内蒙古西部额济纳旗苦水沟地区下石炭统白山组烃源岩分子化石的特征

采用气相色谱、气相色谱-质谱技术,对额济纳旗苦水沟地区白山组烃源岩分子化石的特征进行了研究,剖析了分子化石蕴含的生源、沉积环境、成熟度等方面的信息及石油地质意义。白山组烃源岩饱和烃气相色谱为“前峰型”的单峰分布,主峰碳以C18为主, 表明有机质来源以海相有机质为主,Pr/Ph介于0.4~0.6之间,指示强还原的沉积环境。白山组烃源岩具有“长侧链的三环萜烷丰富、伽马蜡烷含量高和C27甾烷分布占优势”的分子化石组合特征,高伽马蜡烷含量揭示烃源岩有机相为咸水沉积环境,藿烷/甾烷比值的平均值为1.06,表明细菌和藻类对有机质的贡献处于均势,C27甾烷丰度较高,说明低等水生生物藻类是生烃母质主要的生源构成。甲基菲指数是衡量高演化有机质热演化的有效分子参数指标,白山组烃源岩甲基菲指数介于0.36~0.67之间,折算的镜质体反射率Rc为1.9~2.1,与实测的镜质体反射率相当,说明白山组烃源岩热演化处于过成熟阶段。     

内蒙古扎鲁特盆地陶海营子剖面林西组烃源岩 生物标志化合物特征及意义

采用气相色谱、气相色谱-质谱技术,研究了扎鲁特盆地陶海营子剖面林西组烃源岩的生物标志化合物特征,剖析其蕴含的有机质生源、沉积环境、有机质热演化程度等方面的信息及地质地球化学意义.林西组烃源岩饱和烃气色谱以“前峰型”的单峰分布为主,主峰碳以C23为主,表明有机质来源以混合有机质为主;Pr/Ph值主要介于0.3～0.6之间,植烷优势较明显,指示为强还原的沉积环境.林西组烃源岩具有“长侧链的三环萜烷丰富、伽马蜡烷含量高和C27甾烷分布占优势”的分子化石组合特征,伽马蜡烷比值为0.15～0.29,平均值为0.19,说明林西组烃源岩形成于微咸水—半咸水环境;藿烷与甾烷的含量比值主要分布于0.6～1.0之间,平均值为0.84,表明细菌和藻类对有机质的贡献大致相当;C27甾烷丰度较高,C27(甾烷)/C29(甾烷)的比值为1.13,表明生烃母质生源构成是低等水生生物藻类来源的有机质特征.     

松辽盆地松科1井烃源岩生物标志化合物特征

松科1井是中国大陆第一口以白垩纪陆相地层为研究对象的全取心科学探井。通过取心样品的生物标志化合物组合特征分析,文中探讨了松辽盆地上白垩统烃源岩有机质来源、成熟度及沉积环境等变化特征。生物标志化合物参数表明松辽盆地上白垩统的原始有机母质构成中,既有丰富的藻类、细菌等低等水生生物,又有一定比例的陆上高等植物输入。其中青一段、青二三段和嫩一段具有低的三环萜烷/藿烷值、高的甾烷/藿烷比值以及甾烷C27对C29的相对优势,说明该时期湖泊藻类勃发,初级生产力高。松辽盆地上白垩统沉积环境变化较大,其中青一段、嫩一段烃源岩较低的Pr/Ph值、较高的伽马蜡烷指数和较低的重排甾烷指数指示了咸化条件下的水体分层的缺氧环境。综合分析各项生物标志化合物参数,总结上白垩统各个组段有机质成熟度、沉积环境及有机质来源,认为青一段是最好的优质烃源岩。该时期是藻类勃发、水体分层、高温缺氧、强还原的深湖环境,是有机质保存演化的理想场所。同时,也进一步验证了松辽盆地白垩纪湖泊缺氧事件发生的事实。     

银额盆地居延海坳陷吉格达凹陷石炭系—二叠系烃源岩生物标志化合物特征及其意义

生物标志化合物特征对烃源岩有机质来源、沉积环境及热演化程度等具有很好的指示意义。通过对吉格达凹陷蒙额参3井下二叠统—上石炭统干泉组、中下二叠统烃源岩气相色谱、气相色谱质谱等分析表明,下二叠统—上石炭统干泉组上段及中下二叠统烃源岩正构烷烃峰范围较宽,抽提物饱和烃组分中轻质组分要大于重质烃类,低碳数烃占据主导,萜类化合物以三环萜烷为主,四环萜烷含量较低。这些生物标志化合物特征表明,石炭系—二叠系烃源岩有机质母源以浮游生物为主,同时存在高等植物的贡献,石炭系水体更深,石炭系烃源岩浮游植物的贡献更大,陆源高等植物的贡献较小。OEP和CPI指示干泉组和中下二叠统烃源岩为奇偶均势的特点,指示干泉组和中下二叠统烃源岩处于成熟阶段,且石炭系干泉组烃源岩演化程度略高于中下二叠统。姥鲛烷(Pr)和植烷(Ph)的分布特征表明,干泉组上段烃源岩处于还原环境,中下二叠统烃源岩处于强还原-还原环境。     

新疆准噶尔盆地南缘二叠系芦草沟组烃源岩生物标志化合物特征及意义

通过地球化学分析测试技术对准噶尔盆地南缘芦草沟组烃源岩生物标志化合物特征进行研究,探讨其有机质的母质来源、沉积环境、有机质演化程度等方面的信息。芦草沟组烃源岩正构烷烃的轻碳优势和甾烷的C_(27-29)含量关系等参数表明,母质来源主要为藻类等低等水生生物。平均1.0左右的烃源岩Pr/Ph值表明,弱氧化-弱还原的沉积环境,平均值为0.15的伽马蜡烷指数及较高含量的孕甾烷和升孕甾烷表明,沉积环境盐度较高,该沉积环境有利于有机质的富集。对甾烷的C_(29)20S(20S+20R)和C_(29)αββ/(αββ+ααα)值和C_(31)藿烷αβ22S/(22S+22R)值等成熟度参数进行分析表明,研究区烃源岩处于低成熟-成熟阶段。烃源岩有机质中四环萜烷的出现及较小的规则甾烷/17α(H)-藿烷比值等参数表明,烃源岩成岩早期有机质受到一定程度的生物降解作用。     

燕辽裂陷带辽西拗陷中元古界高于庄组生物标志化合物特征及意义

燕辽裂陷带辽西拗陷多口钻井钻遇油气显示,使得该地区中-新元古界的古老海相地层再次成为油气勘探及研究的焦点.采用气相色谱、气相色谱-质谱技术,对辽凌地1井中元古界高于庄组岩心样品开展烃源岩生物标志化合物研究,据此分析了其生源信息、沉积环境及生烃潜力.综合分析认为,辽凌地1井高于庄组属于差-中等烃源岩,有机质类型II₁型,整体处于成熟-高成熟阶段,已大量生排烃.高于庄组烃源岩饱和烃的正构烷烃碳数分布呈前单峰型,主峰碳多为nC₁₇,具有C₂₇规则甾烷优势,指示其母质输入以低等生物为主.综合萜烷类化合物分布特征,推测高于庄组生源主要为低等菌藻类.另外,较高的伽马蜡烷含量、较低的Pr/Ph比值,反映出高于庄组烃源岩主体形成于咸水还原环境,个别层位可能为强还原环境.     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗祥探8井华力西期风化壳原油地球化学特征

根据对祥探8井华力西末期风化壳原油地球化学特征的分析,原油具有饱和烃含量高,芳烃、非烃、沥青质含量低和全油C同位素轻的特点,生物标志化合物藿烷系列具有C30藿烷含量高,伽马蜡烷含量相对较高等特点,指示生烃母质类型好,沉积环境为高含盐的还原环境,烃源岩演化程度较高。与祥探9井烃源岩生物标志化合物特征一致,指示与石炭系烃源岩具有良好的亲缘关系。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗祥探8井华力西期风化壳 原油地球化学特征

根据对祥探8井华力西末期风化壳原油地球化学特征的分析,原油具有饱和烃含量高,芳烃、非烃、沥青质含量低和全油C同位素轻的特点,生物标志化合物藿烷系列具有C30藿烷含量高,伽马蜡烷含量相对较高等特点,指示生烃母质类型好,沉积环境为高含盐的还原环境,烃源岩演化程度较高。与祥探9井烃源岩生物标志化合物特征一致,指示与石炭系烃源岩具有良好的亲缘关系。     

松辽盆地滨北西部上二叠统林西组烃源岩生物标志化合物的特征及意义

应用气相色谱、气相色谱-质谱技术,研究了滨北西部上二叠统林西组烃源岩的生物标志化合物特征,对烃源岩有机质来源、沉积环境、热演化程度等进行了分析.研究表明,林西组烃源岩有机质丰度高,有机质类型为Ⅱ型,处于高成熟-过成熟演化阶段;烃源岩中（C₂₀+C₂₁）/（C₂₃+C₂₄）三环萜烷为0.12~0.86,平均为0.50,C₂₄四环萜烷/C₂₆三环萜烷为0.41~0.72,平均为0.54,具有典型湖相烃源岩特征;Pr/Ph主要介于0.16~0.71之间,平均为0.32,指示沉积环境为强还原-还原环境;伽马蜡烷/C₃₀藿烷为0.09~0.35,平均为0.21,反映烃源岩为半咸水的沉积环境;Pr/nC₁₇与Ph/nC₁₈的关系、C₂₇-C₂₈-C₂₉甾烷的相互关系均反映有机质为高等植物和细菌、藻类等低等水生生物的混合来源;Ts/Tm为0.18~1.03,平均为0.86,C₃₁αβ22S/（22S+22R）比值为0.53~0.62,平均为0.58,均指示烃源岩成熟度较高.综合认为林西组烃源岩形成于半咸水的还原-强还原环境,有机质来源为混合来源,有利于有机质的富集,林西组具有油气勘探前景.     

松辽盆地滨北西部上二叠统林西组烃源岩生物标志化合物的特征及意义

应用气相色谱、气相色谱-质谱技术，研究了滨北西部上二叠统林西组烃源岩的生物标志化合物特征，对烃源岩有机质来源、沉积环境、热演化程度等进行了分析.研究表明，林西组烃源岩有机质丰度高，有机质类型为Ⅱ型，处于高成熟-过成熟演化阶段；烃源岩中（C₂₀+C₂₁）/（C₂₃+C₂₄）三环萜烷为0.12~0.86，平均为0.50，C₂₄四环萜烷/C₂₆三环萜烷为0.41~0.72，平均为0.54，具有典型湖相烃源岩特征；Pr/Ph主要介于0.16~0.71之间，平均为0.32，指示沉积环境为强还原-还原环境；伽马蜡烷/C₃₀藿烷为0.09~0.35，平均为0.21，反映烃源岩为半咸水的沉积环境；Pr/nC₁₇与Ph/nC₁₈的关系、C₂₇-C₂₈-C₂₉甾烷的相互关系均反映有机质为高等植物和细菌、藻类等低等水生生物的混合来源；Ts/Tm为0.18~1.03，平均为0.86，C₃₁αβ22S/（22S+22R）比值为0.53~0.62，平均为0.58，均指示烃源岩成熟度较高.综合认为林西组烃源岩形成于半咸水的还原-强还原环境，有机质来源为混合来源，有利于有机质的富集，林西组具有油气勘探前景.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Alkaline rocks of Samchampi-Samteran, District Karbi-Anglong, Assam, India

The Samchampi-Samteran alkaline igneous complex (SAC) is a near circular, plug-like body approximately 12 km² area and is emplaced into the Precambrian gneissic terrain of the Karbi Anglong district of Assam. The host rocks, which are exposed in immediate vicinity of the intrusion, comprise granite gneiss, migmatite, granodiorite, amphibolite, pegmatite and quartz veins. The SAC is composed of a wide variety of lithologies identified as syenitic fenite, magnetite ± perovskite ± apatite rock, alkali pyroxenite, ijolite-melteigite, carbonatite, nepheline syenite with leucocratic and mesocratic variants, phonolite, volcanic tuff, phosphatic rock and chert breccia. The magnetite ± perovskite ± apatite rock was generated as a cumulus phase owing to the partitioning of Ti, Fe at a shallow level magma chamber (not evolved DI = O1). The highly alkaline hydrous fluid activity indicated by the presence of strongly alkalic minerals in carbonatites and associated alkaline rocks suggests that the composition of original melt was more alkalic than those now found and represent a silica undersaturated ultramafic rock of carbonated olivine-poor nephelinite which splits with falling temperature into two immiscible fractions—one ultimately crystallises as alkali pyroxenite/ijolite and the other as carbonatite. The spatial distribution of varied lithotypes of SAC and their genetic relationships suggests that the silicate and carbonate melts, produced through liquid immiscibility, during ascent generated into an array of lithotypes and also reaction with the country rocks by alkali emanations produced fenitic aureoles (nephelinisation process). Isotopic studies (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) on carbonatites of Samchampi have indicated that the δ¹³C of the source magma is related to contamination from recycled carbon.