海水池塘混合施肥养殖台湾红罗非鱼的鱼产力和负荷力

于１９９５年７—９月,在烟台市黄海水产集团公司第二养虾场,采用围隔实验法研究了海水池塘混合施肥养殖台湾红罗非鱼的鱼产力、负荷力和最适放养量。实验中每个围隔面积为 ５ｍ×５ｍ,各设 １台 ９０Ｗ的搅水机（４ ８００ｒ／ ｈ）。每日施肥基准为：鸡粪干物质, ２５ｋｇ／ｈａ：氮肥, Ｎ０．１５× １０－６;磷肥,Ｐ０．０１５× １０－６。结果表明,静水海水池塘混合施肥的鱼产力为０．７９ｇ／（ｍ２·ｄ）,池塘对台湾红罗非鱼的负荷力为１７９６．０ｋｇ／ｈａ,鱼（体重７０ｇ／ｉｎｄ）的最适放养量约为８０００ｉｎｄ／ｈａ。     

海水池塘施肥混养滤食性鱼贝的初步研究

实验于１９９５年７月１０日至９月１６日,在烟台市黄海水产集团公司第二养虾场进行。采用围隔生态系实验法,利用４个海水池塘陆基围隔（５ｍ×５ｍ）初步研究了台湾红罗非鱼（Ｏｒｅ－ｏｃｈｒｏｍｉｓｍｏｓｓａｍｂｉｃｕｓ×Ｏ．ｎｉｌｏｔｉｃｕｓ）与菲律宾蛤仔（Ｒｕｄｉｔａｐｅｓｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎａｒｕｍ）施肥混养的效果。结果表明：菲律宾蛤仔的生产力为１．２４ｇ／ｍ２·ｄ,负荷力为３８３０．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２;罗非鱼的生产力为１．８６ｇ·（ｍ２·ｄ）－１,负荷力为１５８０．８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。鱼贝对施入氮、磷的利用率分别为１５．０６％和６．８０％,比单养罗非鱼要高;总生产力和总负荷力都明显高于单养罗非鱼。     

对虾网箱两茬养殖试验

１材料和方法１．１试验海区环境因子　本试验在乐清湾漩门水域进行。网箱泊置海区为泥沙底质，水深１５ｍ，５～１０月份水温１７～３１℃，比重１．００８～１．０１７，海水透明度３００～５００ｃｍ。试验期间海区曾遭受热带风暴潮袭击。１．２网箱结构和规格试验在规格为３ｍ×３ｍ×４ｍ的板框式浮动网箱内进行。箱体为单层聚乙烯网衣结构，用铁锚和沉石固定。网衣网目大小分别是２０目，０．６ｃｍ和１．０ｃｍ网径。１．３养殖措施１．３．１苗种及放苗数第一茬养殖于５月４日将体长０．８～１．２ｃｍ的中国对虾苗２００００尾直放…     

三疣梭子蟹池塘养殖的研究

１９９３年，苍南县水产局从三疣梭子蟹（Ｐｏｒｔｕｎｕｓｔｒｉｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｌａｔｕｓ　Ｍｉｅｒｓ）幼蟹开始，经苗种培育和养成两个阶段，完成整个池塘养殖试验过程。１材料与方法１．１试验场地苍南县沿浦镇沿浦村对虾场１号塘，面积１０６６７ｍ２（１６亩）。设闸门一处，大潮汛直接进、排海水，小潮依靠抽水机改善水质。水位可保持１～１．５ｍ。在该塘内侧原高坡面修建一口长３８．６ｍ，宽１２．１５ｍ大规格蟹种养成塘，编号为２。塘水进出通过１ｍ宽的缺口，与大塘相通。水位达０．６～０．７ｍ。又在大塘中，以网片围成无底…     

一种适于内陆水域生态实验用的浮式围隔

本围隔由浮体,围隔袋,底盘,内网和搅水机等５部分组成。围隔袋呈圆筒形,由聚乙烯纺织布缝合而成,高５．７ｍ,容水量１４．３ｍ＾３。底盘水是围隔的底部。内网与围隔袋相套合,供检查鱼和捕鱼之用。搅水机的动力是９０Ｗ的电动机,其作用是定时搅水,以保持围隔内水的混合与围隔外大小体基本一致。灌水采用“沉下提上法”,每灌一个围隔只需１０余分种。使用结果证明,本围隔性能良好,操作简便而又牢固安全。     

皱纹盘鲍鳃细胞培养适宜条件的研究

近年来 ,我国皱纹盘鲍养殖业发展迅速 ,是北方沿海主要的养殖贝类之一。但各种病害亦随之而来 ,先是细菌病害居多 ,近几年又出现病毒性疾病［１］。发展鲍细胞培养技术 ,不仅对深入研究鲍病毒病带来了方便 ,而且也为鲍遗传学、细胞工程学等方面的研究提供了有利条件。本文对皱纹盘鲍鳃细胞培养的适宜条件进行了研究 ,以期建立鲍组织细胞的培养技术。１材料与方法１１材料动物 :皱纹盘鲍取自烟台芝罘岛隆海养殖场 ,２龄 ,壳长４．０～５．０ｃｍ ,壳宽２．５～３．５ｃｍ。培养基 :ＭＥＭ（ＧＩＢＣＯ） ,Ｍ１９９（ＧＩＢＣＯ） ,ＲＰＭＩ１…     

庙岛群岛海域光棘球海胆生态的初步研究

庙岛群岛的光棘球海胆主要分布于北四岛（南、北隍城岛,大、小钦岛）,砣矶岛及大、小竹山岛等,而南五岛极少分布。砣矶岛的海胆多是２～３年生壳径４～６ｃｍ的个体,海胆性腺成熟期为７月中旬至８月中旬,性腺发育与水温、栖息场和饵料等有关。海胆体重随季节而变化,繁殖季节体重Ｗ（ｇ）与壳径Ｄ（ｃｍ）相关,Ｗ＝２．５８２Ｄ２．０３４（ｒ＝０．８７）,性腺重ＧＷ（ｇ）与壳径Ｄ（ｃｍ）关系为ＧＷ＝０．０４０３Ｄ３．０８２８（ｒ＝０．８２７３）,壳径Ｄ（ｃｍ）与壳高Ｈ（ｃｍ）呈线性关系Ｈ＝０．５２２５Ｄ＋０．０６６８（ｒ＝０．９０７８）。壳径生长随年龄而变慢,２．８ｃｍ的幼海胆年增长２．１ｃｍ;６．１ｃｍ的成海胆年增长０．４３ｃｍ。光棘球海胆嗜食海带和裙带菜,平均日摄食量６．０ｃｍ的海胆为２．６ｇ,４．０ｃｍ的为１．３４ｇ,３．１ｃｍ的为１．３ｇ,幼海胆摄食率较高的原因是因其生长发育快速,活动强度和代谢水平高。     

虾病暴发前虾池中一些环境因子的变化

实验研究１９９４年５～８月即墨金口养殖场虾病发生前,养虾池中叶绿素ａ总量、去镁叶绿素含量、不同粒径浮游植物叶绿素ａ含量以及营养盐的变化。结果表明：在整个调查期间两个养虾池中叶绿素ａ含量逐月减小,分别从４９．９８ｍｇ／ｍ３和２５．５４ｍｇ／ｍ３降至１．５０ｍｇ／ｍ３和３．３０ｍｇ／ｍ３,去镁叶绿素含量呈上升趋势。微型（２～２０μｍ）的浮游植物叶绿素ａ含量最大,分别为７４．３％和６８．４％,超微型（２～０．４５μｍ）分别为２０．４％和２７．５％,小型（＞２０μｍ）的叶绿素ａ含量最小,分别为５．５％和４．２％。所调查虾池中无机磷含量均超过富营养化阈限,无机氮含量接近富营养化阈限。     

中国对虾对日本刺沙蚕的摄食率研究

于１９９６年６月在山东莱阳市养殖场采集中国对虾（体长４．５－６．０ｃｍ体重１．２－３．７ｇ）和日本刺沙蚕（体长１．０－５．０ｃｍ）通过持续２０的室内实验,研究中国对虾对日本刺沙蚕的摄食率,实验条件为：水温２１－２３℃,海水盐度３０－３１,ｐＨ＝８．２－８．６,室内自然光照,实验结果表明,中国对虾对日本刺沙蚕的摄食率Ｃ（ｇ．ｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１）与体重Ｗ（ｇ）的关系为Ｃ＝０．１５３Ｗ＾０．７０７２,在     

螠蛏与对虾混养技术

１９９１～１９９２年在莱阳市盐场进行了螠蛏与对虾混养试验。试验池２０亩，１９９１年亩产对虾７４．５ｋｇ，平均体长１１．６ｃｍ（表１），试验池内放养螠蛏６亩，１９９２年６月１０日开始收获，总产螠蛏７３９８ｋ８，平均壳长５．９７ｃｍ，总盈利４９６５５元，亩盈利３００２元，经济效益显著。１混养池的条件除具备养殖中国对虾的条件外，尚需符合；（１）比降较大的长条形池塘（或者池内有一定面积隆起的滩面），环沟占养虾池面积的五分之一以上；（２）底质为软泥或泥沙质，涂面、水质均未受到污染；（３）换水条件较好，并且…     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.