发展海水工厂化育苗生产建设跨世纪的海水养殖支柱产业

未来的海洋养殖技术,将以目前的海水养殖技术为基础,以今后科学技术发展为动力,以各相关学科的渗透与技术的移植而形成具有海洋特色的新型养殖技术。其特点是以高度集约化和自动化养殖为重点。 高度集约化和自动化海水养殖生产的前提是要有优质稳定的苗种供应,因此解决苗种生产中的问题,扩大苗种生产,是进行多种类的规模养殖的重要基础。 海水工厂化育苗是一项涉及多学科的系统     

河北省海水养殖业现状及问题与展望

本文着重讲述了河北省水产增养殖渔业的发展现状，对海水养殖区的浅海水域养殖面积发展利用、沿海岸各市滩涂养殖面积的利用，渔业和养殖业水产品生产现状，陆基型海水工厂化集约式室内苗种生产、养殖品种的养殖生产方式组成及其淡水渔业和养殖种类存在的诸多问题进行了全面的分析。     

膜技术在海水淡化和综合利用中的新进展

主要论述了膜技术在海水淡化和海水综合利用中的新进展。包括各种新开发的反渗透海水淡化新技术，将淡化、制盐、电解和吸附相结合的海水综合利用新工艺，以及海水综合利用的资源和节能集成技术。为膜技术在海水淡化和海水综合利用等方面的应用提供借鉴和理论指导。     

广东主要海水养殖鱼类繁养殖的现状与展望

本文综述了广东省10多种主要海水养殖鱼类繁养殖技术的现状，包括：海水鱼类人工繁殖，苗种培育、饲料、病害、健康养殖和可持续发展，产业化工程和养殖技术状况等方面；并对广东省海水鱼类繁养殖业的健康发展和战略部署提出了一些合理化建议。     

海水育苗室的优化设计与综合利用

我国沿海数以百计的各类海水育苗室为我国海带、对虾、扇贝等大宗水产品的养殖生产提供了充足的优质苗种,有力地推动了我国水产养殖业大规模的迅速发展。但是,近些年来,在海水育苗室的设计和建设方面也存在着不少问题,有待研究和解决。同时,原有育苗室单打一式的生产,妨碍了育苗室的利用率和经济效益的提高。本文分别以对虾和海带育苗室作为深池类和浅池类的代表,论述了优化设计组合的一些主要经验和设计方法;提出了育苗室建设的主要原则与技术要求;探讨了原有育苗室的改造与综合利用的途径。     

长岛将成为我国海洋科技“旗舰”

近期,山东省长岛县针对往年夏季栉孔扇贝死亡偏多的实际,在全国率先培育推广了新型“升温苗种”技术,全县3.5万亩扇贝在高温季节仍安然无恙,这是长岛县海洋开发科技化的新成果。 近年来,该县不断加快海水育苗、海水养殖、水产品加工等领域的科技开发和转化,共     

海水比重对海带幼苗生长发育的影响

本文提出不同比重海水对海带游孢子的放散、附着,胚孢子的萌发,配子体的生长发育和幼孢子体生长的影响 实验结果表明:(1)海带配子体的生长发育对比重的适应能力较强,在高比重和低比重的海水中虽然死亡率很高、生长发育缓慢,但总有一部分个体能生活下来。配子体对比重的适应范围是1.01010-1.03510;(2)海带的幼孢子体对比重的适应能力较小。其适应范围是1.02000-1.03510.尤其是低比重海水能引起泡烂。本实验结果对指导海带苗种生产有一定意义。     

智利大西洋鲑养殖业的成功经验及启示

智利作为海水养殖大国,海水养殖总量一直位于世界前列,其中大西洋鲑养殖业是智利渔业的支柱产业,其成功发展离不开政府的支持、健全的法律体系保障、成熟的产业体系和先进的养殖技术等。文章主要采用描述性统计分析和对比分析的方法,在总结智利大西洋鲑养殖经验的基础上,针对我国海水养殖业存在的问题提出提高苗种质量、完善法律制度保障、提高组织化程度以及重视技术创新等一系列建议,以期促进我国海水养殖业的发展。     

我国沿海地区海水资源开发利用的现状和发展趋势

海水资源开发利用包括从海水中直接提取淡水(海水谈化)、直接利用海水作为工业冷却用水、生产工艺用水和城市大生活用水(海水直接利用)、从海水中提取化学元素、生产人类需要的化学品(海水化学资源开发)。总结了在海水资源利用方面国际发展的现状以及中国在该领域的技术现状和产业化水平。认为开发利用海水资源是解决沿海城市缺水的必由之路，是增加和替代淡水资源的有效途径。     

我国海水淡化和海水直接利用事业前景的分析

本文扼要介绍了国内外海水淡化，海水直接利用的概况。认为我国海水淡化和海水直接利用程度较低。这既有技术问题，也有资金问题，但更重要的是观念、认识和政策问题。文章最后认为，只要我们转变观念，提高认识，采取适当政策，鼓励技术攻关，我国海水利用事业本世纪打下良好基础，前景广阔。     

Variation in otolith macrostructure of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus): A method to discriminate between wild and released fish

The main objective of this study was to develop a method to discriminate between wild and hatchery-produced Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, based on variations in otolith macrostructure. Otoliths of wild flounder were more elliptical than those of hatchery-produced fish, whereas otolith area and marginal coarseness showed no clear differences. Otolith morphometry did not vary significantly with water temperature or feeding conditions in rearing experiments. Reduced ellipticity in the otoliths of hatchery-produced fish could be caused by biotic and abiotic conditions after release. Throughout the study, it was found that otoliths of Japanese flounder reared at 15 and 20 °C regimes showed opaque zones regardless of feeding condition, while otolith of fish reared at 25 °C had translucent zones. The potential of thermal marks and secondary zones as a new mass-marking system is presented.     

海水温度和盐度对泥蚶幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响

1996～1997和1999年在浙江省乐清市东发水产育苗场和福建省宁德市四海水产育苗场分别研究了海水温度和盐度对泥蚶浮游幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响,结果表明,泥蚶浮游幼虫的适宜温度为25～33℃,最适生长温度为28～30℃.稚贝的适宜温度为15～35℃,最适生长温度为25～30℃.浮游幼虫的适宜盐度为16.54～30.02,最适生长盐度为1654～23.38;稚贝的适宜盐度为10.01～30.02,最适生长盐度为10.01～23.38.泥蚶幼虫和稚贝对高温和低盐海水有较强的适应能力,这与它们夏季的繁殖期和自然分布于内湾河口区是相适应的.     

Can UV radiation affect benthic deposit-feeders through biochemical alteration of food resources? An experimental study with juveniles of the benthic polychaete Eupolymnia nebulosa

The growth, tentacle development and feeding activity of the benthic polychaete Eupolymnia nebulosa were examined to determine whether UV might affect marine deposit-feeders indirectly through the modification of the nutritional quality of their resources. Since marine invertebrates have higher nutritional requirements during the period following settlement, we tested the effect of UV-altered phytodetritus on freshly settled juveniles of E. nebulosa. Phytodetritus was prepared from cultures of the diatom Skeletonema costatum either grown under or sheltered from UVB radiation. Sterol content of phytodetritus was unmodified by UV radiation. Conversely, phytodetritus was noticeably depleted in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Growth and tentacle development of juveniles fed on altered phytodetritus were reduced by 35% and 15% respectively, suggesting potential deficiencies in essential nutrients. In response to the lower quality of the phytodetritus, juveniles explored a wider area as they search for food, a strategy that could compensate for low food quality.     

Choice chamber experiments to test the attraction of postflexion Rhabdosargus holubi larvae to water of estuarine and riverine origin

Although the recruitment of larvae and juveniles of marine fishes into estuaries has been well documented, little is known about the factors governing the immigration of estuary-associated marine fishes into estuaries. Fishes have a well-developed sense of smell and it has been suggested by several workers that olfactory cues of freshwater or estuarine origin serve as stimuli, attracting larvae and juveniles of estuary-associated species into estuaries. Attraction of postflexion Rhabdosargus holubi larvae to estuary and river water from the Kowie estuarine system, South Africa, was measured using a rectangular choice chamber. In experiments, conducted during peak recruitment periods, larvae selected estuary and river water with a significantly higher frequency than sea water. This study, the first to assess the possible role of olfaction in the recruitment process of an estuary-associated marine fish species, demonstrates that larvae are able to recognise water from different origins, probably based on odour.     

蛋白质组学的研究概况及其在海洋生物学中的应用

随着DNA序列测定技术的飞速发展，人们可以在很短的时间内获得某种生物基因组的全序列。生物体的生命活动主要依赖于基因组的产物——蛋白质组，但是蛋白质组的研究相对于基因组来说却要复杂得多。蛋白质组技术是在细胞内整体蛋白质水平上进行研究，从蛋白质整体活动的角度来研究生命活动的规律。综述了蛋白质组和蛋白质组学出现的背景、起源、概念、研究技术、研究内容、面对的挑战、开展该项研究的意义、陆生动植物和微生物蛋白质组学的研究进展及海洋生物蛋白质组学的研究概况。目前，普通生物方面的蛋白质组工作开展得较多，海洋生物方面却相对滞后。种种迹象表明，开展海洋生物蛋白质组学研究，对揭示生命的奥秘、促进海洋资源的开发都有重大的推动作用。     

Nursery use patterns of commercially important marine fish species in estuarine systems along the Portuguese coast

Analysing the estuarine use patterns of juveniles of marine migrant fish species is vital for identifying important sites for juveniles as well as the basic environmental features that characterize these sites for different species. This is a key aspect towards understanding nursery function. Various estuarine systems along the Portuguese coast (Minho, Douro, Ria de Aveiro, Mondego, Tejo, Sado, Mira, Ria Formosa and Guadiana) were sampled during Spring and Summer 2005 and 2006. Juveniles of commercially important marine fish species Solea solea, Solea senegalensis, Platichthys flesus, Diplodus vulgaris and Dicentrarchus labrax, predominantly 0-group individuals, were amongst the most abundant species and had distinct patterns of estuarine use as well as conspicuous associations with several environmental features. Juvenile occurrence and density varied amongst estuaries and sites within them, and differed with species. Sites with consistently high juvenile densities were identified as important juvenile sites (i.e. putative nursery grounds). Through generalized linear models (GLM), intra-estuarine variation in occurrence and density of each of the individual species was largely explained by environmental variables (temperature; salinity; depth; percentage of mud in the sediment; presence of seagrass; importance of intertidal areas; relative distance to estuary mouth; macrozoobenthos densities; and latitude). Decisive environmental factors defining important sites for juveniles varied depending on the system as a result of different environmental gradients, though there were common dominant features for each species regardless of the estuary considered. Analysed environmental variables in the GLM also accounted for inter-estuarine variation in species' occurrence and density. In several estuaries, the identified important juvenile sites were used by many of these species simultaneously and may be of increased value to both management and conservation. Overall, the variability in site features amongst estuaries highlighted the tolerance of these species to different available environmental conditions and provided fundamental information for future spatially explicit modelling of their distribution. This should ultimately enable the prediction of species response to habitat alterations.     

海洋地球物理探测技术及其在近海工程中的应用

介绍了多波束测深、侧扫声纳测深、浅地层剖面测量、高分辨率地震测量和海洋磁力测量等五项海洋地球物理探测技术的最新进展和简单工作原理,给出了目前国内外广泛使用的主要技术产品型号以及主要参数和性能和展示了这些技术近年来在近海工程,例如海缆（海底光缆、电缆和管线等）路由调查、跨海大桥和海底隧道工程地质环境评价、工程灾害因素分析、海底目标物寻找和水下考古等方面的应用实例。     

三亚湾肥胖软箭虫成体与幼体现场摄食差异研究

毛颚类是热带近岸海域中上层鱼类的食物来源, 同时又是重要的肉食性浮游动物, 数量丰富, 然而其维持种群结构的生存策略尚不清晰。本文运用分子生物学技术, 分析了三亚湾海域毛颚类优势种肥胖软箭虫(Flaccisagitta enflata)成体与幼体的肠道食物组成, 以期从食物资源利用的角度揭示其维持种群结构的营养策略。研究结果显示, 幼体和成体摄食的浮游生物种类分别为21种和19种, 共同的食物类群有桡足类、小型水母类、硅藻和多毛类。成体与幼体食物偏好差异显著, 成体主要的食物来源是小型水母类(59%), 而幼体主要的食物来源是桡足类(60%); 幼体营养生态位(5.16)高于成体(2.89), 且二者食物重叠度低(0.21), 表明成体与幼体食物分化明显。研究结果揭示, 即使成体与幼体大量共存, 它们也可以通过摄食分化避免食物资源竞争, 这种分配策略对毛颚类保证足够幼体存活率和维持种群数量具有重要意义。     

Effect of crab size and habitat type on the locomotory activity of juvenile shore crabs, Carcinus maenas

Post-settlement processes are a major focus in the study of the dynamics of marine populations and communities. Post-settlement movement of juveniles is an important, but often ignored, process which affects local predator–prey and competitive interactions. We used benthic suction sampling and pitfall traps to examine density and locomotory activity of Carcinus maenas juveniles in different intertidal habitat types in the Rio Mira Estuary, Portugal, to better understand intra-specific interactions in a system where density-dependent processes are known to regulate population dynamics. As expected, significantly higher densities of juvenile shore crabs were found from bare mud compared to densely vegetated habitats. At the time of sampling, small and intermediate stages together outnumbered by far the larger juveniles. Conversely, larger crabs were much more frequent than smaller ones in traps. A locomotory index (LI), i.e. the ratio between crab catch in pitfall traps and their density within their moving range, is proposed as a measure of movement. LI analyses indicated that: (1) movement is an order of magnitude higher in large than small juveniles and much higher in sparse than dense vegetation cover; (2) activity of small juveniles is mostly crepuscular, regardless of vegetation cover; and (3) movement of large juveniles is very limited in dense Zostera patches, but very high in sparsely vegetated areas, during the day and night. These results suggest that small juveniles are relatively protected under dense vegetation cover due to lower mobility of larger crabs, and provide evidence of temporal segregation of activity windows between juvenile crabs of different sizes, which may be a key mechanism to reduce cannibalism and therefore increase the carrying capacity of nursery habitats.