalies of SST over these two regions influence the APO intensity, but their effects are opposite to each other. Compared to the observation, the positive and negative anomalous centers of the extratropical tropospheric temperature triggered by the SST anomalies have a smaller spatial scale.     

Boreal summer continental monsoon rainfall and hydroclimate anomalies associated with the Asian-Pacific Oscillation

With the twentieth century analysis data (1901–2002) for atmospheric circulation, precipitation, Palmer drought severity index, and sea surface temperature (SST), we show that the Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO) during boreal summer is a major mode of the earth climate variation linking to global atmospheric circulation and hydroclimate anomalies, especially the Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer land monsoon. Associated with a positive APO phase are the warm troposphere over the Eurasian land and the relatively cool troposphere over the North Pacific, the North Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean. Such an amplified land–ocean thermal contrast between the Eurasian land and its adjacent oceans signifies a stronger than normal NH summer monsoon, with the strengthened southerly or southwesterly monsoon prevailing over tropical Africa, South Asia, and East Asia. A positive APO implies an enhanced summer monsoon rainfall over all major NH land monsoon regions: West Africa, South Asia, East Asia, and Mexico. Thus, APO is a sensible measure of the NH land monsoon rainfall intensity. Meanwhile, reduced precipitation appears over the arid and semiarid regions of northern Africa, the Middle East, and West Asia, manifesting the monsoon-desert coupling. On the other hand, surrounded by the cool troposphere over the North Pacific and North Atlantic, the extratropical North America has weakened low-level continental low and upper-level ridge, hence a deficient summer rainfall. Corresponding to a high APO index, the African and South Asian monsoon regions are wet and cool, the East Asian monsoon region is wet and hot, and the extratropical North America is dry and hot. Wet and dry climates correspond to wet and dry soil conditions, respectively. The APO is also associated with significant variations of SST in the entire Pacific and the extratropical North Atlantic during boreal summer, which resembles the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation in SST. Of note is that the Pacific SST anomalies are not present throughout the year, rather, mainly occur in late spring, peak at late summer, and are nearly absent during boreal winter. The season-dependent APO–SST relationship and the origin of the APO remain elusive.     

大洋间SST遥联与亚太夏季风异常的关系

用奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)方法,给出了四季年代际和年际时间尺度上北大西洋和北太平洋海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)的显著遥相关.用SVD主模态时间系数构造了海温异常指数Ⅰ,分析了它们与同期亚太夏季风和我国东部夏季降水异常的关系.结果表明:两大洋间的SST遥联在年际、年代际时间尺度上都与亚太夏季风相关,其中,年际尺度的两大洋SST遥联与长江流域的降水存在显著相关.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WINTERTIME THERMAL CONTRAST OVER THE ASIAN CONTINENT AND THE CLIMATE IN CHINA

Recent studies indicated that except for the land-sea thermal contrast,there also existed the land-land thermal contrast.The composite analysis and t-test method are used to further study the local thermal contrast variation over the Asian continent,and to discuss the association of seasonal variation of land thermal state with circulation over East Asia,the early summer and summer monsoon activity,and the precipitation anomaly in China in the decadal scale.Results show that the positive meridional temperature anomaly transports downward from upper tropospheric layers in middle-high latitudes north of 25°N in the positive years.In the zonal direction,the Tibetan Plateau heating in the successive spring acts as a force to influence the atmosphere,leading to the rapid temperature warming over eastern Chinese continent,which could increase the land-sea thermal contrast with the negative SSTA.Accordingly,the monsoon activity in early summer over East Asian establishes earlier and the summer monsoon intensity becomes stronger.The early summer precipitation is more-than-normal over the Yangtze River,and the summer precipitation is more-than-normal over the north China and the southwest China.The situation is contrary in the negative years.     

亚洲—太平洋夏季风系统的基本模态特征分析

亚洲—太平洋季风区各季风子系统间的相互作用对季风区甚至全球的气候变化都有着显著的影响.整个亚洲—太平洋夏季风系统都处于高层辐散、低层辐合的庞大辐散环流中,从高层辐散中心流出的三支气流分别对推动印度夏季风、东亚副热带夏季风和南海夏季风起着重要的作用,很好地表现了亚洲—太平洋夏季风系统的整体性特征.季风区多种气象要素的基本模态在年代际和年际尺度上都表现出较为一致的变化特征:年代际尺度上亚洲—太平洋夏季风系统整体呈现减弱趋势;年际尺度上存在准2年和准4年的两个周期,其中准2年振荡特征表现为若印度西南季风偏强,则印度季风雨带偏强偏北,导致印度大陆中北部地区降水偏多;同时,由于西太平洋副热带高压的北移和偏强的印度西南季风显著向东延伸,10°N~30°N范围内的西北太平洋地区则表现为异常的气旋性环流,而30°N~50°N之间为反气旋性环流异常,对应东亚夏季风偏强,季风雨带能够北推至我国华北地区.也就是说,当亚洲夏季风中某一季风子系统表现为异常偏强时,另一季风子系统在这一年中也将表现为异常偏强,反之亦然.准2年的振荡周期可能是亚洲—太平洋夏季风系统的一种固有振荡,它从年际尺度上反映了亚洲—太平洋夏季风受热带太平洋—印度洋海温的强迫表现出明显的整体一致特征.